Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: ska
Version: 1.8
Summary: Sign- and validate- data (dictionaries, strings) using symmetric-key algorithm.
Home-page: https://github.com/barseghyanartur/ska
Author: Artur Barseghyan
Author-email: artur.barseghyan@gmail.com
License: GPL-2.0-only OR LGPL-2.1-or-later
Project-URL: Bug Tracker, https://github.com/barseghyanartur/ska/issues
Project-URL: Documentation, https://ska.readthedocs.io/
Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/barseghyanartur/ska
Project-URL: Changelog, https://ska.readthedocs.io/en/latest/changelog.html
Description: ===
        ska
        ===
        Lets you easily sign data, using symmetric-key algorithm encryption. Allows
        you to validate signed data and identify possible validation errors. Uses
        sha-(1, 224, 256, 385 and 512)/hmac for signature encryption. Allows to use
        custom hash algorithms. Comes with shortcut functions for signing (and
        validating) dictionaries and URLs.
        
        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/ska.svg
           :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/ska
           :alt: PyPI Version
        
        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/ska.svg
            :target: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/ska/
            :alt: Supported Python versions
        
        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/travis/barseghyanartur/ska/master.svg
           :target: http://travis-ci.org/barseghyanartur/ska
           :alt: Build Status
        
        .. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/ska/badge/?version=latest
            :target: http://ska.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
            :alt: Documentation Status
        
        .. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPL--2.0--only%20OR%20LGPL--2.1--or--later-blue.svg
           :target: https://github.com/barseghyanartur/ska/#License
           :alt: GPL-2.0-only OR LGPL-2.1-or-later
        
        .. image:: https://coveralls.io/repos/github/barseghyanartur/ska/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github
            :target: https://coveralls.io/github/barseghyanartur/ska?branch=master
            :alt: Coverage
        
        Key concepts
        ============
        Hosts, that communicate with each other, share the Secret Key, which is used
        to sign data (requests). Secret key is never sent around.
        
        One of the cases is signing of HTTP requests. Each (HTTP) request is signed
        on the sender side using the shared Secret Key and as an outcome produces the
        triple (``signature``, ``auth_user``, ``valid_until``) which are used to sign
        the requests.
        
        - ``signature`` (str): Signature generated.
        - ``auth_user`` (str): User making the request. Can be anything.
        - ``valid_until`` (float|str): Signature expiration time (Unix timestamp).
        
        On the recipient side, (HTTP request) data is validated using the shared
        Secret Key. It's being checked whether signature is valid and not expired.
        
        .. code-block:: text
        
            ┌─────────────┐           Data              ┌─────────────┐
            │   Host 1    ├────────────────────────────>│   Host 2    │
            │ ─────────── │                             │ ─────────── │
            │ secret key  │                             │ secret key  │
            │ 'my-secret' │<────────────────────────────┤ 'my-secret' │
            └─────────────┘           Data              └─────────────┘
        
        Features
        ========
        Core `ska` module
        -----------------
        - Sign dictionaries.
        - Validate signed dictionaries.
        - Sign URLs. Append and sign additional URL data.
        - Validate URLs.
        - Use one of the built-in algorythms (HMAC SHA-1, HMAC SHA-224, HMAC SHA-256,
          HMAC SHA-384 or HMAC SHA-512) or define a custom one.
        
        Django `ska` module (`ska.contrib.django.ska`)
        ----------------------------------------------
        - Model decorators for signing absolute URLs. View (including class-based
          views) decorators for protecting views to authorised parties only (no
          authentication required).
        - Authentication backend for Django based on the signatures (tokens) generated
          using `ska`, which allows you to get a password-less login to Django web
          site. Multiple Secret Keys (per provider) supported. Comes with handy
          callbacks (possible to customise per provider) for various states of
          authentication.
        - Template tags for signing URLs from within templates.
        - `django-constance` integration (for password-less authentication).
        - `Django REST Framework integration`_ (for protecting ViewSets, obtaining
          JWT tokens for authentication).
        
        Prerequisites
        =============
        Present
        -------
        - Core ``ska`` module requires Python 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 or 3.9.
        - Django ``ska`` module (``ska.contrib.django.ska``) requires the mentioned
          above plus Django 2.2, 3.0, 3.1 or 3.2. Additionally, certain
          versions of `django-constance` and `djangorestframework` are required.
          Specific version requirement primarily depends on the used Django version.
          Check the `example requirements
          <https://github.com/barseghyanartur/ska/tree/master/examples/requirements>`_
          to find out which versions of `django-constance` and `djangorestframework`
          have been tested with specific Django versions.
        
        Past
        ----
        .. note::
        
            In future releases (any time) compatibility with no-longer-supported
            versions might/will be wiped out.
        
        - Dropping support of Python 2.7 and 3.5 has been announced in version 1.8.
          As of 1.7.5 everything still worked.
        - Dropping support of Python 3.4 has been announced in version 1.6.8. As of
          1.6.8 everything still worked.
        - Dropping support of Django 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7 has been announced in version
          1.6. As of 1.6 everything is still backwards compatible with mentioned
          versions.
        - Dropping support of Python 2.6 and 3.3 has been announced in version 1.6.
          As of 1.6 everything is still backwards compatible (as much as it's possible
          within this package) with mentioned versions.
        
        Installation
        ============
        Latest stable version from PyPI:
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            pip install ska
        
        or latest stable version from BitBucket:
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            pip install https://bitbucket.org/barseghyanartur/ska/get/stable.tar.gz
        
        or latest stable version from GitHub.
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            pip install https://github.com/barseghyanartur/ska/archive/stable.tar.gz
        
        Usage examples
        ==============
        For integration with Django, see the `Django integration`_ section.
        
