==================
How to use rst2pdf
==================

:author: Roberto Alsina <ralsina@netmanagers.com.ar>
:version: 0.13
:revision: $LastChangedRevision: 1820 $

.. header::

   ###Section###

.. footer::

   Page ###Page###

.. contents::

.. section-numbering::

.. raw:: pdf

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Introduction
============

This document explains how to use rst2pdf. Here is the very short version::

    rst2pdf.py mydocument.txt -o mydocument.pdf

That will, as long as mydocument.txt is a valid Restructured Text (ReST)
document, produce a file called mydocument.pdf which is a PDF
version of your document.

Of course, that means you just used default styles and settings. If it
looks good enough for you, then you may stop reading this document,
because you are done with it. If you are reading this in a PDF,
it was generated using those default settings.

However, if you want to customize the output, or are just curious to see
what can be done, let´s continue.

Command line options
====================

::

  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --config=FILE         Config file to use. Default=~/.rst2pdf/config  
  -o FILE, --output=FILE                               
                        Write the PDF to FILE          
  -s STYLESHEETS, --stylesheets=STYLESHEETS            
                        A comma-separated list of custom stylesheets.
                        Default=""                                   
  --stylesheet-path=FOLDER:FOLDER:...:FOLDER                         
                        A list of folders to search for stylesheets,"        "
                        separated using ":". Default=""                       
  -c, --compressed      Create a compressed PDF. Default=False                
  --print-stylesheet    Print the default stylesheet and exit                 
  --font-folder=FOLDER  Search this folder for fonts. (Deprecated)            
  --font-path=FOLDER:FOLDER:...:FOLDER                                        
                        A list of folders to search for fonts, separated using
                        ":". Default=""                                       
  --baseurl=URL         The base URL for relative URLs. Default="file:///home/
                        ralsina/Desktop/proyectos/rst/trunk"                  
  -l LANG, --language=LANG                                                    
                        Language to be used for hyphenation and docutils      
                        localizations. Default="None"                         
  --header=HEADER       Page header if not specified in the document.         
                        Default="None"                                        
  --footer=FOOTER       Page footer if not specified in the document.         
                        Default="None"                                        
  --smart-quotes=VALUE  Try to convert ASCII quotes, ellipsis and dashes to   
                        the typographically correct equivalent. For details,  
                        read the man page or the manual. Default="0"
  --fit-literal-mode=MODE
                        What todo when a literal is too wide. One of error,
                        overflow,shrink,truncate. Default="shrink"
  --inline-links        shows target between parenthesis instead of active
                        link
  --repeat-table-rows   Repeats header row for each splitted table
  -q, --quiet           Print less information.
  -v, --verbose         Print debug information.
  --very-verbose        Print even more debug information.
  --version             Print version number and exit.
  --no-footnote-backlinks
                        Disable footnote backlinks. Default=False
  --inline-footnotes    Show footnotes inline. Default=True
  --default-dpi=NUMBER  DPI for objects sized in pixels. Default=300
  --show-frame-boundary
                        Show frame borders (only useful for debugging).
                        Default=False
  --enable-splittable   Use alpha-quality splittable flowables in some
                        elements. Only useful for things like page-long block
                        quotes or list items
  -b LEVEL, --break-level=LEVEL
                        Maximum section level that starts in a new page.
                        Default: 0
  --first-page-even     Whether first page is odd (as in the screen on "facing
                        pages"), or even (as in a book)
  --blank-first-page    Add a blank page at the beginning of the document.
  --break-side=VALUE    How section breaks work. Can be "even", and sections
                        start in an even page,"odd", and sections start in odd
                        pages, or "any" and sections start in the next page,be
                        it even or odd. See also the -b option.


For the options that take a folder list, like --stylesheet-path, the separator used will
depend on your platform. On unix-like OSs, it's ":", on Windows it's ";". Don't blame me,
blame DOS.

Some of these options' defaults can be changed by creating a `configuration file`_

Configuration File
==================

Since version 0.8, rst2pdf will read (if it is available) configuration files in
``/etc/rst2pdf.conf`` and ``~/.rst2pdf/config``.

The user's file at ``~/.rst2pdf/config`` will have priority over the system's at
``/etc/rst2pdf.conf`` [#]_

.. [#] The ``/etc/rst2pdf.conf`` location makes sense for Linux and linux-like systems.
       if you are using rst2pdf in other systems, please contact me and tell me where
       the system-wide config file should be.



Here's an example file showing some of the currently available options:

.. code-block:: ini

    # This is an example config file. Modify and place in ~/.rst2pdf/config

    [general]
    # A comma-separated list of custom stylesheets. Example:
    # stylesheets="fruity.json,a4paper.json,verasans.json"
    stylesheets=""

    # Create a compressed PDF
    # Use true/false (lower case) or 1/0
    # Example: compressed=true
    compressed=false

    # A colon-separated list of folders to search for fonts. Example:
    # font_path="/usr/share/fonts:/usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/"
    font_path=""

    # Language to be used for hyphenation support
    language="en_US"

    # Default page header and footer
    header=None
    footer=None

    # What to do if a literal block is too large. Can be
    # shrink/truncate/overflow
    fit_mode="shrink"

    # What is the maximum level of heading that starts in a new page.
    # 0 means no level starts in a new page.
    break_level=0

Included with rst2pdf is an example file with every option in it.

Pipe usage
==========

If no input nor output are provided, stdin and stdout will be used respectively

You may want to use rst2pdf in a linux pipe as such::

    cat readme.txt | rst2pdf | gzip -c > readme.pdf.gz

or::

    curl http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/user/rst/quickstart.txt | rst2pdf > quickstart.pdf

If no input argument is provided, stdin will be used::

    cat readme.txt | rst2pdf -o readme.pdf

If outpufile is set to dash '-', output goes to stdout::

    rst2pdf -o - readme.txt > output.pdf


Headers and Footers
===================

ReST supports headers and footers, using the header and footer directive::

  .. header::

     This will be at the top of every page.

