# ConEd Residential Voluntary TOU (SC3/EL1-TOD) — Field Guide

> ⚠️ **Disclaimer**: This guide was generated by an LLM (Claude Opus 4.5) based on the tariff JSON plus the model's background knowledge of utility rate structures. The content looks reasonable but **has not been verified by domain experts**. Please verify any claims before relying on them for business or regulatory purposes.

> **Data Source**: This guide covers tariff data from the [Arcadia Signal API](https://docs.arcadia.com/v2022-12-21-Signal/reference/tariff) (formerly Genability). The JSON structure, field names, and lookup mechanisms described here are specific to Arcadia's tariff data model. The [full JSON output is included below](#full-tariff-json) for reference.

**Master Tariff ID**: 3220724
**Tariff Code**: EL1
**Tariff Name**: Residential and Religious, Voluntary Time of Day
**Customer Class**: Residential
**Tariff Type**: ALTERNATIVE (opt-in)

## Overview

SC3 is ConEd's **voluntary time-of-use (TOU) rate** for residential customers. Unlike the default SC1 tariff, SC3 charges different rates depending on _when_ you use electricity:

- **On-Peak (8am–midnight)**: Higher rates
- **Off-Peak (midnight–8am)**: Significantly lower rates

This structure rewards customers who can shift consumption to overnight hours—charging EVs at night, running dishwashers after midnight, pre-cooling homes before the afternoon peak. The summer on-peak rate is **~14x more expensive** than off-peak, creating strong incentive to shift load.

### Key Differences from SC1 (Default Rate)

| Aspect      | SC1 (Default)             | SC3 (Voluntary TOU)                       |
| ----------- | ------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
| TOU         | No                        | Yes (On-Peak/Off-Peak)                    |
| Tiering     | Yes (≤250 kWh / >250 kWh) | No                                        |
| Tariff Type | DEFAULT                   | ALTERNATIVE                               |
| Best for    | Average usage patterns    | Flexible schedules, EV owners, night owls |

### Who This Rate Is For

SC3 makes sense for customers who can shift significant consumption to off-peak hours:

- **EV owners** who can charge overnight
- **Homes with battery storage** that can time-shift
- **Night-shift workers** with naturally offset schedules
- **Customers with smart thermostats** that can pre-cool/pre-heat

If most of your usage is during daytime/evening hours, SC1 may be cheaper.

---

## TOU Schedule

SC3 uses the same TOU periods year-round for both summer and winter:

```
Hour:     0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
          |←────── OFF-PEAK ──────→|←──────────────── ON-PEAK ────────────────→|
          midnight          8am    8am                                     midnight
```

| Period       | Hours              | Days     | Description    |
| ------------ | ------------------ | -------- | -------------- |
| **Off-Peak** | 12:00 AM – 8:00 AM | All days | Cheapest rates |
| **On-Peak**  | 8:00 AM – 12:00 AM | All days | Higher rates   |

**Key details:**

- Same schedule applies **all 7 days** of the week (no weekday/weekend distinction)
- Same schedule applies **year-round** (no seasonal schedule change)
- However, **rates differ by season** (Summer vs Winter on-peak rates are different)

---

## Quick Reference: All Charges

### Fixed Charges

| Rate Name                      | Charge Type | Rate Value |
| ------------------------------ | ----------- | ---------- |
| Customer Charge                | FIXED_PRICE | $20.00/mo  |
| Billing and Payment Processing | FIXED_PRICE | $1.28/mo   |

### Delivery Energy Charges (TOU)

Delivery rates vary by **zone**, **season**, and **TOU period**. No tiering.

| Zone | Season | TOU Period | Rate        |
| ---- | ------ | ---------- | ----------- |
| H    | Summer | On-Peak    | $0.3523/kWh |
| H    | Summer | Off-Peak   | $0.0249/kWh |
| H    | Winter | On-Peak    | $0.1305/kWh |
| H    | Winter | Off-Peak   | $0.0249/kWh |
| I    | Summer | On-Peak    | $0.3523/kWh |
| I    | Summer | Off-Peak   | $0.0249/kWh |
| I    | Winter | On-Peak    | $0.1305/kWh |
| I    | Winter | Off-Peak   | $0.0249/kWh |
| J    | Summer | On-Peak    | $0.3523/kWh |
| J    | Summer | Off-Peak   | $0.0249/kWh |
| J    | Winter | On-Peak    | $0.1305/kWh |
| J    | Winter | Off-Peak   | $0.0249/kWh |