        Basic usage
        -----------
        Pure Python usage.
        
        Sender side
        ~~~~~~~~~~~
        Signing URLs is as simple as follows.
        
        Required imports.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from ska import sign_url
        
        Producing a signed URL.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            signed_url = sign_url(
                auth_user='user',
                secret_key='your-secret_key',
                url='http://e.com/api/'
            )
        
        .. code-block:: text
        
            GET http://e.com/api/?valid_until=1378045287.0&auth_user=user&signature=YlZpLFsjUKBalL4x5trhkeEgqE8%3D
        
        Default lifetime of a signature is 10 minutes (600 seconds). If you want it
        to be different, provide a ``lifetime`` argument to ``sign_url`` function.
        
        Default name of the (GET) param holding the generated signature value
        is ``signature``. If you want it to be different, provide a ``signature_param``
        argument to ``sign_url`` function.
        
        Default name of the (GET) param holding the ``auth_user`` value is
        ``auth_user``. If you want it to be different, provide a ``auth_user_param``
        argument to ``sign_url`` function.
        
        Default name of the (GET) param holding the ``valid_until`` value is
        `valid_until`. If you want it to be different, provide a ``valid_until_param``
        argument to ``sign_url`` function.
        
        Note, that by default a suffix '?' is added after the given ``url`` and
        generated signature params. If you want that suffix to be custom, provide a
        ``suffix`` argument to the ``sign_url`` function. If you want it to be gone,
        set its' value to empty string.
        
        With all customisations, it would look as follows:
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from ska import HMACSHA512Signature  # Use HMAC SHA-512 algorithm
        
            signed_url = sign_url(
                auth_user='user',
                secret_key='your-secret_key',
                lifetime=120,
                url='http://e.com/api/',
                signature_param='signature',
                auth_user_param='auth_user',
                valid_until_param='valid_until',
                signature_cls=HMACSHA512Signature
            )
        
        It's also possible to add additional data to the signature by providing a
        ``extra`` argument (dict). Note, that additional data is signed as well.
        If request is somehow tampered (values vary from originally provided ones),
        signature becomes invalid.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            sign_url(
                auth_user='user',
                secret_key='your-secret_key',
                url='http://e.com/api/',
                extra={
                    'email': 'doe@example.com',
                    'last_name': 'Doe',
                    'first_name': 'Joe'
                }
            )
        
        You may now proceed with the signed URL request. If you use the famous
        ``requests`` library, it would be as follows.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            import requests
            requests.get(signed_url)
        
        If you want to use POST method instead, you would likely want to get a
        dictionary back, in order to append it to the POST data later.
        
        Required imports.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from ska import signature_to_dict
        
        Producing a dictionary containing the signature data, ready to be put into
        the request (for example POST) data. All customisations mentioned above for
        the ``sign_url`` function, also apply to the ``signature_to_dict``:
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            signature_dict = signature_to_dict(
                auth_user='user',
                secret_key='your-secret_key'
            )
        
        .. code-block:: text
        
            {
                'signature': 'YlZpLFsjUKBalL4x5trhkeEgqE8=',
                'auth_user': 'user',
                'valid_until': '1378045287.0'
            }
        
        Adding of additional data to the signature works in the same way:
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            signature_dict = signature_to_dict(
                auth_user='user',
                secret_key='your-secret_key',
                extra={
                    'email': 'john.doe@mail.example.com',
                    'first_name': 'John',
                    'last_name': 'Doe'
                }
            )
        
        .. code-block:: text
        
            {
                'auth_user': 'user',
                'email': 'john.doe@mail.example.com',
                'extra': 'email,first_name,last_name',
                'first_name': 'John',
                'last_name': 'Doe',
                'signature': 'cnSoU/LnJ/ZhfLtDLzab3a3gkug=',
                'valid_until': 1387616469.0
            }
        
        If you for some reason prefer a lower level implementation, read the same
        section in the `Advanced usage (low-level)`_ chapter.
        
        Recipient side
        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        Validating the signed request data is as simple as follows.
        
        Required imports.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from ska import validate_signed_request_data
        
        Validating the signed request data. Note, that ``data`` value is expected to
        be a dictionary; ``request.GET`` is given as an example. It will most likely
        vary from what's used in your framework (unless you use Django).
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            validation_result = validate_signed_request_data(
                data=request.GET,  # Note, that ``request.GET`` is given as example.
                secret_key='your-secret_key'
            )
        
        The ``validate_signed_request_data`` produces a
        ``ska.SignatureValidationResult`` object, which holds the following data.
        
        - ``result`` (bool): True if data is valid. False otherwise.
        - ``reason`` (list): List of strings, indicating validation errors. Empty list
          in case if ``result`` is True.
        
        Default name of the (GET) param holding the signature value is `signature`.
        If you want it to be different, provide a ``signature_param`` argument to
        ``validate_signed_request_data`` function.
        
        Default name of the (GET) param holding the ``auth_user`` value is
        ``auth_user``. If you want it to be different, provide a ``auth_user_param``
        argument to ``validate_signed_request_data`` function.
        
        Default name of the (GET) param holding the ``valid_until`` value is
        ``valid_until``. If you want it to be different, provide a
        ``valid_until_param`` argument to ``validate_signed_request_data`` function.
        
        With all customisations, it would look as follows. Note, that
        ``request.GET`` is given as example.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from ska import HMACSHA256Signature  # Use HMAC SHA-256 algorithm
        
            validation_result = validate_signed_request_data(
                data=request.GET,
                secret_key='your-secret_key',
                signature_param='signature',
                auth_user_param='auth_user',
                valid_until_param='valid_until',
                signature_cls=HMACSHA256Signature
            )
        
        If you for some reason prefer a lower level implementation, read the same
        section in the `Advanced usage (low-level)`_ chapter.
        