Often, you may want to put a page number there, or a section name.The following
magic tokens will be replaced (More will be added as rst2pdf evolves):

###Page###
    Replaced by the current page number.
###Title###
    Replaced by the document title
###Section###
    Replaced by the currect section title
###SectNum###
    Replaced by the currect section number. **Important:** You must use the sectnum directive for this to work.

Headers and footers are visible by default but they can be disabled by specific
`Page Templates`_ for example, cover pages. You can also set headers and footers
via `command line options` or the `configuration file`_.

Footnotes
=========

Currently rst2pdf doesn't support real footnotes, and converts them to endnotes.
There is a real complicated technical reason for this: I can't figure out a
clean way to do it right.

You can get the same behaviour as with rst2html by specifying --inline-footnotes, 
and then the footnotes will appear where you put them (in other words, not footnotes,
but "in-the-middle-of-text-notes" or just plain notes.)

Images
======

Inline
------

You can insert images in the middle of your text like this::

  This |biohazard| means you have to run.

  .. |biohazard| image:: ../rst2pdf/tests/input/images/biohazard.png

This |biohazard| means you have to run.

.. |biohazard| image:: ../rst2pdf/tests/input/images/biohazard.png

This only works correctly with reportlab 2.2 or later.



Supported Image Types
---------------------

For raster images, rst2pdf supports anything PIL (The Python Imaging Library) supports.
The exact list of supported formats varies according to your PIL version and system.

For vector image support, you need to install Dinu Gherman's svglib 
(http://pypi.python.org/pypi/svglib/) or Uniconvertor from http://sk1project.org 
version 1.1.3 or later.

It provides support for these formats:

* CorelDRAW ver.7-X3,X4 (CDR/CDT/CCX/CDRX/CMX)
* Adobe Illustrator up to 9 ver. (AI postscript based)
* Postscript (PS)
* Encapsulated Postscript (EPS)
* Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM)
* Windows Metafile (WMF)
* XFIG
* Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)
* Skencil/Sketch/sK1 (SK and SK1)
* Acorn Draw (AFF)

Some features will not work when using these images.For example, gradients will not
display, and text may cause problems.

To test suitability of your vector images for use with rst2pdf, try converting them
to PDF using uniconvertor. The result should be exactly the way they will look
when used in your documents.

If you can choose between raster and vectorial images, for non-photographic images,
vector files are usually smaller and look better, specially when printed.

If you want to use PDF files as images, you need to install PythonMagick
(http://www.imagemagick.org), which will be used to convert it to PNG and
then inserted in your document. If the quality is not good enough, try something like
``--default-dpi 1200``

This only works for one-page PDF files, and has several drawbacks, such as
inability to copy text from the embedded image.

In the future, rst2pdf will support ReportLab's PageCatcher to properly embed PDFs. That
is not implemented yet, though.

If there is any other image format you need supported, please report it as a feature
request in rst2pdf's site.

Image Size
----------

PDFs are meant to reflect paper. A PDF has a specific size in centimeters or inches. 

Images usually are measured in pixels, which are meaningless in a PDF. To convert 
between pixels and inches or centimeters, we use a DPI (dots-per-inch) value.

For example, 300 pixels, with a 300DPI, are exactly one inch. 300 pixels at 100DPI
are 3 inches.

For that reason, to achieve a nice layout of the page, it's usually a good idea 
to specify the size of your images in those units, or as a percentage of the 
available width and you can ignore all this DPI nonsense ;-)

The rst2pdf default is 300DPI, but you can change it using the --default-dpi option
or the default_dpi setting in the config file.

Examples of images with specified sizes::
    
  .. image:: home.png
     :width: 3in
     
  .. image:: home.png
     :width: 80%
  
  .. image:: home.png
     :width: 7cm
 
  
The valid units you can use are:

"em" "ex" "px" "in" "cm" "mm" "pt" "pc" "%" "".


* px: Pixels. If you specify the size using this unit, rst2pdf will convert it to
  inches using the default DPI explained above.
  
* No unit. If you just use a number, it will be considered as pixels. (**IMPORTANT:** 
  this used to default to points. It was changed to be more compatible with rst2html)
  
* em: This is the same as your base style's font size. By default: 10 points.

* ex: rst2pdf will use the same broken definition as IE: em/2. In truth this should
  be the height of the lower-case x character in your base style.
  
* in: Inches (1 inch = 2.54 cm).

* cm: centimeters (1cm = 0.39 inches)
  
* mm: millimeters (10mm = 1cm)

* pt: 1/72 inch

* pc: 1/6 inch

* %: percentage of available width in the frame. Setting a percentage as a height 
  does **not** work and probably never will.
  
If you don't specify a size at all, rst2pdf will do its best to figure out what it should do:
    
Since there is no specified size, rst2pdf will try to convert the image's pixel size to
inches using the DPI information available in the image itself. You can set that value 
using most image editors. For example, using Gimp, it's in the Image -> Print Size menu.

So, if your image is 6000 pixels wide, and is set to 1200DPI, it will be 5 inches wide.

If your image doesn't have a DPI property set, and doesn't have it's desired size specified,
rst2pdf will arbitrarily decide it should use 300DPI (or whatever you choose with 
the --default-dpi option).

As of 0.10.1, images taller than the page will not work (rst2pdf will fail to run), and 
images wider than the page will be cropped.


Styles
======

You can style paragraphs with a style using the class directive::

  .. class:: special

  This paragraph is special.

  This one is not.

Or inline styles using custom interpreted roles::

   .. role:: redtext

   I like color :redtext:`red`.

For more information about this, please check the ReST docs.

The only special thing about using rst2pdf here is the syntax of
the stylesheet.