**Key observations:**

- **Off-peak rates are identical** across all zones and seasons ($0.0249/kWh)
- **Summer on-peak is the most expensive** at $0.3523/kWh (~14x off-peak)
- **Winter on-peak is moderate** at $0.1305/kWh (~5x off-peak)
- Zone doesn't affect TOU delivery rates (same rates for H, I, J)

### Delivery Adjustments

Same variable-rate adjustments as SC1. These apply to all kWh regardless of TOU period.

| Rate Name                        | Charge Type       | Rate Value |
| -------------------------------- | ----------------- | ---------- |
| Delivery Revenue Surcharge       | CONSUMPTION_BASED | _Lookup_   |
| Reconciliation Rate              | CONSUMPTION_BASED | _Lookup_   |
| Transition Adjustment            | CONSUMPTION_BASED | _Lookup_   |
| Uncollectible Bill Expense       | CONSUMPTION_BASED | _Lookup_   |
| Monthly Adjustment Clause        | CONSUMPTION_BASED | _Lookup_   |
| Revenue Decoupling Mechanism     | CONSUMPTION_BASED | _Lookup_   |
| Clean Energy Standard (Delivery) | CONSUMPTION_BASED | _Lookup_   |

> **📘 Deep Dive**: For a complete explanation of delivery adjustments, see **[Delivery Adjustments Guide](../delivery-adjustments.md)**.

### Supply Charges

Same as SC1—zone-specific MSC rates, adjustments, and CES supply surcharge.

| Rate Name                      | Zone  | Rate Value |
| ------------------------------ | ----- | ---------- |
| MSC Rate                       | H/I/J | _Lookup_   |
| MSC I Adjustment               | H/I/J | _Lookup_   |
| MSC II Adjustment              | All   | _Lookup_   |
| Clean Energy Standard (Supply) | All   | _Lookup_   |
| Merchant Function Charge       | All   | _Lookup_   |

> **📘 Deep Dive**: For a complete explanation of supply charges, see **[Supply Charges Guide](../supply-charges.md)**.

### Rider Charges

Same riders as SC1:

| Rider                         | Charge Type       | Rate Value           |
| ----------------------------- | ----------------- | -------------------- |
| Tax Sur-Credit                | CONSUMPTION_BASED | _Lookup_             |
| Dynamic Load Management       | CONSUMPTION_BASED | _Lookup_             |
| Customer Benefit Contribution | QUANTITY          | $1.84/kW             |
| EV Make Ready Surcharge       | CONSUMPTION_BASED | $0.0008/kWh          |
| Arrears Management Recovery   | CONSUMPTION_BASED | $0.0012/kWh          |
| GRT Distribution              | QUANTITY          | 3.33–5.51% (by zone) |
| GRT Supply                    | QUANTITY          | 1.01–3.09% (by zone) |
| VDER Cost Recovery            | CONSUMPTION_BASED | $0.0011/kWh          |

> **📘 Deep Dive**: For a complete explanation of riders, see **[Riders Guide](../riders.md)**.

---

## Charge-by-Charge Breakdown

### Basic Service Charges

#### Customer Charge — $20.00/month

A flat monthly fee that covers the cost of having an account: metering, billing systems, customer service. Everyone pays this regardless of usage. Same as SC1.

#### Billing and Payment Processing Charge — $1.28/month

Covers the cost of generating and mailing bills, processing payments. Same as SC1.

---

### Delivery Energy Charges (TOU)

These are the core delivery charges for using ConEd's distribution network. Unlike SC1's tiered rates, SC3 uses **time-of-use rates**—the price per kWh depends on _when_ you consume, not _how much_ you consume.

#### On-Peak Rate — $0.3523/kWh (Summer) / $0.1305/kWh (Winter)

Applies to electricity consumed during **on-peak hours (8am–midnight)**. The summer on-peak rate is particularly high because this is when the grid is most stressed—air conditioning drives demand, and ConEd must maintain infrastructure to handle these peaks.