        Command line usage
        ------------------
        It's possible to generate a signed URL from command line using the
        ``ska.generate_signed_url`` module.
        
        :Arguments:
        
        .. code-block:: text
        
            -h, --help            show this help message and exit
        
            -au AUTH_USER, --auth-user AUTH_USER
                                  `auth_user` value
        
            -sk SECRET_KEY, --secret-key SECRET_KEY
                                  `secret_key` value
        
            -vu VALID_UNTIL, --valid-until VALID_UNTIL
                                  `valid_until` value
        
            -l LIFETIME, --lifetime LIFETIME
                                  `lifetime` value
        
            -u URL, --url URL     URL to sign
        
            -sp SIGNATURE_PARAM, --signature-param SIGNATURE_PARAM
                                  (GET) param holding the `signature` value
        
            -aup AUTH_USER_PARAM, --auth-user-param AUTH_USER_PARAM
                                  (GET) param holding the `auth_user` value
        
            -vup VALID_UNTIL_PARAM, --valid-until-param VALID_UNTIL_PARAM
                                  (GET) param holding the `auth_user` value
        
        :Example:
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            ska-sign-url -au user -sk your-secret-key --url http://example.com
        
        Advanced usage (low-level)
        --------------------------
        Sender side
        ~~~~~~~~~~~
        
        Required imports.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from ska import Signature, RequestHelper
        
        Generate a signature.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            signature = Signature.generate_signature(
                auth_user='user',
                secret_key='your-secret-key'
            )
        
        Default lifetime of a signature is 10 minutes (600 seconds). If you want it to
        be different, provide a ``lifetime`` argument to ``generate_signature``
        method.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            signature = Signature.generate_signature(
                auth_user='user',
                secret_key='your-secret-key',
                lifetime=120  # Signatre lifetime set to 120 seconds.
            )
        
        Adding of additional data to the signature works in the same way as in
        ``sign_url``.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            signature = Signature.generate_signature(
                auth_user='user',
                secret_key='your-secret-key',
                extra={
                    'email': 'doe@example.com',
                    'last_name': 'Doe',
                    'first_name': 'Joe'
                }
            )
        
        For HMAC SHA-384 algorithm it would look as follows.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from ska import HMACSHA384Signature
        
            signature = HMACSHA384Signature.generate_signature(
                auth_user='user',
                secret_key='your-secret-key'
            )
        
        Your endpoint operates with certain param names and you need to wrap generated
        signature params into the URL. In order to have the job done in an easy way,
        create a request helper. Feed names of the (GET) params to the request helper
        and let it make a signed endpoint URL for you.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            request_helper = RequestHelper(
                signature_param='signature',
                auth_user_param='auth_user',
                valid_until_param='valid_until'
            )
        
        Append signature params to the endpoint URL.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            signed_url = request_helper.signature_to_url(
                signature=signature,
                endpoint_url='http://e.com/api/'
            )
        
        .. code-block:: text
        
            GET http://e.com/api/?valid_until=1378045287.0&auth_user=user&signature=YlZpLFsjUKBalL4x5trhkeEgqE8%3D
        
        Make a request.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            import requests
            r = requests.get(signed_url)
        
        
        For HMAC SHA-384 algorithm it would look as follows.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from ska import HMACSHA384Signature
        
            request_helper = RequestHelper(
                signature_param='signature',
                auth_user_param='auth_user',
                valid_until_param='valid_until',
                signature_cls=HMACSHA384Signature
            )
        
            signed_url = request_helper.signature_to_url(
                signature=signature,
                endpoint_url='http://e.com/api/'
            )
        
        Recipient side
        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        Required imports.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from ska import RequestHelper
        
        Create a request helper. Your endpoint operates with certain param names. In
        order to have the job done in an easy way, we feed those params to the
        request helper and let it extract data from signed request for us.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            request_helper = RequestHelper(
                signature_param='signature',
                auth_user_param='auth_user',
                valid_until_param='valid_until'
            )
        
        Validate the request data. Note, that ``request.GET`` is given just as an
        example.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            validation_result = request_helper.validate_request_data(
                data=request.GET,
                secret_key='your-secret-key'
            )
        
        Your implementation further depends on you, but may look as follows.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            if validation_result.result:
                # Validated, proceed further
                # ...
            else:
                # Validation not passed.
                raise Http404(validation_result.reason)
        
        You can also just validate the signature by calling ``validate_signature``
        method of the ``ska.Signature``.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            Signature.validate_signature(
                signature='EBS6ipiqRLa6TY5vxIvZU30FpnM=',
                auth_user='user',
                secret_key='your-secret-key',
                valid_until='1377997396.0'
            )
        
        Django integration
        ------------------
        ``ska`` comes with Django model- and view-decorators for producing signed URLs
        and and validating the endpoints, as well as with authentication backend,
        which allows password-less login into Django web site using `ska` generated
        signature tokens. There's also a template tag for signing URLs.
        
        Demo
        ~~~~
        In order to be able to quickly evaluate the ``ska``, a demo app (with a quick
        installer) has been created (works on Ubuntu/Debian, may work on other Linux
        systems as well, although not guaranteed). Follow the instructions below for
        having the demo running within a minute.
        
        Grab the latest ``ska_example_app_installer.sh`` and execute it:
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            wget -O - https://raw.github.com/barseghyanartur/ska/stable/examples/ska_example_app_installer.sh | bash
        
        Open your browser and test the app.
        