You can make rst2pdf print the default stylesheet::

  rst2pdf --print-stylesheet

If you want to add styles, just create a stylesheet, (or take the standard 
stylesheet and modify it) and pass it with the -s option::

  rst2pdf mydoc.txt -s mystyles.txt

Those styles will always be searched in these places, in order:

* What you specify using --stylesheet_path

* The option stylesheet_path in the config file

* The current folder

* ~/.rst2pdf/styles

* The styles folder within rst2pdf's installation folder.

You can use multiple -s options, or pass more than one stylesheet
separated with commas. They are processed in the order you give them
so the *last* one has priority.

Included StyleSheets
--------------------

To make some of the more common adjustments easier, rst2pdf includes a 
collection of stylesheets you can use:

Font styles
    These stylesheets modfy your font settings.
    
    * ``serif`` uses the PDF serif font (Times) instead of the default Sans 
      Serif (Arial)
    * ``freetype-sans`` uses your system's default TrueType Sans Serif font
    * ``freetype-serif`` uses your system's default TrueType Serif font
    * ``twelvepoint`` makes the base font 12pt (default is 10pt)
    * ``tenpoint`` makes the base font 10pt
    * ``eightpoint`` makes the base font 8pt
    * ``kerning`` switches to document to DejaVu Sans font and enables kerning.
    
Page layout styles
    These stylesheets modify your page layout.
    
    * ``twocolumn`` uses the twoColumn layout as the initial page layout.
    * ``double-sided`` adds a gutter margin (margin at the "in side" of the pages)

Page size styles
    Stylesheets that change the paper size.
    
    The usual standard paper sizes are supported:
        
    * A0
    * A1
    * A2
    * A3
    * A4 (default)
    * A5
    * A6
    * B0
    * B1
    * B2
    * B3
    * B4
    * B5
    * B6
    * Letter
    * Legal
    * 11x17

    The name of the stylesheet is lowercase.

Code block styles
    See `Syntax Highlighting`_

So, if you want to have a two-column, legal size, serif document with code in murphy style::
    
    rst2pdf mydoc.txt -s twocolumn,serif,murphy,legal

StyleSheet Syntax
-----------------

It´s a JSON file with several elements in it.

Font Alias
----------

This is the fontsAlias element. By default, it uses some of the standard PDF fonts::

  "fontsAlias" : {
    "stdFont": "Helvetica",
    "stdBold": "Helvetica-Bold",
    "stdItalic": "Helvetica-Oblique",
    "stdBoldItalic": "Helvetica-BoldOblique",
    "stdMono": "Courier"
  },

This defines the fonts used in the styles. You can use, for example, Helvetica
directly in a style, but if later you want to use another font all through
your document, you will haveto change it in each style. So, I suggest you
use aliases.

The standard PDF fonts are these:

  Times_Roman
  Times-Bold
  Times-Italic
  Times-Bold-Italic
  Helvetica
  Helvetica_Bold
  Helvetica-Oblique
  Helvetica-Bold-Oblique
  Courier
  Courier-Bold
  Courier-Oblique
  Courier-Bold-Oblique
  Symbol
  Zapf-Dingbats

Style Definition
----------------

Then you have a 'styles' which is a list of [ stylename, styleproperties ]. For example::

    ["normal" , {
      "parent": "base"
    }],

This means that the style called "normal" inherits style "base". So, each property
not defined in the normal style will be taken from the base style.

I suggest you do not remove any style from the default stylesheet. Add or modify at
will, though.

If your document requires a style that is not defined in your stylesheet, it will
print a warning and use bodytext instead.

Also, the order of the styles is important: if styleA is the parent of styleB,
styleA should be earlier in the stylesheet.

These are all the possible attributes for a style and their default values.
Some of them, like alignment, apply only when used to paragraphs,
and not on inline styles::

    "fontName":"Times-Roman",
    "fontSize":10,
    "leading":12,
    "leftIndent":0,
    "rightIndent":0,
    "firstLineIndent":0,
    "alignment":TA_LEFT,
    "spaceBefore":0,
    "spaceAfter":0,
    "bulletFontName":"Times-Roman",
    "bulletFontSize":10,
    "bulletIndent":0,
    "textColor": black,
    "backColor":None,
    "wordWrap":None,
    "borderWidth": 0,
    "borderPadding": 0,
    "borderColor": None,
    "borderRadius": None,
    "allowWidows": 1,
    "allowOrphans": 0

The following are the only attributes that work on styles when used for interpreted roles
(inline styles):

* fontName

* fontSize

* textColor

* backColor (if your reportlab is version 2.3 or newer)

Font Embedding
--------------

There are thousands of excelent free True Type and Type 1 fonts available on the
web, and you can use many of them in your documents by declaring them in your
stylesheet.