#### Off-Peak Rate — $0.0249/kWh (All Seasons)

Applies to electricity consumed during **off-peak hours (midnight–8am)**. This rate is dramatically lower because:

- Grid demand is low overnight
- Excess generation capacity is available
- ConEd wants to encourage load shifting to reduce peak strain

**The value proposition**: If you can shift consumption to off-peak hours, you pay ~14x less per kWh in summer.

---

### Delivery Adjustments

Same variable-rate adjustments as SC1, applied to **total consumption** (not split by TOU period):

> **📘 Deep Dive**: For regulatory background and calculation details, see **[Delivery Adjustments Guide](../delivery-adjustments.md)**.

**Monthly Adjustment Clause (MAC)** — _Variable_
Umbrella adjustment for property taxes, storm costs, pension expenses.

**Revenue Decoupling Mechanism (RDM) Adjustment** — _Variable_
True-up for actual vs. expected sales volume.

**Delivery Revenue Surcharge** — _Variable_
Supplemental revenue adjustment.

**Clean Energy Standard Delivery Surcharge** — _Variable_
Grid infrastructure costs for clean energy compliance.

**Reconciliation Rate** — _Variable_
Legacy deferred costs from 1990s restructuring.

**Transition Adjustment** — _Variable_
Legacy deregulation costs.

**Uncollectible Bill Expense** — _Variable_
Bad debt recovery.

---

### Supply Charges

Same as SC1—charges for the electricity commodity itself. Only apply if using ConEd as supplier.

> **📘 Deep Dive**: For NYISO settlement, load-weighted averaging, and reconciliation details, see **[Supply Charges Guide](../supply-charges.md)**.

**MSC Rate (Market Supply Charge)** — _Variable, by zone_
Base cost of electricity, forecasted monthly from wholesale prices.

**MSC I Adjustment** — _Variable, by zone_
Reconciles actual energy costs vs. forecast.

**MSC II Adjustment** — _Variable_
Reconciles capacity costs and ancillary services.

**Clean Energy Standard Supply Surcharge** — _Variable_
RECs, ZECs, and other clean energy compliance costs.

**Merchant Function Charge** — _Variable_
ConEd's costs to administer supply service.

---

### System Benefits Charge

#### System Benefits Charge (SBC) — _Variable_

Funds NY's clean energy programs administered by NYSERDA.

---

### NY State Surcharge

#### New York State Surcharge — _Variable_

Temporary surcharge for policy initiatives or one-time cost recovery.

---

### Minimum Charge

#### Minimum Charge — $20.00/month

If your total bill is less than $20, you pay $20 anyway. Same as SC1.

---

### Rider Charges

Same riders as SC1. See **[Riders Guide](../riders.md)** for full details.

#### Tax Sur-Credit — _Variable_

Tax cost true-ups. Can be positive or negative.

#### Dynamic Load Management (DLM) Surcharge — _Variable_

Demand response program costs.

#### Customer Benefit Contribution (CBC) — $1.84/kW

**Only for customers with solar.** Monthly fee based on solar system size.

#### Electric Vehicle Make Ready Surcharge — $0.0008/kWh

EV charging infrastructure costs.

#### Arrears Management Program Recovery Surcharge — $0.0012/kWh

COVID-era arrears recovery.

#### Gross Receipts Tax (GRT) — Varies by zone

Municipal taxes on utilities:

| Zone                  | GRT Distribution | GRT Supply |
| --------------------- | ---------------- | ---------- |
| H (Upper Westchester) | 3.3322%          | 1.0101%    |
| I (Lower Westchester) | 5.5127%          | 3.0928%    |
| J (NYC)               | 4.7940%          | 2.4066%    |

#### VDER Cost Recovery — $0.0011/kWh

Costs ConEd pays to solar generators under Value Stack.