        Foo listing (ska protected views):
        
        - URL: http://127.0.0.1:8001/foo/
        
        Authentication page (ska authentication backend):
        
        - URL: http://127.0.0.1:8001/foo/authenticate/
        
        Django admin interface:
        
        - URL: http://127.0.0.1:8001/admin/
        - Admin username: test_admin
        - Admin password: test
        
        Configuration
        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        Secret key (str) must be defined in `settings` module of your project.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            SKA_SECRET_KEY = 'my-secret-key'
        
        The following variables can be overridden in ``settings`` module of your
        project.
        
        - ``SKA_UNAUTHORISED_REQUEST_ERROR_MESSAGE`` (str): Plain text error message.
          Defaults to "Unauthorised request. {0}".
        - ``SKA_UNAUTHORISED_REQUEST_ERROR_TEMPLATE`` (str): Path to 401 template that
          should be rendered in case of 401
          responses. Defaults to empty string (not provided).
        - ``SKA_AUTH_USER`` (str): The ``auth_user`` argument for ``ska.sign_url``
          function. Defaults to "ska-auth-user".
        
        See the working `example project
        <https://github.com/barseghyanartur/ska/tree/stable/example>`_.
        
        Multiple secret keys
        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        Imagine, you have a site to which you want to offer a password-less login for
        various clients/senders and you don't want them all to have one shared secret
        key, but rather have their own one. Moreover, you specifically want to execute
        very custom callbacks not only for each separate client/sender, but also for
        different sort of users authenticating.
        
        .. code-block:: text
        
                                      ┌────────────────┐
                                      │ Site providing │
                                      │ authentication │
                                      │ ────────────── │
                                      │ custom secret  │
                                      │    keys per    │
                                      │     client     │
                                      │ ────────────── │
                                      │ Site 1: 'sk-1' │
                         ┌───────────>│ Site 2: 'sk-2' │<───────────┐
                         │            │ Site 3: 'sk-3' │            │
                         │      ┌────>│ Site 4: 'sk-4' │<────┐      │
                         │      │     └────────────────┘     │      │
                         │      │                            │      │
                         │      │                            │      │
            ┌────────────┴─┐  ┌─┴────────────┐  ┌────────────┴─┐  ┌─┴────────────┐
            │    Site 1    │  │    Site 2    │  │    Site 3    │  │    Site 4    │
            │ ──────────── │  │ ──────────── │  │ ──────────── │  │ ──────────── │
            │  secret key  │  │  secret key  │  │  secret key  │  │  secret key  │
            │    'sk-1'    │  │    'sk-2'    │  │    'sk-3'    │  │    'sk-4'    │
            └──────────────┘  └──────────────┘  └──────────────┘  └──────────────┘
        
        In order to make the stated above possible, the concept of providers is
        introduced. You can define a secret key, callbacks or redirect URL. See an
        example below. Note, that keys of the ``SKA_PROVIDERS`` ("client_1",
        "client_2", etc.) are the provider keys.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            SKA_PROVIDERS = {
                # ********************************************************
                # ******************** Basic gradation *******************
                # ********************************************************
                # Site 1
                'client_1': {
                    'SECRET_KEY': 'sk-1',
                },
        
                # Site 2
                'client_2': {
                    'SECRET_KEY': 'sk-2',
                },
        
                # Site 3
                'client_3': {
                    'SECRET_KEY': 'sk-3',
                },
        
                # Site 4
                'client_4': {
                    'SECRET_KEY': 'sk-4',
                },
        
                # ********************************************************
                # ******* You make gradation as complex as you wish ******
                # ********************************************************
                # Client 1, group users
                'client_1.users': {
                    'SECRET_KEY': 'client-1-users-secret-key',
                },
        
                # Client 1, group power_users
                'client_1.power_users': {
                    'SECRET_KEY': 'client-1-power-users-secret-key',
                    'USER_CREATE_CALLBACK': 'foo.ska_callbacks.client1_power_users_create',
                },
        
                # Client 1, group admins
                'client_1.admins': {
                    'SECRET_KEY': 'client-1-admins-secret-key',
                    'USER_CREATE_CALLBACK': 'foo.ska_callbacks.client1_admins_create',
                    'REDIRECT_AFTER_LOGIN': '/admin/'
                },
            }
        
        See the `Callbacks`_ section for the list of callbacks. Note, that callbacks
        defined in the ``SKA_PROVIDERS`` are overrides. If a certain callback isn't
        defined in the ``SKA_PROVIDERS``, authentication backend falls back to the
        respective default callback function.
        
        Obviously, server would have to have the full list of providers defined. On
        the client side you would only have to store the general secret key and of
        course the provider UID(s).
        
        When making a signed URL on the sender side, you should be providing the
        ``provider`` key in the ``extra`` argument. See the example below for how you
        would do it for ``client_1.power_users``.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from ska import sign_url
            from ska.defaults import DEFAULT_PROVIDER_PARAM
        
            server_ska_login_url = 'https://server-url.com/ska/login/'
        
            signed_remote_ska_login_url = sign_url(
                auth_user='test_ska_user',
                # Using provider-specific secret key. This value shall be equal to
                # the value of SKA_PROVIDERS['client_1.power_users']['SECRET_KEY'],
                # defined in your projects' Django settings module.
                secret_key='client-1-power-users-secret-key',
                url=server_ska_login_url,
                extra={
                    'email': 'test_ska_user@mail.example.com',
                    'first_name': 'John',
                    'last_name': 'Doe',
                    # Using provider specific string. This value shall be equal to
                    # the key string "client_1.power_users" of SKA_PROVIDERS,
                    # defined in your projcts' Django settings module.
                    DEFAULT_PROVIDER_PARAM: 'client_1.power_users',
                }
            )
        
        Django model method decorator ``sign_url``
        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        This is most likely be used in module ``models`` (models.py).
        