The Easy Way
~~~~~~~~~~~~

Just use the font name in your style. For example, you can define this::

    ["normal" , {
      "fontName" : "fonty"
    }]

And then it *may* work.

What would need to happen for this to work?

Fonty is a True Type font:
""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1. You need to have it installed in your system, and have the fc-match
    utility available (it's part of fontconfig_). You can test if it is
    so by running this command::

        $ fc-match fonty
        fonty.ttf: "Fonty" "Normal"

    If you are in Windows, I need your help ;-) or you can use `The Harder Way (True Type)`_

2. The folder where fonty.ttf is located needs to be in your font path. You can set it
    using the --font-path option. For example::

        rst2pdf mydoc.txt -s mystyle.style --font-path /usr/share/fonts

    You don't need to put the *exact* folder, just something that is above it. In my own case,
    fonty is in /usr/share/fonts/TTF

Whenever a font is embedded, you can refer to it in a style by its name, and
to its variants by the aliases Name-Oblique, Name-Bold, Name-BoldOblique.

Fonty is a Type 1 font:
"""""""""""""""""""""""

You need it installed, and the folders where its font metric (.afm) and binary (.pfb) files
are located need to be in your font fath.

For example, the "URW Palladio L" font that came with my installation of TeX consists of
the following files::

    /usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/urw/palatino/uplb8a.pfb
    /usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/urw/palatino/uplbi8a.pfb
    /usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/urw/palatino/uplr8a.pfb
    /usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/urw/palatino/uplri8a.pfb
    /usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/afm/urw/palatino/uplb8a.afm
    /usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/afm/urw/palatino/uplbi8a.afm
    /usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/afm/urw/palatino/uplr8a.afm
    /usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/afm/urw/palatino/uplri8a.afm

So, I can use it if I put ``/usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts`` in my font path::

    rst2pdf mydoc.txt -s mystyle.style --font-path /usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts

And putting this in my stylesheet, for example::

    [ "title", { "fontName" : "URWPalladioL-Bold" } ]

There are some standard aliases defined so you can use other names::

    'ITC Bookman'            : 'URW Bookman L',
    'ITC Avant Garde Gothic' : 'URW Gothic L',
    'Palatino'               : 'URW Palladio L',
    'New Century Schoolbook' : 'Century Schoolbook L',
    'ITC Zapf Chancery'      : 'URW Chancery L'

So, for example, you can use ``Palatino`` or ``New Century SchoolBook-Oblique`` And it will mean
``URWPalladioL`` or ``CenturySchL-Ital``, respectively.

Whenever a font is embedded, you can refer to it in a style by its name, and
to its variants by the aliases Name-Oblique, Name-Bold, Name-BoldOblique.

The Harder Way (True Type)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The stylesheet has an element is "embeddedFonts" that handles embedding True Type
fonts in your PDF.

Usually, it's empty, because with the default styles you are not using any font
beyond the standard PDF fonts::

  "embeddedFonts" : [ ],

You can put there the name of the font, and rst2pdf will try to embed it as described
above. Example::

  "embeddedFonts" : [ "Tuffy" ],

Or you can be explicit and tell rst2pdf the files that contain each variant of the
font.

Suppose you want to use the nice public domain `Tuffy font`_, then you need to give the 
filenames of all variants::

  "embeddedFonts" : [ ["Tuffy.ttf","Tuffy_Bold.ttf","Tuffy_Italic.ttf","Tuffy_Bold_Italic.ttf"] ],

This will provide your styles with fonts called "Tuffy" "Tuffy_Bold" and so on. They will
be available with the names based on the filenames (Tuffy_Bold) and also by standard
aliases similar to those of the standard PDF fonts (Tuffy-Bold/Tuffy-Oblique/Tuffy-BoldOblique).

Now, if you use *italics* in a paragraph whose style uses the Tuffy font, it will use
Tuffy_Italic. That's why it's better if you use fonts that provide the four variants, and
you should put them in **that** order. If your font lacks a variant, use the
"normal" variant instead. 

For example, if you only had Tuffy.ttf::

  "embeddedFonts" : [ ["Tuffy.ttf","Tuffy.ttf","Tuffy.ttf","Tuffy.ttf"] ],

However, that means that italics and bold in styles using Tuffy will not work correctly (they will
display as regular text).

If you want to use this as the base font for your document, you should change the fontsAlias
section accordingly. For example::

      "fontsAlias" : {
        "stdFont": "Tuffy",
        "stdBold": "Tuffy_Bold",
        "stdItalic": "Tuffy_Italic",
        "stdBoldItalic": "Tuffy_Bold_Italic",
        "stdMono": "Courier"
      },

If, on the other hand, you only want a specific style to use the Tuffy
font, don't change the fontAlias, and set the fontName properties for
that style. For example::

    ["heading1" , {
      "parent": "normal",
      "fontName": "Tuffy_Bold",
      "bulletFontName": "Tuffy_Bold",
      "fontSize": 18,
      "bulletFontSize": 18,
      "leading": 22,
      "keepWithNext": true,
      "spaceAfter": 6
    }],

.. _tuffy font: http://tulrich.com/fonts/

By default, rst2pdf will search for the fonts in its fonts folder and
in the current folder. You can make it search another folder by passing
the --font-folder option, or you can use absolute paths in your stylesheet.

The Harder Way (Type1)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To be written (and implemented and tested)

Page Size and Margins
---------------------

In your stylesheet, the pageSetup element controls your page layout.

Here's the default stylesheet's::

  "pageSetup" : {
    "size": "A4",
    "width": null,
    "height": null,
    "margin-top": "2cm",
    "margin-bottom": "2cm",
    "margin-left": "2cm",
    "margin-right": "2cm",
    "spacing-header": "5mm",
    "spacing-footer": "5mm",
    "margin-gutter": "0cm"
  },

Size is one of the standard paper sizes, like A4 or LETTER.

Here's a list: A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, B0, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6,
LETTER, LEGAL, ELEVENSEVENTEEN.

If you want a non-standard size, set size to null and use width and height.

When specifying width, height or margins, you need to use units, like
inch (inches) or cm (centimeters).

When both width/height and size are specified, size will be used, and
width/height ignored.

All margins should be self-explanatory, except for margin-gutter. That's the
margin in the center of a two-page spread.

This value is added to the left margin of odd pages and the right margin of
even pages, adding (or removing, if it's negative) space "in the middle" of
opposingpages.

If you intend to bound a printed copy, you may need extra space there. OTOH,
if you will display it on-screen on a two-page format (common in many PDF
readers, nice for ebooks), a negative value may be pleasant.

Advanced: table styles
----------------------

This is new in 0.12.

These are a few extra options in styles that are only used when the style is applied to a table.
This happens in two cases:
    
1) You are using the class directive on a table:
    
.. code-block:: rest

   .. class:: thick
   
   +-------+---------+
   |   A   |   B     |
   +-----------------+
   
2) It's a style that automatically applies to something that is *drawn* using a table. 
   Currently these include:
       
   * Footnotes / endnotes (endnote style)
   * Lists (item_list, bullet_list option_list and field_list styles)
   
The options are as follows:

Commands   
   For a full reference of these, please check the Reportlab User Guide 
   specifically the TableStyle Commands section (section 7.4 in the manual 
   for version 2.3)
    
   Here, however, is a list of the possible commands::
       
        BOX (or OUTLINE)
        FONT
        FONTNAME (or FACE)
        FONTSIZE (or SIZE)
        GRID
        INNERGRID
        LEADING
        LINEBELOW
        LINEABOVE
        LINEBEFORE
        LINEAFTER
        TEXTCOLOR
        ALIGNMENT (or ALIGN)
        LEFTPADDING
        RIGHTPADDING
        BOTTOMPADDING
        TOPPADDING
        BACKGROUND
        ROWBACKGROUNDS
        COLBACKGROUNDS
        VALIGN

   Each takes as argument a couple of coordinates, where (0,0) is top-left, and (-1,-1) is 
   bottom-right, and 0 or more extra arguments.
   
   For example, INNERGRID takes a linewidth and a color::
       
       [ "INNERGRID", [ 0, 0 ], [ -1, -1 ], 0.25, "black" ], 

   That would mean "draw all lines inside the table with .25pt black"

colWidths
   A list of the column widths you want, in the unit you prefer (default unit is pt).
   
   Example::
       
       "colWidths": ["3cm",null]

   If your colWidths has fewer values than columns in your table, the rest are autocalculated.
   A column width of null means "guess".
   
   If you don't specify column widths, the table will try to look proportional to the restructured 
   text source.

Multiple Stylesheets
--------------------

When you use a custom stylesheet, you don't need to define *everything* in it.
Whatever you don't define will be taken from the default stylesheet. For example,
if you only want to change page size, default font and font size, this would
be enough:

.. code-block:: js

    {
        "pageSetup" : {
            "size": "A5",
        },
        "fontsAlias" : {
            "stdFont": "Times-Roman",
        },
        "styles" : [
            ["normal" , {
            "fontSize": 14
            }]
        ]
    }

.. Note::
    
    The ``command`` option used for table styles is not kept across stylesheets.
    For example, the default stylesheet defines endnote with this command list::
        
        "commands": [ [ "VALIGN", [ 0, 0 ], [ -1, -1 ], "TOP" ] ]


    If you redefine endnote in another stylesheet and use this to create a vertical line between
    the endnote's columns::

        "commands": [ [ "LINEAFTER", [ 0, 0 ], [ 1, -1 ], .25, "black" ] ]
        
    Then the footnotes will **not** have VALIGN TOP!
    
    To do that, you **MUST** use all commands in your stylesheet::

        "commands": [ 
            [ "VALIGN", [ 0, 0 ], [ -1, -1 ], "TOP" ],
            [ "LINEAFTER", [ 0, 0 ], [ 1, -1 ], .25, "black" ] 
        ]

.. raw:: pdf

    PageBreak

Styling Your Document
---------------------

Which styles you need to modify to achieve your desired result is not obvious.
In this section, you will see some hints and pointers to that effect.

The Base Styles
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

There are three styles which have great effect, they are ``base``,
``normal`` and ``bodytext``. 

Here's an example, the twelvepoint stylesheet::
    
    {"styles": [["base", {"fontSize": 12}]]}
    
Since all other styles inherit ``base``, changing the fontSize changes the fontSize 
for everything in your document.

The ``normal`` style is meant for most elements, so usually it's the same as changing
``base``. 

The ``bodytext`` style is for elements that form paragraphs. So, for example, you can set
your document to be left-aligned like this::
    
    {"styles": [["bodytext", {"alignment": "TA_LEFT"}]]}
    
There are elements, however, that don't inherit from bodytext, for example headings and the
styles used in the table of contents. Those are elements that are not real paragraphs, so
they should not follow the indentation and spacing you use for your document's main content.

The ``heading`` style is inherited by all sorts of titles: section titles, topic titles, 
admonition titles, etc.

Lists
~~~~~