---

## Example Bill Calculation

A Zone J customer in July (Summer) using:

- 200 kWh On-Peak
- 100 kWh Off-Peak

### Delivery Charges

| Charge                | Calculation               | Amount       |
| --------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------ |
| Customer Charge       | $20.00                    | $20.00       |
| Billing & Payment     | $1.28                     | $1.28        |
| Summer On-Peak        | 200 kWh × $0.3523         | $70.46       |
| Summer Off-Peak       | 100 kWh × $0.0249         | $2.49        |
| Delivery Adjustments  | 300 kWh × ~$0.02 (varies) | ~$6.00       |
| **Subtotal Delivery** |                           | **~$100.23** |

### Supply Charges

| Charge               | Calculation               | Amount      |
| -------------------- | ------------------------- | ----------- |
| MSC Rate (Zone J)    | 300 kWh × ~$0.08 (varies) | ~$24.00     |
| MSC I/II Adjustments | 300 kWh × ~$0.005         | ~$1.50      |
| CES Supply           | 300 kWh × ~$0.003         | ~$0.90      |
| **Subtotal Supply**  |                           | **~$26.40** |

### Riders & Taxes

| Charge              | Calculation       | Amount      |
| ------------------- | ----------------- | ----------- |
| Various Riders      | 300 kWh × ~$0.004 | ~$1.20      |
| GRT                 | ~$127 × ~7%       | ~$8.89      |
| **Subtotal Riders** |                   | **~$10.09** |

### Total

**~$136.72** for 300 kWh (200 on-peak + 100 off-peak)

Compare to SC1 (no TOU): ~$127 for same 300 kWh total

- SC3 is **more expensive** when usage is mostly on-peak
- SC3 would be **cheaper** if ratio were reversed (100 on-peak + 200 off-peak)

---

## Full Tariff JSON

The complete tariff JSON response from the Arcadia Signal API is included below for reference. For an introduction to the tariff JSON structure (hierarchy, properties, rates, rate bands), see **[Understanding Arcadia Tariff JSON](../../../../providers/arcadia/tariff-json-structure.md)**. For complete field definitions, see the [Arcadia Tariff API Reference](https://docs.arcadia.com/v2022-12-21-Signal/reference/gettariff).

<details>
<summary><strong>Click to expand full JSON (~1500 lines)</strong></summary>

```json
{
  "tariffId": 3491856,
  "masterTariffId": 3220724,
  "tariffCode": "EL1",
  "tariffName": "Residential and Religious, Voluntary Time of Day",
  "tariffBookName": "Residential and Religious, Voluntary Time of Day",
  "lseId": 2252,
  "lseName": "Consolidated Edison Co-NY Inc",
  "lseCode": "ConEd",
  "serviceType": "ELECTRICITY",
  "tariffType": "ALTERNATIVE",
  "customerClass": "RESIDENTIAL",
  "hasTimeOfUseRates": true,
  "hasTieredRates": false,
  "hasContractedRates": true,
  "hasTariffApplicability": true,
  "hasRateApplicability": true,
  "hasNetMetering": true,
  "properties": [
    {
      "keyName": "isTODCustomerBeforeMarch12014",
      "displayName": "Is TOD Customer before March 1, 2014",
      "dataType": "BOOLEAN",
      "propertyTypes": "APPLICABILITY",
      "propertyValue": "false"
    },
    {
      "keyName": "consumption",
      "period": "ON_PEAK",
      "displayName": "Consumption (kWh)",
      "dataType": "DECIMAL",
      "propertyTypes": "RATE_CRITERIA"
    },
    {
      "keyName": "consumption",
      "period": "OFF_PEAK",
      "displayName": "Consumption (kWh)",
      "dataType": "DECIMAL",
      "propertyTypes": "RATE_CRITERIA"
    },
    {
      "keyName": "electricVehiclePresent",
      "displayName": "Has Electric Vehicle",
      "dataType": "BOOLEAN",
      "propertyTypes": "RATE_CRITERIA",
      "propertyValue": "false"
    },
    {
      "keyName": "systemSize",
      "displayName": "System Size",
      "dataType": "DECIMAL",
      "propertyTypes": "RATE_CRITERIA",
      "propertyValue": "0",
      "quantityUnit": "kW"
    },
    {
      "keyName": "territoryId",
      "displayName": "Territory",
      "dataType": "CHOICE",
      "propertyTypes": "RATE_CRITERIA",
      "choices": [
        { "displayValue": "Zone H", "value": "3632" },
        { "displayValue": "Zone I", "value": "3633" },
        { "displayValue": "Zone J", "value": "3634" }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "rates": [
    {
      "rateName": "Customer Charge",
      "chargeType": "FIXED_PRICE",
      "chargeClass": "DISTRIBUTION",
      "applicabilityKey": "electricVehiclePresent",
      "rateBands": [
        { "applicabilityValue": "false", "rateAmount": 20.0 },
        { "applicabilityValue": "true", "rateAmount": 20.0 }
      ]
    },
    {
      "rateName": "Billing and Payment Processing Charge",
      "chargeType": "FIXED_PRICE",
      "chargeClass": "DISTRIBUTION",
      "rateBands": [{ "rateAmount": 1.28 }]
    },
    {
      "rateName": "Summer On-Peak Rate",
      "territory": { "territoryName": "Zone J" },
      "timeOfUse": {
        "touName": "Summer On-Peak",
        "season": { "seasonName": "Summer" },
        "touType": "ON_PEAK",
        "touPeriods": [{ "fromHour": 8, "toHour": 0 }]
      },
      "chargeType": "CONSUMPTION_BASED",
      "chargeClass": "DISTRIBUTION",
      "rateBands": [{ "rateAmount": 0.3523 }]
    },
    {
      "rateName": "Summer Off-Peak Rate",
      "territory": { "territoryName": "Zone J" },
      "timeOfUse": {
        "touName": "Summer Off-Peak",
        "season": { "seasonName": "Summer" },
        "touType": "OFF_PEAK",
        "touPeriods": [{ "fromHour": 0, "toHour": 8 }]
      },
      "chargeType": "CONSUMPTION_BASED",
      "chargeClass": "DISTRIBUTION",
      "rateBands": [{ "rateAmount": 0.0249 }]
    },
    {
      "rateName": "Winter On-Peak Rate",
      "territory": { "territoryName": "Zone J" },
      "timeOfUse": {
        "touName": "Winter On-Peak",
        "season": { "seasonName": "Winter" },
        "touType": "ON_PEAK"
      },
      "chargeType": "CONSUMPTION_BASED",
      "chargeClass": "DISTRIBUTION",
      "rateBands": [{ "rateAmount": 0.1305 }]
    },
    {
      "rateName": "Winter Off-Peak Rate",
      "territory": { "territoryName": "Zone J" },
      "timeOfUse": {
        "touName": "Winter Off-Peak",
        "season": { "seasonName": "Winter" },
        "touType": "OFF_PEAK"
      },
      "chargeType": "CONSUMPTION_BASED",
      "chargeClass": "DISTRIBUTION",
      "rateBands": [{ "rateAmount": 0.0249 }]
    }
  ]
}
```