        Imagine, you have a some objects listing and you want to protect the URLs to
        be viewed by authorised parties only. You would then use
        ``get_signed_absolute_url`` method when rendering the listing (HTML).
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from django.db import models
            from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
            from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
        
            from ska.contrib.django.ska.decorators import sign_url
        
        
            class FooItem(models.Model):
        
                title = models.CharField(_("Title"), max_length=100)
                slug = models.SlugField(unique=True, verbose_name=_("Slug"))
                body = models.TextField(_("Body"))
        
                # Unsigned absolute URL, which goes to the foo item detail page.
                def get_absolute_url(self):
                    return reverse('foo.detail', kwargs={'slug': self.slug})
        
                # Signed absolute URL, which goes to the foo item detail page.
                @sign_url()
                def get_signed_absolute_url(self):
                    return reverse('foo.detail', kwargs={'slug': self.slug})
        
        Note, that ``sign_url`` decorator accepts the following optional arguments.
        
        - ``auth_user`` (str): Username of the user making the request.
        - ``secret_key``: The shared secret key. If set, overrides
          the ``SKA_SECRET_KEY`` variable set in the `settings` module of your
          project.
        - ``valid_until`` (float or str ): Unix timestamp. If not given, generated
          automatically (now + lifetime).
        - ``lifetime`` (int): Signature lifetime in seconds.
        - ``suffix`` (str): Suffix to add after the ``endpoint_url`` and before the
          appended signature params.
        - ``signature_param`` (str): Name of the GET param name which would hold the
          generated signature value.
        - `auth_user_param` (str): Name of the GET param name which would hold
          the ``auth_user`` value.
        - ``valid_until_param`` (str): Name of the GET param name which would hold
          the ``valid_until`` value.
        
        Django view decorator ``validate_signed_request``
        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        To be used to protect views (file views.py). Should be applied to
        views (endpoints) that require signed requests. If checks are not successful,
        a ``ska.contrib.django.ska.http.HttpResponseUnauthorized`` is returned, which
        is a subclass of Django's ``django.http.HttpResponse``. You can provide your
        own template for 401 error. Simply point the
        ``SKA_UNAUTHORISED_REQUEST_ERROR_TEMPLATE`` in `settings` module to the right
        template. See ``ska/contrib/django/ska/templates/ska/401.html`` as a template
        example.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from ska.contrib.django.ska.decorators import validate_signed_request
        
            # Your view that shall be protected
            @validate_signed_request()
            def detail(request, slug, template_name='foo/detail.html'):
                # Your code
        
        Note, that ``validate_signed_request`` decorator accepts the following optional
        arguments.
        
        - ``secret_key`` (str) : The shared secret key. If set, overrides
          the ``SKA_SECRET_KEY`` variable  set in the ``settings`` module of your
          project.
        - ``signature_param`` (str): Name of the (for example GET or POST) param name
          which holds the ``signature`` value.
        - ``auth_user_param`` (str): Name of the (for example GET or POST) param name
          which holds the ``auth_user`` value.
        - ``valid_until_param`` (str): Name of the (foe example GET or POST) param
          name which holds the ``valid_until`` value.
        
        If you're using class based views, use the ``m_validate_signed_request``
        decorator instead of ``validate_signed_request``.
        
        Template tags
        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        There are two template tags modules: ``ska_tags`` and ``ska_constance_tags``.
        They are functionally identical, although ``ska_constance_tags`` is tied to
        ``django-constance``.
        
        For standard settings configurations, template tags shall be loaded as follows:
        
        .. code-block:: html
        
            {% load ska_tags %}
        
        For ``django-constance`` based settings configurations, template tags shall be
        loaded as follows:
        
        .. code-block:: html
        
            {% load ska_constance_tags %}
        
        Note, that if you want to use ``ska_constance_tags``, add
        the ``ska.contrib.django.ska.integration.constance_integration`` line to
        your``INSTALLED_APPS``:
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            INSTALLED_APPS = (
                # ...
                'ska.contrib.django.ska.integration.constance_integration',
                # ...
            )
        
        sign_url
        ++++++++
        The ``sign_url`` template tag accepts template context and the following
        params:
        
        - url
        - auth_user: If not given, request.user.get_username() is used.
        - secret_key: If not given, the secret key from settings is used.
        - valid_until: If not given, calculated from ``lifetime``.
        - lifetime: Defaults to ``ska.defaults.SIGNATURE_LIFETIME``.
        - suffix: Defaults to ``ska.defaults.DEFAULT_URL_SUFFIX``.
        - signature_param: Defaults to ``ska.defaultsDEFAULT_SIGNATURE_PARAM``.
        - auth_user_param: Defaults to ``ska.defaults.DEFAULT_AUTH_USER_PARAM``.
        - valid_until_param: Defaults to ``ska.defaults.DEFAULT_VALID_UNTIL_PARAM``.
        - signature_cls: Defaults to ``ska.signatures.Signature``.
        