Styling lists is mostly a matter of spacing and indentation.

The space before and after a list is taken from the ``item_list`` and ``bullet_list`` styles::
    
    ["item_list", { 
      "parent": "bodytext",
      "spaceBefore": 0,
      "commands": [
            [ "VALIGN", [ 0, 0 ], [ -1, -1 ], "TOP" ], 
            [ "RIGHTPADDING", [ 0, 0 ], [ 1, -1 ], 0 ] 
        ],
        "colWidths": ["20pt",null]
    }]
    
    ["bullet_list", {
      "parent": "bodytext",
      "spaceBefore": 0,
      "commands": [
            [ "VALIGN", [ 0, 0 ], [ -1, -1 ], "TOP" ],
            [ "RIGHTPADDING", [ 0, 0 ], [ 1, -1 ], 0 ] 
        ], 
        "colWidths": ["20",null]
    }],

Yes, these are table styles, because they are implemented as tables. The RIGHTPADDING command
and the colWidths option can be used to adjust the position of the bullet/item number.

To control the separation between items, you use the item_list_item and 
``bullet_list_item`` styles' spaceBefore and spaceAfter options, for example::

    ["bullet_list_item" , {
      "parent": "bodytext",
      "spaceBefore": 20
    }]
    
Remember that this is only used **between items** and not before the first or after the 
last items. 

Syntax Highlighting
===================

Inline
------

Rst2pdf adds a non-standard directive, called code-block, which produces syntax
highlighted for many languages using Pygments_.

For example, if you want to include a python fragment::

    .. code-block:: python

        def myFun(x,y):
            print x+y

.. code-block:: python

   def myFun(x,y):
       print x+y

Notice that you need to declare the language of the fragment. Here's a list of
the currently supported_.

Rst2pdf includes several stylesheets for highlighting code:

* autumn
* borland
* bw
* colorful
* emacs
* friendly
* fruity
* manni
* murphy
* native
* pastie
* perldoc
* trac
* vs

You can use any of them instead of the default by adding, for example, a ``-s murphy`` to
the command line.

If you already are using a custom stylesheet, use both::

    rst2pdf mydoc.rst -o mydoc.pdf -s mystyle.json,murphy

The default is the same as "emacs".