_Note: The JSON above is a representative excerpt showing key rate structures. Some rates have been omitted for brevity. The actual tariff contains entries for all zones (H, I, J), delivery adjustments, supply charges, and riders._

</details>

---

## Understanding the JSON

### TOU-Specific Fields

SC3 rates include a `timeOfUse` object that defines when the rate applies:

```json
{
  "rateName": "Summer On-Peak Rate",
  "timeOfUse": {
    "touId": 5324,
    "touName": "Summer On-Peak",
    "touType": "ON_PEAK",
    "season": {
      "seasonName": "Summer",
      "seasonFromMonth": 6,
      "seasonFromDay": 1,
      "seasonToMonth": 9,
      "seasonToDay": 30
    },
    "touPeriods": [
      {
        "fromDayOfWeek": 0,
        "fromHour": 8,
        "fromMinute": 0,
        "toDayOfWeek": 6,
        "toHour": 0,
        "toMinute": 0
      }
    ]
  }
}
```

| Field                           | Description                                |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ |
| `touType`                       | `ON_PEAK` or `OFF_PEAK`                    |
| `season`                        | When this TOU period applies (month range) |
| `touPeriods`                    | Hour/day ranges for this period            |
| `fromDayOfWeek` / `toDayOfWeek` | 0 = Sunday, 6 = Saturday                   |
| `fromHour` / `toHour`           | 24-hour format (8 = 8am, 0 = midnight)     |

### Applicability Keys

SC3 uses `applicabilityKey` and `applicabilityValue` for conditional rates:

```json
{
  "rateName": "Customer Charge",
  "applicabilityKey": "electricVehiclePresent",
  "rateBands": [
    { "applicabilityValue": "false", "rateAmount": 20.0 },
    { "applicabilityValue": "true", "rateAmount": 20.0 }
  ]
}
```

The rate that applies depends on whether `electricVehiclePresent` matches the `applicabilityValue`. This structure allows different charges for EV vs. non-EV customers (even though they're currently the same).