        Usage example:
        
        .. code-block:: html
        
            {% load ska_tags %}
        
            {% for item in items%}
        
                {% sign_url item.get_absolute_url as item_signed_absolute_url %}
                <a href="{{ item_signed_absolute_url }}">{{ item }}</a>
        
            {% endfor %}
        
        provider_sign_url
        +++++++++++++++++
        The ``provider_sign_url`` template tag accepts template context and the
        following params:
        
        - url
        - provider: Provider name.
        - auth_user: If not given, request.user.get_username() is used.
        - valid_until: If not given, calculated from ``lifetime``.
        - lifetime: Defaults to ``ska.defaults.SIGNATURE_LIFETIME``.
        - suffix: Defaults to ``ska.defaults.DEFAULT_URL_SUFFIX``.
        - signature_param: Defaults to ``ska.defaultsDEFAULT_SIGNATURE_PARAM``.
        - auth_user_param: Defaults to ``ska.defaults.DEFAULT_AUTH_USER_PARAM``.
        - valid_until_param: Defaults to ``ska.defaults.DEFAULT_VALID_UNTIL_PARAM``.
        - signature_cls: Defaults to ``ska.signatures.Signature``.
        - fail_silently: Defaults to False.
        
        Usage example:
        
        .. code-block:: html
        
            {% load ska_tags %}
        
            {% for item in items%}
        
                {% provider_sign_url url=item.get_absolute_url provider='client_1.users' as item_signed_absolute_url %}
                <a href="{{ item_signed_absolute_url }}">{{ item }}</a>
        
            {% endfor %}
        
        Authentication backends
        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        Allows you to get a password-less login to Django web site.
        
        At the moment there are two backends implemented:
        
        - `SkaAuthenticationBackend`_: Uses standard Django settings.
        - `SkaAuthenticationConstanceBackend`_: Relies on dynamic settings
          functionality provided by `django-constance`.
        
        By default, number of logins using the same token is not limited. If you wish
        that single tokens become invalid after first use, set the following variables
        to True in your projects' Django settings module.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            SKA_DB_STORE_SIGNATURES = True
            SKA_DB_PERFORM_SIGNATURE_CHECK = True
        
        SkaAuthenticationBackend
        ++++++++++++++++++++++++
        ``SkaAuthenticationBackend`` uses standard Django settings.
        
        Recipient side
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        Recipient is the host (Django site), to which the sender tries to get
        authenticated (log in). On the recipient side the following shall be present.
        
        settings.py
        ***********
        .. code-block:: python
        
            AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = (
                'ska.contrib.django.ska.backends.SkaAuthenticationBackend',
                'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
            )
        
            INSTALLED_APPS = (
                # ...
                'ska.contrib.django.ska',
                # ...
            )
        
            SKA_SECRET_KEY = 'secret-key'
            SKA_UNAUTHORISED_REQUEST_ERROR_TEMPLATE = 'ska/401.html'
            SKA_REDIRECT_AFTER_LOGIN = '/foo/logged-in/'
        
        urls.py
        *******
        .. code-block:: python
        
            urlpatterns = [
                url(r'^ska/', include('ska.contrib.django.ska.urls')),
                url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
            ]
        
        Callbacks
        *********
        There are several callbacks implemented for authentication backend.
        
        - ``USER_VALIDATE_CALLBACK`` (string): Validate request callback. Created to
          allow adding custom logic to the incoming authentication requests. The main
          purpose is to provide a flexible way of raising exceptions if the incoming
          authentication request shall be blocked (for instance, email or username is
          in black-list or right the opposite - not in the white list). The only aim of
          the `USER_VALIDATE_CALLBACK` is to raise a ``django.core.PermissionDenied``
          exception if request data is invalid. In that case authentication flow will
          halt. All other exceptions would simply be ignored (but logged) and if no
          exception raised, the normal flow would be continued.
        - ``USER_GET_CALLBACK`` (string): Fired if user was successfully fetched from
          database (existing user).
        - ``USER_CREATE_CALLBACK`` (string): Fired right after user has been
          created (user didn't exist).
        - ``USER_INFO_CALLBACK`` (string): Fired upon successful authentication.
        
        Example of a callback function (let's say, it resides in module
        ``my_app.ska_callbacks``):
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            def my_callback(user, request, signed_request_data)
                # Your code
        
        ...where:
        
        - ``user`` is ``django.contrib.auth.models.User`` instance.
        - ``request`` is ``django.http.HttpRequest`` instance.
        - ``signed_request_data`` is dictionary with signed request data.
        
        For example, if you need to assign user to some local Django group, you could
        specify the group name on the client side (add it to the ``extra`` dictionary)
        and based on that, add the user to the group in the callback.
        
        The callback is a path qualifier of the callback function. Considering the
        example above, it would be ``my_app.ska_callbacks.my_callback``.
        
        Prefix names of each callback variable with `SKA_` in your projects' settings
        module.
        
        Example:
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            SKA_USER_GET_CALLBACK = 'my_app.ska_callbacks.my_get_callback'
            SKA_USER_CREATE_CALLBACK = 'my_app.ska_callbacks.my_create_callback'
        
        Sender side
        ^^^^^^^^^^^
        Sender is the host (another Django web site) from which users authenticate to
        the Recipient using signed URLs.
        
        On the sender side, the only thing necessary to be present is the ``ska``
        module for Django and of course the same ``SECRET_KEY`` as on the server side.
        Further, the server ``ska`` login URL (in our case "/ska/login/") shall be
        signed using ``ska`` (for example, using ``sign_url`` function). The
        ``auth_user`` param would be used as a Django username. See the example below.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from ska import sign_url
            from ska.contrib.django.ska.settings import SECRET_KEY
        
            server_ska_login_url = 'https://server-url.com/ska/login/'
        
            signed_url = sign_url(
                auth_user='test_ska_user_0',
                secret_key=SECRET_KEY,
                url=server_ska_login_url,
                extra={
                    'email': 'john.doe@mail.example.com',
                    'first_name': 'John',
                    'last_name': 'Doe',
                }
            )
        
        Note, that you ``extra`` dictionary is optional! If ``email``, ``first_name``
        and ``last_name`` keys are present, upon successful validation, the data
        would be saved into users' profile.
        
