\urlstyle{same}

@TechReport{biseps,
author = {BISEPS - Empower carbon reduction in business},
title = {{Update on the digital meter and grid tariffing
methodology in Flanders}},
institution = {Interreg 2 Seas Mers Zee\"en - European Regional Development Fund},
year = {2018},
OPTkey = {•},
OPTtype = {•},
OPTnumber = {•},
OPTaddress = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTnote = {•},
OPTannote = {•}
}

@article{niaz2015hydrogen,
  title={{Hydrogen storage: Materials, methods and perspectives}},
  author={Niaz, Saba and Manzoor, Taniya and Pandith, Altaf Hussain},
  journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume={50},
  pages={457--469},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{mayyas2019manufacturing,
  title={Manufacturing competitiveness analysis for hydrogen refueling stations},
  author={Mayyas, Ahmad and Mann, Margaret},
  journal={International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
  volume={44},
  number={18},
  pages={9121--9142},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{civitas2013smart,
  title={{Smart Choices for Cities—Clean Buses for Your City}},
  author={Civitas},
  journal={Police Note},
  volume={52},
  year={2013}
}

@article{ruf2017fuel,
  title={{Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Applications for Regions and Cities}},
  author={Ruf, Y and Kaufmann, M and Lange, S and Pfister, J and Heieck, F and Endres, A},
  journal={Roland Berger: Brussels, Belgium},
  year={2017}
}

@article{pocard2016fuel,
  title={Fuel Cell Electric Buses: An Attractive Value Proposition for Zero-Emission Buses in the United Kingdom},
  author={Pocard, N and Reid, C},
  journal={Balard: London, UK},
  year={2016}
}

@article{dhanushkodi2008life,
  title={Life cycle analysis of fuel cell technology},
  author={Dhanushkodi, SR and Mahinpey, N and Srinivasan, A and Wilson, M},
  journal={Journal of Environmental Informatics},
  volume={11},
  number={1},
  pages={36--44},
  year={2008}
}

@article{biswas2013comparison,
  title={{A comparison of repaired, remanufactured and new compressors used in Western Australian small-and medium-sized enterprises in terms of global warming}},
  author={Biswas, Wahidul K and Duong, Victor and Frey, Peter and Islam, Mohammad Nazrul},
  journal={Journal of Remanufacturing},
  volume={3},
  number={1},
  pages={1--7},
  year={2013},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@TechReport{ssco2,
author = {{International Stainless Steel Forum}},
title = {{Stainless Steel and CO2: Facts and Scientific Observations}},
institution = {},
year = {2019},
}

@article{zhang2017life,
  title={{Life Cycle Assessment of Power-to-Gas: Approaches, system variations and their environmental implications}},
  author={Zhang, Xiaojin and Bauer, Christian and Mutel, Christopher L and Volkart, Kathrin},
  journal={Applied Energy},
  volume={190},
  pages={326--338},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{kristjansdottir2016embodied,
  title={Embodied greenhouse gas emissions from PV systems in Norwegian residential Zero Emission Pilot Buildings},
  author={Kristjansdottir, Torhildur Fjola and Good, Clara Stina and Inman, Marianne Rose and Schlanbusch, Reidun Dahl and Andresen, Inger},
  journal={Solar Energy},
  volume={133},
  pages={155--171},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{liu2014life,
  title={Life cycle assessment--based comparative evaluation of originally manufactured and remanufactured diesel engines},
  author={Liu, Zhichao and Li, Tao and Jiang, Qiuhong and Zhang, Hongchao},
  journal={Journal of Industrial Ecology},
  volume={18},
  number={4},
  pages={567--576},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{kawamoto2019estimation,
  title={{Estimation of CO2 Emissions of internal combustion engine vehicle and battery electric vehicle using LCA}},
  author={Kawamoto, Ryuji and Mochizuki, Hideo and Moriguchi, Yoshihisa and Nakano, Takahiro and Motohashi, Masayuki and Sakai, Yuji and Inaba, Atsushi},
  journal={Sustainability},
  volume={11},
  number={9},
  pages={2690},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}
}