There is an online demo of pygments showing these styles:
    
    http://pygments.org/demo/1817/

Examples
~~~~~~~~

As rst2pdf is in python let's see some examples and variations around python

Python in console

.. code-block:: pycon

    >>> my_string="python is great"
    >>> my_string.find('great')
    10
    >>> my_string.startswith('py')
    True

Python traceback

.. code-block:: pytb

    Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "error.py", line 9, in ?
        main()
        File "error.py", line 6, in main
        print call_error()
        File "error.py", line 2, in call_error
        r = 1/0
    ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
    Exit 1

File inclusion
--------------

Also, you can use the code-block directive with an external file, using
the :include: option::

  .. code-block:: python
     :include: setup.py

This will give a warning if setup.py doesn't exist or can't be opened.

Include with Boundaries
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

you can add selectors to limit the inclusion to a portion of the file.
the options are:

:start-at: string
    will include file beginning at the first occurence of string, string **included**

:start-after: string
    will include file beginning at the first occurence of string, string **excluded**

:end-before: string
    will include file up to the first occurence of string, string **excluded**

:end-at: string
    will include file up to the first occurence of string, string **included**

Let's display a class from rst2pdf::

      .. code-block:: python
         :include: ../rst2pdf/flowables.py
         :start-at: class Separation(Flowable):
         :end-before: class Reference(Flowable):

this command gives

.. code-block:: python
    :include: ../rst2pdf/flowables.py
    :start-at: class Separation(Flowable):
    :end-before: class Reference(Flowable):


.. _supported: http://pygments.org/docs/lexers/

.. _pygments: http://pygments.org/

Raw Directive
=============

Rst2pdf has a very limited mechanism to pass commands to reportlab, the PDF generation library.
You can use the raw directive to insert pagebreaks and spacers (other reportlab flowables
may be added if there's interest), and set page transitions.

The syntax is shell-like, here's an example::

    One page

    .. raw:: pdf

        PageBreak

    Another page. Now some space:

    .. raw:: pdf

        Spacer 0,200
        Spacer 0 200

    And another paragraph.

The unit used by the spacer by default is points, and using a space or a comma is the same thing 
in all cases.

Page Counters
-------------

In some documents, you may not want your page counter to start in the first page.

For example, if the first pages are a coverpage and a table of contents, you want page 1 to be
where your first section starts.

To do that, you have to use the SetPageCounter command.

Here is a syntax example::
    
    .. raw:: pdf

        SetPageCounter 0 lowerroman
        
This sets the counter to 0, and makes it display in lower roman characters (i, ii, iii, etc)
which is a style often used for the pages before the document proper (for example, TOCs and 
abstracts).

It can take zero or two arguments.

SetPageCounter
    When used with no arguments, it sets the counter to 0, and the style to arabic numerals.
    
SetPageCounter number style
    When used with two arguments, the first argument must be a number, it sets the page counter 
    to that number.
    
    The second number is a style of counter. Valid values are:
        
    * lowerroman: i, ii, iii, iv, v ...
    * roman: I, II, III, IV, V ...
    * arabic: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...
    * loweralpha: a, b, c, d, e ... [Don't use for numbers above 26]
    * alpha: A, B, C, D, E ... [Don't use for numbers above 26]
    
.. note:: Page counter changes take effect on the **current** page.

Page Breaks
-----------

There are three kinds of page breaks:

PageBreak
    Break to the next page

EvenPageBreak
    Break to the next **even** numbered page
    
OddPageBreak
    Break to the next **odd** numbered page

Each of them can take an additional number which is the name of the next page template.

For example::
    
    PageBreak twoColumn

Page Transitions
----------------

Page transitions are effects used when you change pages in *Presentation* or *Full Screen* mode (depends on the viewer).
You can use it when creating a presentation using PDF files.

The syntax is this::

    .. raw:: pdf

       Transition effect duration [optional arguments]

The optional arguments are:

direction:
    Can be 0,90,180 or 270 (top,right,bottom,left)

dimension:
    Can be H or V

motion:
    Can be I or O (Inside or Outside)


The effects with their arguments are:

* Split duration direction motion
* Blinds duration dimension
* Box duration motion
* Wipe duration direction
* Dissolve duration
* Glitter duration direction

For example::

    .. raw:: pdf

       Transition Glitter 3 90

Uses the Glitter effect, for 3 seconds, at direction 90 degress (from the right?)

Keep in mind that Transition sets the transition *from this page to the next* so the
natural thing is to use it before a PageBreak::

    .. raw:: pdf

       Transition Dissolve 1
       PageBreak


Mathematics
===========

If you have Matplotlib_ installed, rst2pdf supports a math role and a math directive. You can use
them to insert formulae and mathematical notation in your documents using a subset of LaTeX
syntax, but doesn't require you have LaTeX installed.

For example, here's how you use the math directive::

    .. math::

       \frac{2 \pm \sqrt{7}}{3}

And here's the result:

.. math::

   \frac{2 \pm \sqrt{7}}{3}

If you want to insert mathematical notation in your text like this: :math:`\pi` that is the job
of the math *role*::

    This is :math:`\pi`

Produces: This is :math:`\pi`

Currently, the math role is slightly buggy, and in some cases will produce misaligned and
generally broken output. Also, while the math directive embeds fonts and draws your formula
as text, the math role embeds an image. That means:

* You can't copy the text of inline math

* Inline math will look worse when printed, or make your file larger.

So, use it only in emergencies ;-)

You can also use an inline substitution of the math directive for things you use often,
which is the same as using the math role::

    This is the square of x: |xsq|

    .. |xsq| math:: x^2

This is the square of x: |xsq|

.. |xsq| math:: x^2

You don't need to worry about fonts, the correct math fonts will be used and embedded in
your PDF automatically (they are included with matplotlib).

.. _matplotlib: http://matplotlib.sf.net

For an introduction to LaTeX syntax, see the "Typesetting Mathematical Formulae" chapter
in "The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX 2e":

http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf

Basically, the inline form ``$a^2$`` is similar to the math role, and the display form