        Put this code, for instance, in your view and then make the generated URL
        available in template context and render it as a URL so that user can click
        on it for authenticating to the server.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            def auth_to_server(request, template_name='auth_to_server.html'):
                # Some code + obtaining the `signed_url` (code shown above)
                context = {'signed_url': signed_url}
        
                return render(request, template_name, context)
        
        SkaAuthenticationConstanceBackend
        +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
        Relies on dynamic settings functionality provided by
        `django-constance <https://django-constance.readthedocs.io>`_.
        
        *Only differences with `SkaAuthenticationBackend` are mentioned.*
        
        .. note::
        
            Additional requirements shall be installed. See the `constance.txt
            <https://github.com/barseghyanartur/ska/blob/master/examples/requirements/constance.txt>`_
            file for additional requirements (``django-constance``,
            ``django-json-widget``, ``django-picklefield``, ``jsonfield2`` and
            ``redis``).
        
        settings.py
        ^^^^^^^^^^^
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = (
                'ska.contrib.django.ska.backends.constance_backend.SkaAuthenticationConstanceBackend',
                'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
            )
        
            INSTALLED_APPS = (
                # ...
                'constance',  # django-constance
                'ska.contrib.django.ska',
                'django_json_widget',  # For nice admin JSON widget
                # ...
            )
        
            CONSTANCE_CONFIG = {
                'SKA_PROVIDERS': (
                    {},  # The default value
                    'JSON data',  # Help text in admin
                    'JSONField_config',  # Field config
                )
            }
        
            CONSTANCE_ADDITIONAL_FIELDS = {
                'JSONField_config': [
                    # `jsonfield2` package might be used for storing the JSON field,
                    # however, at the moment of writing it has a bug which makes
                    # the JSON invalid after the first save. To avoid that, it has
                    # been patched and resides in examples/simple/jsonfield2_addons/
                    # module.
                    'jsonfield2_addons.forms.JSONField',
                    {
                        'widget': 'django_json_widget.widgets.JSONEditorWidget',
                    }
                ],
            }
        
            CONSTANCE_BACKEND = 'constance.backends.redisd.RedisBackend'
        
            CONSTANCE_REDIS_CONNECTION = {
                'host': 'localhost',
                'port': 6379,
                'db': 0,
            }
        
        .. note::
        
            In very tiny bits, although not required, the
            `jsonfield2 <https://pypi.org/project/jsonfield2/>`_ and
            `django-json-widget <https://pypi.org/project/django-json-widget/>`_
            packages are used for editing of the ``SKA_PROVIDERS`` setting in Django
            admin.
        
        .. note::
        
            In the example shown above, the ``RedisBackend`` of ``django-constance``
            is used. You could also use ``DatabaseBackend``. Study the
            `documentation <https://django-constance.readthedocs.io/en/latest/backends.html>`_
            for more.
        
        .. note::
        
            If your `SKA_PROVIDERS` settings are stored in the constance as ``str``
            instead of ``dict``, set the setting
            ``SKA_CONSTANCE_SETTINGS_PARSE_FROM_JSON`` to ``True``.
        
        With ``DatabaseBackend`` it would look as follows:
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            CONSTANCE_BACKEND = 'constance.backends.database.DatabaseBackend'
        
            INSTALLED_APPS = (
                # ...
                'constance.backends.database',
                # ...
            )
        
        **Quick demo of the dynamic backend**
        
        - Clone this project:
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            git clone git@github.com:barseghyanartur/ska.git
        
        - Install/migrate:
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            ./scripts/install.sh
            pip install -r examples/requirements/django_2_1.txt
            ./scripts/migrate.sh --settings=settings.constance_settings
        
        - Run:
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            ./scripts/runserver.sh --settings=settings.constance_settings
        
        - Go to `http://localhost:8000/admin/constance/config/
          <http://localhost:8000/admin/constance/config/>`_.
        
        - Paste the following code:
        
        .. code-block:: javascript
        
            {
               "client_1.users":{
                  "SECRET_KEY":"client-1-users-secret-key"
               },
               "client_1.power_users":{
                  "SECRET_KEY":"client-1-power-users-secret-key",
                  "USER_CREATE_CALLBACK":"foo.ska_callbacks.client1_power_users_create"
               },
               "client_1.admins":{
                  "SECRET_KEY":"client-1-admins-secret-key",
                  "USER_CREATE_CALLBACK":"foo.ska_callbacks.client1_admins_create",
                  "USER_GET_CALLBACK":"foo.ska_callbacks.client1_admins_get",
                  "USER_INFO_CALLBACK":"foo.ska_callbacks.client1_admins_info_constance",
                  "REDIRECT_AFTER_LOGIN":"/admin/auth/user/"
               }
            }
        
        - Open `http://localhost:8000/foo/authenticate/
          <http://localhost:8000/foo/authenticate/>`_ in another browser and navigate
          to the ``Log in - client_1.admins`` link in the ``Success`` table column of
          the ``By provider`` section. Upon clicking, you should be logged in.
          You have used the dynamic settings.
        
        urls.py
        ^^^^^^^
        ``django-constance`` specific views and urls are used. See
        `ska.contrib.django.ska.views.constance_views
        <https://github.com/barseghyanartur/ska/blob/master/src/ska/contrib/django/ska/views/constance_views.py>`_
        and `ska.contrib.django.ska.urls.constance_urls
        <https://github.com/barseghyanartur/ska/blob/master/src/ska/contrib/django/ska/urls/constance_urls.py>`_
        for the reference.
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            urlpatterns = [
                url(r'^ska/', include('ska.contrib.django.ska.urls.constance_urls')),
                url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
            ]
        