@article{minutillo2020analyzing,
  title={{Analyzing the levelized cost of hydrogen in refueling stations with on-site hydrogen production via water electrolysis in the Italian scenario}},
  author={Minutillo, M and Perna, A and Forcina, A and Di Micco, S and Jannelli, E},
  journal={International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{arya,
  title={Decarbonising city bus networks in Ireland with renewable hydrogen},
  author={Gunawan, Tubagus Aryandi and Williamson, Ian and Raine, Diana and Monaghan, Rory FD},
  journal={International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@misc{co2elecdata,
  title={{National emissions reported to the UNFCCC and to the EU Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Mechanism}},
  author={{United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change.}},
  journal={{European Environment Information and Observation Network}},
  year={2020}
}

@article{frey2007comparing,
  title={Comparing real-world fuel consumption for diesel-and hydrogen-fueled transit buses and implication for emissions},
  author={Frey, H Christopher and Rouphail, Nagui M and Zhai, Haibo and Farias, Tiago L and Gon{\c{c}}alves, Gon{\c{c}}alo A},
  journal={Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment},
  volume={12},
  number={4},
  pages={281--291},
  year={2007},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{fortin2012deap,
  title={{DEAP: Evolutionary algorithms made easy}},
  author={Fortin, F{\'e}lix-Antoine and De Rainville, Fran{\c{c}}ois-Michel and Gardner, Marc-Andr{\'e} Gardner and Parizeau, Marc and Gagn{\'e}, Christian},
  journal={The Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  volume={13},
  number={1},
  pages={2171--2175},
  year={2012},
  publisher={JMLR. org}
}

@inproceedings{gurupira2017pv,
  title={PV Simulation Software Comparisons: Pvsyst, Nrel Sam and Pvlib},
  author={Gurupira, Tafadzwa and Rix, Arnold},
  booktitle={Conf.: SAUPEC},
  year={2017}
}

@article{doltsinis2004robust,
  title={Robust design of structures using optimization methods},
  author={Doltsinis, Ioannis and Kang, Zhan},
  journal={Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering},
  volume={193},
  number={23-26},
  pages={2221--2237},
  year={2004},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@techreport{hendron2010building,
  title={Building America house simulation protocols},
  author={Hendron, Robert and Engebrecht, Cheryn},
  year={2010},
  institution={National Renewable Energy Laboratory}
}

@article{radhakrishnan2016multi,
  title={A multi-agent based distributed energy management scheme for smart grid applications},
  author={Radhakrishnan, Bharat Menon and Srinivasan, Dipti},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={103},
  pages={192--204},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@TechReport{wilcox2008users,
  title={{Users manual for TMY3 data sets}},
  author={Wilcox, Stephen and Marion, William},
  year={2008},
  institution={National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO}
}

@article{rad2020techno,
  title={{Techno-economic analysis of a hybrid power system based on the cost-effective hydrogen production method for rural electrification, a case study in Iran}},
  author={Rad, Mohammad Amin Vaziri and Ghasempour, Roghaye and Rahdan, Parisa and Mousavi, Soroush and Arastounia, Mehrdad},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={190},
  pages={116421},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{kyriakarakos2011polygeneration,
  title={Polygeneration microgrids: a viable solution in remote areas for supplying power, potable water and hydrogen as transportation fuel},
  author={Kyriakarakos, George and Dounis, Anastasios I and Rozakis, Stelios and Arvanitis, Konstantinos G and Papadakis, George},
  journal={Applied Energy},
  volume={88},
  number={12},
  pages={4517--4526},
  year={2011},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{murugan2016tri,
  title={{Tri and polygeneration systems-A review}},
  author={Murugan, Sivalingam and Hor{\'a}k, Bohumil},
  journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume={60},
  pages={1032--1051},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{fathima2015optimization,
  title={{Optimization in microgrids with hybrid energy systems--A review}},
  author={Fathima, A Hina and Palanisamy, K},
  journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume={45},
  pages={431--446},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@techreport{ryberg2015quantifying,
  title={{Quantifying interannual variability for photovoltaic systems in PVWatts}},
  author={Ryberg, David Severin and Freeman, Janine and Blair, Nate},
  year={2015},
  institution={National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States)}
}