### Tariff Properties

The `properties` array tells you what inputs are needed to calculate bills. SC3 has more properties than SC1 due to TOU metering and applicability rules.

| Property                        | Type    | Period   | Description                        | Default                        | Used For                      |
| ------------------------------- | ------- | -------- | ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | ----------------------------- |
| `isTODCustomerBeforeMarch12014` | BOOLEAN | —        | Grandfathering flag                | false                          | Applicability                 |
| `consumption`                   | DECIMAL | ON_PEAK  | Energy usage during on-peak hours  | —                              | TOU delivery charges          |
| `consumption`                   | DECIMAL | OFF_PEAK | Energy usage during off-peak hours | —                              | TOU delivery charges          |
| `electricVehiclePresent`        | BOOLEAN | —        | Has electric vehicle               | false                          | Customer charge applicability |
| `systemSize`                    | DECIMAL | —        | Solar system capacity in kW        | 0                              | CBC rider                     |
| `territoryId`                   | CHOICE  | —        | Service zone (H, I, or J)          | —                              | Zone-specific rates           |
| `chargeClass`                   | CHOICE  | —        | Charge categories                  | DISTRIBUTION,SUPPLY,CONTRACTED | Filtering                     |

Below we walk through the properties specific to SC3. For standard properties like `territoryId` and `systemSize`, see the [SC1 documentation](../residential-el1/index.md#tariff-properties).

#### `isTODCustomerBeforeMarch12014`

```json
{
  "keyName": "isTODCustomerBeforeMarch12014",
  "displayName": "Is TOD Customer before March 1, 2014",
  "dataType": "BOOLEAN",
  "propertyTypes": "APPLICABILITY",
  "propertyValue": "false"
}
```

A **grandfathering flag** for customers who enrolled in TOU rates before March 1, 2014. These customers may have different terms or rate structures. The `APPLICABILITY` property type means this affects _whether_ certain rates apply, not the rate values themselves.

#### `consumption[ON_PEAK]` and `consumption[OFF_PEAK]`

```json
{
  "keyName": "consumption",
  "period": "ON_PEAK",
  "displayName": "Consumption (kWh)",
  "dataType": "DECIMAL",
  "propertyTypes": "RATE_CRITERIA"
}
```

Unlike SC1's single `consumption` property, SC3 requires **two separate consumption values**:

- `consumption[ON_PEAK]`: kWh consumed during 8am–midnight
- `consumption[OFF_PEAK]`: kWh consumed during midnight–8am

This split is necessary because different rates apply to each period. If you're using the Calculate API, you must provide both values. If you only have total consumption, you'll need to allocate it across periods based on assumed or actual load profiles.

#### `electricVehiclePresent`

```json
{
  "keyName": "electricVehiclePresent",
  "displayName": "Has Electric Vehicle",
  "dataType": "BOOLEAN",
  "propertyTypes": "RATE_CRITERIA",
  "propertyValue": "false"
}
```

Indicates whether the customer has an electric vehicle. This affects which `rateBand` applies for the Customer Charge (though currently both EV and non-EV customers pay $20/month, the structure allows for differentiation).

---

## How to Get Variable Rate Values

Same approach as SC1. See **[Variable Rates API Guide](../variable-rates-api.md)** for detailed examples.

**Key difference**: When using the Calculate API, you must provide:

- `consumption[ON_PEAK]` — kWh during on-peak hours
- `consumption[OFF_PEAK]` — kWh during off-peak hours

---

## Summary: What Makes SC3 Different

1. **TOU rates**: Charges vary by time of day (on-peak vs. off-peak)
2. **No tiering**: Unlike SC1, no consumption tiers—same rate for all kWh within a TOU period
3. **Split consumption input**: Must provide ON_PEAK and OFF_PEAK usage separately
4. **Strong off-peak incentive**: Off-peak is ~14x cheaper than summer on-peak
5. **Same schedule all week**: No weekday/weekend distinction
6. **Opt-in**: Customers must actively choose this rate (ALTERNATIVE tariff type)
7. **Best for load shifters**: EV owners, battery storage, flexible schedules