        Custom authentication backend
        +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
        To implement alternative authentication backend, see the following example:
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from constance import config
        
            from ska.contrib.django.backends import BaseSkaAuthenticationBackend
        
            class SkaAuthenticationConstanceBackend(BaseSkaAuthenticationBackend):
                """Authentication backend."""
        
                def get_settings(self):
                    """
        
                    :return:
                    """
                    return config.SKA_PROVIDERS
        
        That's it. The only thing the ``get_settings`` method shall return is ``dict``
        with providers data (see the `Multiple secret keys`_ for the reference;
        return value of the ``get_settings` is ``SKA_PROVIDERS`` dict).
        
        Purging of old signature data
        +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
        If you have lots of visitors and the ``SKA_DB_STORE_SIGNATURES`` set to True,
        your database grows. If you wish to get rid of old signature token data, you
        may want to execute the following command using a cron job.
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            ./manage.py ska_purge_stored_signature_data
        
        Security notes
        ++++++++++++++
        From point of security, you should be serving the following pages via HTTP
        secure connection:
        
        - The server login page (/ska/login/).
        - The client page containing the authentication links.
        
        Django REST Framework integration
        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        
        Permission classes
        ++++++++++++++++++
        For protecting views without actually being authenticated into the system,
        specific permission classes are implemented (for both plan settings and
        provider settings, as well as both plain- and provider-settings work in
        combination with `django-constance` package).
        
        The following permission classes are implemented:
        
        - SignedRequestRequired
        - ProviderSignedRequestRequired
        - ConstanceSignedRequestRequired
        - ConstanceProviderSignedRequestRequired
        
        **ProviderSignedRequestRequired example**
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
        
            from ska.contrib.django.ska.integration.drf.permissions import (
                ProviderSignedRequestRequired
            )
        
            from .models import FooItem
            from .serializers import FooItemSerializer
        
            class FooItemViewSet(ModelViewSet):
                """FooItem model viewset."""
        
                permission_classes = (ProviderSignedRequestRequired,)
                queryset = FooItem.objects.all()
                serializer_class = FooItemSerializer
        
        **Signing requests**
        
        Requests are signed the same way. Sample code:
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            # Given that we have `auth_user`, `auth_user_email`, `provider_name`
            # (and the rest), the code would look as follows:
        
            from ska import sign_url
            from ska.defaults import DEFAULT_PROVIDER_PARAM
        
            extra = {
                'email': auth_user_email,
                'first_name': first_name,
                'last_name': last_name,
            }
        
            if provider_name:
                extra.update({DEFAULT_PROVIDER_PARAM: provider_name})
        
            signed_url = sign_url(
                auth_user=auth_user,
                secret_key=secret_key,
                url=url,
                extra=extra
            )
        
        JWT tokens for authentication
        +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
        For obtaining JWT tokens for authentication. Also works with
        `django-constance`.
        
        **settings example**
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            REST_FRAMEWORK = {
                'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (
                    'rest_framework_jwt.authentication.JSONWebTokenAuthentication',
                    'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',
                    'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication',
                ),
            }
        
        **urls example**
        
        .. code-block:: python
        
            urlpatterns = [
                # ...
                url(
                    r'^ska-rest/',
                    include('ska.contrib.django.ska.integration.drf.urls.jwt_token')
                ),
            ]
        
        **Sample request**
        
        .. code-block:: text
        
            http://localhost:8008/ska-rest/obtain-jwt-token/
                ?signature=P92KWDDe0U84Alvu0tvmYoi8e8s%3D
                &auth_user=test_ska_user
                &valid_until=1548195246.0
                &extra=email%2Cfirst_name%2Clast_name
                &email=test_ska_user%40mail.example.com
                &first_name=John
                &last_name=Doe
        
        **Sample response**
        
        .. code-block:: text
        
            HTTP 200 OK
            Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS
            Content-Type: application/json
            Vary: Accept
        
        .. code-block:: javascript
        
            {
                "token": "eyJ0eXAiO.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo.m_saOvyKBO3"
            }
        
        Testing
        =======
        Simply type:
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            ./runtests.py
        
        Or use tox:
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            tox
        
        Or use tox to check specific env:
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            tox -e py35
        
        Or run Django tests:
        
        .. code-block:: sh
        
            python examples/simple/manage.py test ska --settings=settings.testing
        
        Writing documentation
        =====================
        Keep the following hierarchy.
        
        .. code-block:: text
        
            =====
            title
            =====
        
            header
            ======
        
            sub-header
            ----------
        
            sub-sub-header
            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        
            sub-sub-sub-header
            ++++++++++++++++++
        
            sub-sub-sub-sub-header
            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        
            sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-header
            **************************
        
        License
        =======
        GPL-2.0-only OR LGPL-2.1-or-later
        
        Support
        =======
        For any issues contact me at the e-mail given in the `Author`_ section.
        
        Author
        ======
        Artur Barseghyan <artur.barseghyan@gmail.com>
        
Keywords: sign data,sign (HTTP) request,symmetric-key algorithm encryption,sign URL,python,django,password-less login django,password-less authentication backend django
Platform: UNKNOWN
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
Classifier: Topic :: Security :: Cryptography
Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: GNU General Public License v2 (GPLv2)
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: GNU Lesser General Public License v2 or later (LGPLv2+)
Provides-Extra: djangorestframework
Provides-Extra: django-constance
Provides-Extra: drf-jwt