@article{renaldi2017optimisation,
  title={{An optimisation framework for thermal energy storage integration in a residential heat pump heating system}},
  author={Renaldi, Renaldi and Kiprakis, Arisitides and Friedrich, Daniel},
  journal={Applied energy},
  volume={186},
  pages={520--529},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{verleysen2020can,
  title={{How can power-to-ammonia be robust? Optimization of an ammonia synthesis plant powered by a wind turbine considering operational uncertainties}},
  author={Verleysen, Kevin and Coppitters, Diederik and Parente, Alessandro and De Paepe, Ward and Contino, Francesco},
  journal={Fuel},
  volume={266},
  pages={117049},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@TechReport{vregelecprice,
author = {{VREG - Flemish Energy Regulator of the electricity and gas market}},
title = {Marktrapport 2019},
institution = {Vlaamse Regulator van de Elektriciteits- en Gasmarkt},
year = {2020},
OPTkey = {•},
OPTtype = {•},
OPTnumber = {•},
OPTaddress = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
note = {{Available online: \url{https://www.vreg.be/sites/default/files/document/rapp-2020-10.pdf}. Accessed: 28th January 2021}},
OPTannote = {•}
}


@article{zhang216data,
  title={{A data-driven distributionally robust optimization model for multi-energy coupled system considering the temporal-spatial correlation and distribution uncertainty of renewable energy sources}},
  author={Zhang, Yachao and Liu, Yan and Shu, Shengwen and Zheng, Feng and Huang, Zhanghao},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={216},
  pages={119171},
  publisher={Elsevier},
  year={2020}
}

@article{koubaa2020robust,
  title={{Robust optimization based energy management of a fuel cell/ultra-capacitor hybrid electric vehicle under uncertainty}},
  author={Koubaa, Rayhane and Bacha, Seddik and Smaoui, Mariem and others},
  journal={Energy},
  pages={117530},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{yin2020frequency,
  title={{Frequency-constrained multi-source power system scheduling against N-1 contingency and renewable uncertainty}},
  author={Yin, Yue and Liu, Tianqi and Wu, Lei and He, Chuan and Liu, Yikui},
  journal={Energy},
  pages={119296},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{fischer2017heat,
  title={{On heat pumps in smart grids: A review}},
  author={Fischer, David and Madani, Hatef},
  journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume={70},
  pages={342--357},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@techreport{wilcox2012national,
  title={National solar radiation database 1991-2010 update: User's manual},
  author={Wilcox, Stephen M},
  year={2012},
  institution={National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States)}
}


@article{sangi2016thermoeconomic,
  title={Thermoeconomic analysis of a building heating system},
  author={Sangi, Roozbeh and Mart{\'\i}n, Paula Mart{\'\i}nez and M{\"u}ller, Dirk},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={111},
  pages={351--363},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@article{diaz2018maximum,
  title={{Maximum income resulting from energy arbitrage by battery systems subject to cycle aging and price uncertainty from a dynamic programming perspective}},
  author={D{\'\i}az, Guzm{\'a}n and G{\'o}mez-Aleixandre, Javier and Coto, Jos{\'e} and Conejero, Olga},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={156},
  pages={647--660},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{abbasi2018reliability,
  title={{Reliability and cost optimization of multi-input bidirectional DC/DC converter implemented in renewable sources}},
  author={Abbasi, Farhad and Abapour, Mehdi},
  journal={Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering},
  volume={12},
  pages={57--65},
  year={2018}
}

