/*                                                     ellik.c
 *
 *     Incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind
 *
 *
 *
 * SYNOPSIS:
 *
 * double phi, m, y, ellik();
 *
 * y = ellik( phi, m );
 *
 *
 *
 * DESCRIPTION:
 *
 * Approximates the integral
 *
 *
 *
 *                phi
 *                 -
 *                | |
 *                |           dt
 * F(phi | m) =   |    ------------------
 *                |                   2
 *              | |    sqrt( 1 - m sin t )
 *               -
 *                0
 *
 * of amplitude phi and modulus m, using the arithmetic -
 * geometric mean algorithm.
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * ACCURACY:
 *
 * Tested at random points with m in [0, 1] and phi as indicated.
 *
 *                      Relative error:
 * arithmetic   domain     # trials      peak         rms
 *    IEEE     -10,10       200000      7.4e-16     1.0e-16
 *
 *
 */


/*
 * Cephes Math Library Release 2.0:  April, 1987
 * Copyright 1984, 1987 by Stephen L. Moshier
 * Direct inquiries to 30 Frost Street, Cambridge, MA 02140
 */
/* Copyright 2014, Eric W. Moore */

/*     Incomplete elliptic integral of first kind      */

#include "mconf.h"
extern double MACHEP;

static double ellik_neg_m(double phi, double m);

double ellik(double phi,  double m)
{
    double a, b, c, e, temp, t, K, denom, npio2;
    int d, mod, sign;

    if (cephes_isnan(phi) || cephes_isnan(m))
        return NPY_NAN;
    if (m > 1.0)
        return NPY_NAN;
    if (cephes_isinf(phi) || cephes_isinf(m))
    {
        if (cephes_isinf(m) && cephes_isfinite(phi))
            return 0.0;
        else if (cephes_isinf(phi) && cephes_isfinite(m))
            return phi;
        else
            return NPY_NAN;
    }
    if (m == 0.0)
	return (phi);
    a = 1.0 - m;
    if (a == 0.0) {
	if (fabs(phi) >= NPY_PI_2) {
	    mtherr("ellik", SING);
	    return (NPY_INFINITY);
	}
        /* DLMF 19.6.8, and 4.23.42 */
       return asinh(tan(phi));
    }
    npio2 = floor(phi / NPY_PI_2);
    if (fmod(fabs(npio2), 2.0) == 1.0)
	npio2 += 1;
    if (npio2 != 0.0) {
	K = ellpk(a);
	phi = phi - npio2 * NPY_PI_2;
    }
    else
	K = 0.0;
    if (phi < 0.0) {
	phi = -phi;
	sign = -1;
    }
    else
	sign = 0;
    if (a > 1.0) {
        temp = ellik_neg_m(phi, m);
        goto done;
    }
    b = sqrt(a);
    t = tan(phi);
    if (fabs(t) > 10.0) {
	/* Transform the amplitude */
	e = 1.0 / (b * t);
	/* ... but avoid multiple recursions.  */
	if (fabs(e) < 10.0) {
	    e = atan(e);
	    if (npio2 == 0)
		K = ellpk(a);
	    temp = K - ellik(e, m);
	    goto done;
	}
    }
    a = 1.0;
    c = sqrt(m);
    d = 1;
    mod = 0;

    while (fabs(c / a) > MACHEP) {
	temp = b / a;
	phi = phi + atan(t * temp) + mod * NPY_PI;
        denom = 1.0 - temp * t * t;
        if (fabs(denom) > 10*MACHEP) {
	    t = t * (1.0 + temp) / denom;
            mod = (phi + NPY_PI_2) / NPY_PI;
        }
        else {
            t = tan(phi);
            mod = (int)floor((phi - atan(t))/NPY_PI);
        }
	c = (a - b) / 2.0;
	temp = sqrt(a * b);
	a = (a + b) / 2.0;
	b = temp;
	d += d;
    }

    temp = (atan(t) + mod * NPY_PI) / (d * a);

  done:
    if (sign < 0)
	temp = -temp;
    temp += npio2 * K;
    return (temp);
}

/* N.B. This will evaluate its arguments multiple times. */
#define MAX3(a, b, c) (a > b ? (a > c ? a : c) : (b > c ? b : c))

/* To calculate legendre's incomplete elliptical integral of the first kind for
 * negative m, we use a power series in phi for small m*phi*phi, an asymptotic
 * series in m for large m*phi*phi* and the relation to Carlson's symmetric
 * integral of the first kind.
 * 
 * F(phi, m) = sin(phi) * R_F(cos(phi)^2, 1 - m * sin(phi)^2, 1.0)
 *           = R_F(c-1, c-m, c)
 *
 * where c = csc(phi)^2. We use the second form of this for (approximately)
 * phi > 1/(sqrt(DBL_MAX) ~ 1e-154, where csc(phi)^2 overflows. Elsewhere we
 * use the first form, accounting for the smallness of phi.
 * 
 * The algorithm used is described in Carlson, B. C. Numerical computation of
 * real or complex elliptic integrals. (1994) http://arxiv.org/abs/math/9409227
 * Most variable names reflect Carlson's usage.
 *
 * In this routine, we assume m < 0 and  0 > phi > pi/2.
 */
double ellik_neg_m(double phi, double m)
{
    double x, y, z, x1, y1, z1, A0, A, Q, X, Y, Z, E2, E3, scale;
    int n = 0;
    double mpp = (m*phi)*phi;

    if (-mpp < 1e-6 && phi < -m) {
        return phi + (-mpp*phi*phi/30.0  + 3.0*mpp*mpp/40.0 + mpp/6.0)*phi;
    }

    if (-mpp > 4e7) {
        double sm = sqrt(-m);
        double sp = sin(phi);
        double cp = cos(phi);

        double a = log(4*sp*sm/(1+cp));
        double b = -(1 + cp/sp/sp - a) / 4 / m;
        return (a + b) / sm;
    }
    
    if (phi > 1e-153 && m > -1e305) {
        double s = sin(phi);
        double csc2 = 1.0 / (s*s);
        scale = 1.0;
        x = 1.0 / (tan(phi) * tan(phi));
        y = csc2 - m;
        z = csc2;
    }
    else {
        scale = phi;
        x = 1.0;
        y = 1 - m*scale*scale;
        z = 1.0;
    }
    
    if (x == y && x == z) {
        return scale / sqrt(x);
    }

    A0 = (x + y + z) / 3.0;
    A = A0;
    x1 = x; y1 = y; z1 = z;
    /* Carlson gives 1/pow(3*r, 1.0/6.0) for this constant. if r == eps,
     * it is ~338.38. */
    Q = 400.0 * MAX3(fabs(A0-x), fabs(A0-y), fabs(A0-z));
    
    while (Q > fabs(A) && n <= 100) {
        double sx = sqrt(x1);
        double sy = sqrt(y1);
        double sz = sqrt(z1);
        double lam = sx*sy + sx*sz + sy*sz;
        x1 = (x1 + lam) / 4.0;
        y1 = (y1 + lam) / 4.0;
        z1 = (z1 + lam) / 4.0;
        A = (x1 + y1 + z1) / 3.0;
        n += 1;
        Q /= 4;
    }
    X = (A0 - x) / A / (1 << 2*n);
    Y = (A0 - y) / A / (1 << 2*n);
    Z = -(X + Y);

    E2 = X*Y - Z*Z;
    E3 = X*Y*Z;

    return scale * (1.0 - E2/10.0 + E3/14.0 + E2*E2/24.0
                    - 3.0*E2*E3/44.0) / sqrt(A);
}