is similar to the math directive.

Rst2pdf doesn't support numbering equations yet.

Hyphenation
===========

If you want good looking documents, you want to enable hyphenation.

To do it, you need to install Wordaxe [#]_.

.. [#] You can get Wordaxe from http://deco-cow.sf.net. Version 1.0.0 or later is
       recommended.

If after installing it you get the letter "s" or a black square instead of a hyphen,
that means you need to replace the rl_codecs.py file from reportlab with the one from
wordaxe.

For more information, see `this issue`_ in rst2pdf's bug tracker.

.. _this issue: http://code.google.com/p/rst2pdf/issues/detail?id=5

Also, you may need to set hyphenation to true in one or more styles, and the language
for hyphenation via the command line or paragraph styles.

For english, this should be enough::

    ["bodytext" , {
      "alignment": "TA_JUSTIFY",
      "hyphenation": true
    }],

If you are not an english speaker, you need to change the language using 
the -l or --language option.

Since Wordaxe version 0.2.6, it can use the PyHyphen library if it's
available. PyHyphen can use any OpenOffice dictionary, and can even download
them automatically. [#]_

.. [#] For more information, please check the PyHyphen website at http://pyhyphen.googlecode.com

For example, this will enable german hyphenation globally:

    rst2pdf -l de_DE mydocument.txt

If you are creating a multilingual document, you can declare styles with specific languages.
For example, you could inherit bodytext for spanish::

    ["bodytext_es" , {
      "parent": "bodytext",
      "alignment": "TA_JUSTIFY",
      "hyphenation": true,
      "language": "es_ES"
    }],

And all paragraps declared of bodytext_es style would have spanish hyphenation::

    .. class:: bodytext_es

    Debo a la conjunción de un espejo y de una enciclopedia el descubrimiento de Uqbar. 
    El espejo inquietaba el fondo de un corredor en una quinta de la calle Gaona, 
    en Ramos Mejía; la enciclopedia falazmente se llama *The Anglo-American Cyclopaedía*
    (New York, 1917) y es una reimpresión literal, pero también morosa, de la 
    *Encyclopaedia Britannica* de 1902.
    
Here is the result (made thinner to force hyphenation):

.. class:: thin

Debo a la conjunción de un espejo y de una enciclopedia el descubrimiento de Uqbar. 
El espejo inquietaba el fondo de un corredor en una quinta de la calle Gaona, 
en Ramos Mejía; la enciclopedia falazmente se llama *The Anglo-American Cyclopaedía*
(New York, 1917) y es una reimpresión literal, pero también morosa, de la 
*Encyclopaedia Britannica* de 1902.

BTW: That's the beginning of "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius", read it, it's cool.

If you explicitly configure a language in a paragraph style and also pass a
language in the command line, the style has priority, so remember:

.. important::

    If you configure the bodytext style to have a language, your document
    is supposed to be in that language, regardless of what the command line
    says.

    If this is too confusing, let me know, I will try to figure out a simpler
    way.


Page Layout
===========

By default, your document will have a single column of text covering the space
between the margins. You can change that, though, in fact you can do so even in
the middle of your document!

.. _page templates:

To do it, you need to define *Page Templates* in your stylesheet. The default
stylesheet already has 3 of them::

  "pageTemplates" : {
    "coverPage": {
        "frames": [
            ["0cm", "0cm", "100%", "100%"]
        ],
        "showHeader" : false,
        "showFooter" : false
    },
    "oneColumn": {
        "frames": [
            ["0cm", "0cm", "100%", "100%"]
        ]
    },
    "twoColumn": {
        "frames": [
            ["0cm", "0cm", "49%", "100%"],
            ["51%", "0cm", "49%", "100%"]
        ]
    }
  }

A page template has a name (oneColumn, twoColumn), some options, and a list of frames.
A frame is a list containing this::

    [ left position, top position, width, height ]

For example, this defines a frame "at the very left", "at the very top", "a bit less than half
a page wide" and "as tall as possible"::

    ["0cm", "0cm", "49%", "100%"]

And this means "the bottom third of the page"::

    ["0cm", "66.66%", "100%", "33.34%"]

You can use all the usual units, cm, mm, inch, and % which means "percentage of
the page (excluding margins and headers or footers)". Using % is probably the smartest
for columns and gives you a fluid layout, while the other units are better for more
"fixed" elements.

Since we can have more than one template, there is a way to specify which one we want
to use, and a way to change from one to another.

To specify the first template, do it in your stylesheet, in pageSetup (oneColumn is
the default)::

  "pageSetup" : {
    "firstTemplate": "oneColumn"
  }

Then, to change to another template, in your document use this syntax (will change soon,
though):

.. code-block:: rst

   .. raw:: pdf

      PageBreak twoColumn

That will trigger a page break, and the new page will use the twoColumn template.

You can see an example of this in the *Montecristo* folder in the source package.

The supported page template options and their defaults are:

* showHeader : True

* defaultHeader : None

  Has the same effect as the header directive in the document.

* showFooter : True

* defaultFooter : None

  Has the same effect as the footer directive in the document.

* background: None

  The background should be an image, which will be stretched to match your page, 
  so use with caution.


.. _fontconfig: http://www.freedesktop.org/fontconfig/


Smart Quotes
============

Quoted from the smartypants_ documentation:

    This feature can perform the following transformations:

    Straight quotes ( " and ' ) into "curly" quote HTML entities
    Backticks-style quotes (\`\`like this'') into "curly" quote HTML entities
    Dashes (-- and ---) into en- and em-dash entities
    Three consecutive dots (... or . . .) into an ellipsis entity
    This means you can write, edit, and save your posts using plain old ASCII straight 
    quotes, plain dashes, and plain dots, but your published posts (and final PDF 
    output) will appear with smart quotes, em-dashes, and proper ellipses.

You can enable this by passing the ``--smart-quotes`` option in the command line. 
By default, it's disabled.
Here are the different values you can use (again, from the smartypants docs):

    0
        Suppress all transformations. (Do nothing.)
    1
        Performs default SmartyPants transformations: quotes 
        (including \`\`backticks'' -style), em-dashes, and ellipses. 
        "--" (dash dash) is used to signify an em-dash; there is no 
        support for en-dashes.
    2
        Same as smarty_pants="1", except that it uses the old-school 
        typewriter shorthand for dashes: "--" (dash dash) for en-dashes,
