"""Generates a random circulant Gram matrix."""

import numpy as np


def random_circulant_gram_matrix(dim: int, seed: int | None = None) -> np.ndarray:
    r"""Generate a random circulant Gram matrix of specified dimension.

    A circulant matrix is a square matrix where the elements of each row are identical to the elements of the
    previous row such that the elements in one row are relocated by 1 position (in a cyclic manner) compared
    to the previous row. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this matrix are derived from the Discrete
    Fourier Transform (DFT).

    For more information on circulant matrices, see [@wikipediacirculant]. This function utilizes the
    normalized DFT, a variation of DFT with normalized basis vectors.

    For additional information, see [@dspnormdft].

    The function creates a circulant matrix from a random diagonal matrix and the normalized DFT matrix.
    First, it generates a diagonal matrix with random non-negative entries. Next, it constructs the
    normalized DFT matrix. Finally, it computes the circulant matrix, which is real due to its origin
    from the DFT of a real diagonal matrix.

    Examples:
        Generate a random circulant Gram matrix of dimension 4.

        ```python exec="1" source="above" session="random_circulant_gram_matrix_example"
        import numpy as np
        from toqito.rand import random_circulant_gram_matrix

        circulant_matrix = random_circulant_gram_matrix(4)

        print(f"Shape of circulant matrix is {circulant_matrix.shape}")
        ```

        ```python exec="1" source="above" session="random_circulant_gram_matrix_example"
        print(np.allclose(circulant_matrix, circulant_matrix.T))
        ```

        ```python exec="1" source="above" session="random_circulant_gram_matrix_example"
        print(circulant_matrix)
        ```

        It is also possible to pass a seed to this function for reproducibility.

        ```python exec="1" source="above"
        from toqito.rand import random_circulant_gram_matrix

        circulant_matrix = random_circulant_gram_matrix(4, seed=42)

        print(circulant_matrix)
        ```


    Args:
        dim: int The dimension of the circulant matrix to generate.
        seed: int | None A seed used to instantiate numpy's random number generator.

    Returns:
        numpy.ndarray A `dim` x `dim` real, symmetric, circulant matrix.

    """
    gen = np.random.default_rng(seed=seed)
    # Step 1: Generate a random diagonal matrix with non-negative entries
    diag_mat = np.diag(gen.random(dim))

    # Step 2: Construct the normalized DFT matrix
    dft_mat = np.fft.fft(np.eye(dim)) / np.sqrt(dim)

    # Step 3: Compute the circulant matrix. Since circ_mat is formed from the DFT of a real
    # diagonal matrix, it should be real
    return np.real(np.conj(dft_mat.T) @ diag_mat @ dft_mat)