        "---" (dash dash dash) for em-dashes.
    3
        Same as smarty_pants="2", but inverts the shorthand for dashes: 
        "--" (dash dash) for em-dashes, and "---" (dash dash dash) 
        for en-dashes.

Currently, even if you enable it, this transformation will only take place in 
regular paragraphs, titles, headers, footers and block quotes.

.. _smartypants: http://web.chad.org/projects/smartypants.py/

Kerning
=======

Kerning is the process of adjusting letter spacing. It is usually accepted that
kerning makes your text look better.

For example, if you are using proper kerning, the As and Ws in AWAWA will overlap 
slightly.

If you want kerning in your PDFs, you need to do the following:
    
* Use wordaxe at least 1.0.0

* Use a TrueType font

* Set kerning to true in your style. For example, if you want **all**
  text to be kerned, you can set it in the "base" style.
  
For convenience, a stylesheet that uses DejaVu fonts with kerning is provided
as kerning.json, so you can copy and adapt to your needs, or just use it
with the ``-s`` option.

Sphinx
======

Sphinx_ is a very popular tool. This is the description from its website:
    
    Sphinx is a tool that makes it easy to create intelligent and beautiful documentation, 
    written by Georg Brandl and licensed under the BSD license.

    It was originally created to translate the new Python documentation, and it 
    has excellent support for the documentation of Python projects, but other 
    documents can be written with it too.
    
Rst2pdf includes an experimental PDF extension for sphinx.

To use it in your existing sphinx project you need to do the following:
    
1. Add rst2pdf.createpdf in your conf.py's extensions. For example::
    
    extensions = ['sphinx.ext.autodoc','rst2pdf.pdfbuilder']

2. Add the PDF options at the end of conf.py, adapted to your project::
    
    # -- Options for PDF output --------------------------------------------------

    # Grouping the document tree into PDF files. List of tuples
    # (source start file, target name, title, author, options).
    #
    # If there is more than one author, separate them with \\.
    # For example: r'Guido van Rossum\\Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor'
    #
    # The options element is a dictionary that lets you override 
    # this config per-document.
    # For example, 
    # ('index', u'MyProject', u'My Project', u'Author Name', 
    #  dict(pdf_compressed = True))
    # would mean that specific document would be compressed
    # regardless of the global pdf_compressed setting.
    
    pdf_documents = [ 
        ('index', u'MyProject', u'My Project', u'Author Name'),
    ]

    # A comma-separated list of custom stylesheets. Example:
    pdf_stylesheets = ['sphinx','kerning','a4']

    # Create a compressed PDF
    # Use True/False or 1/0
    # Example: compressed=True
    #pdf_compressed = False

    # A colon-separated list of folders to search for fonts. Example:
    # pdf_font_path = ['/usr/share/fonts', '/usr/share/texmf-dist/fonts/']

    # Language to be used for hyphenation support
    #pdf_language = "en_US"
    
    # Mode for literal blocks wider than the frame. Can be
    # overflow, shrink or truncate
    #pdf_fit_mode = "shrink"

    # Section level that forces a break page.
    # For example: 1 means top-level sections start in a new page
    # 0 means disabled
    #pdf_break_level = 0

    # When a section starts in a new page, force it to be 'even', 'odd',
    # or just use 'any'
    #pdf_breakside = 'any'

    # Insert footnotes where they are defined instead of 
    # at the end.
    #pdf_inline_footnotes = True

    # verbosity level. 0 1 or 2
    #pdf_verbosity = 0

    # If false, no index is generated.
    #pdf_use_index = True

    # If false, no modindex is generated.
    #pdf_use_modindex = True

    # If false, no coverpage is generated.
    #pdf_use_coverpage = True
    
    # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.    
    #pdf_appendices = []
    
    # Enable experimental feature to split table cells. Use it
    # if you get "DelayedTable too big" errors
    #pdf_splittables = False
   
    # Set the default DPI for images
    #pdf_default_dpi = 72
   
    # Enable rst2pdf extension modules (default is empty list)
    # you need vectorpdf for better sphinx's graphviz support
    #pdf_extensions = ['vectorpdf']
    
3. (Maybe) add this in your Makefile::
    
    pdf:
        $(SPHINXBUILD) -b pdf $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) _build/pdf
        @echo
        @echo "Build finished. The PDF files are in _build/pdf."

Then you can run ``make pdf`` or ``sphinx-build -b pdf ...`` similar 
to how you did it before.

.. _sphinx: http://sphinx.pocoo.org

Licenses
========

This is the license for rst2pdf::
    
    Copyright (c) 2007,2008,2009 Roberto Alsina
    Nicolas Laurance, Christoph Zwerschke, Yasushi Masuda, Josh VanderLinden.


    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
    of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
    in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
    to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
    copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
    furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
    all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
    OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
    THE SOFTWARE.


Some fragments of rstpdf are copied from ReportLab under the following license::
    
       Copyright (c) 2000-2008, ReportLab Inc.
       All rights reserved.

       Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
       are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

               *       Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
                       this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
               *       Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
                       this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
                       and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
               *       Neither the name of the company nor the names of its contributors may be
                       used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
                       specific prior written permission.

       THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
       ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
       WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
       IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OFFICERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
       INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
       TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
       OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER
       IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
       IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
       SUCH DAMAGE.