@article{Rampinelli2014,
abstract = {In order to perform a reliable simulation of a photovoltaic system is crucial to know the electrical and thermal characteristics of each component that will be modeled by mathematical models that describe the system operation. This paper presents the development of mathematical models that characterize the inverter used in grid-connected photovoltaic systems. The mathematical models were fitted from experimental tests and they are suitable to be used in computer simulation software. The tests were performed on a set of inverters commercially available at Solar Energy Laboratory at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS, Brazil) and at Photovoltaic Solar Energy Laboratory at Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT, Spain). From the measured data it was calculated fitting coefficients to the efficiency curve of several inverters. In order to use these mathematical models for simulating other inverters, their own coefficients have to be experimentally determined and entered into the data base of the software in order to provide a full detailed computer simulation.},
author = {Rampinelli, G. A. and Krenzinger, A. and {Chenlo Romero}, F.},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Grid connected photovoltaic system,Inverters,Software,Solar energy},
pages = {578--587},
title = {{Mathematical models for efficiency of inverters used in grid connected photovoltaic systems}},
volume = {34},
year = {2014}
}

@article{deng2020data,
  title={{Data-driven state of charge estimation for lithium-ion battery packs based on Gaussian process regression}},
  author={Deng, Zhongwei and Hu, Xiaosong and Lin, Xianke and Che, Yunhong and Xu, Le and Guo, Wenchao},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={205},
  pages={118000},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{der2009aleatory,
  title={{Aleatory or epistemic? Does it matter?}},
  author={Der Kiureghian, Armen and Ditlevsen, Ove},
  journal={Structural safety},
  volume={31},
  number={2},
  pages={105--112},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{moret2017characterization,
  title={{Characterization of input uncertainties in strategic energy planning models}},
  author={Moret, Stefano and Giron{\`e}s, V{\'\i}ctor Codina and Bierlaire, Michel and Mar{\'e}chal, Fran{\c{c}}ois},
  journal={Applied energy},
  volume={202},
  pages={597--617},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{klingler2018effect,
  title={{The effect of electric vehicles and heat pumps on the market potential of PV+battery systems}},
  author={Klingler, Anna-Lena},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={161},
  pages={1064--1073},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{xie2019robust,
  title={{Robust process design in pharmaceutical manufacturing under batch-to-batch variation}},
  author={Xie, Xiangzhong and Schenkendorf, Ren{\'e}},
  journal={Processes},
  volume={7},
  number={8},
  pages={509},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}
}

@article{wolisz2017cost,
  title={{Cost optimal sizing of smart buildings' energy system components considering changing end-consumer electricity markets}},
  author={Wolisz, Henryk and Sch{\"u}tz, Thomas and Blanke, Tobias and Hagenkamp, Markus and Kohrn, Markus and Wesseling, Mark and M{\"u}ller, Dirk},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={137},
  pages={715--728},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{angenendt2020providing,
  title={{Providing frequency control reserve with photovoltaic battery energy storage systems and power-to-heat coupling}},
  author={Angenendt, Georg and Zurm{\"u}hlen, Sebastian and Figgener, Jan and Kairies, Kai-Philipp and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={194},
  pages={116923},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{wakui2019predictive,
  title={{Predictive management for energy supply networks using photovoltaics, heat pumps, and battery by two-stage stochastic programming and rule-based control}},
  author={Wakui, Tetsuya and Sawada, Kento and Yokoyama, Ryohei and Aki, Hirohisa},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={179},
  pages={1302--1319},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}



@article{Cao2018,
abstract = {Wind Powered Thermal Energy Systems (WTES) are the entirety of all conceivable combinations that consist of wind energy converters and thermal energy storage facilities. Although there is still a pressing demand for innovative technological solutions that allow the decarbonization of power and especially heat supply, comparative costs assessments that include the direct conversion of wind energy into heat are pending. In this paper, we conduct such an analysis for the first time. In particular, a techno-economic analysis based on the calculation of levelized costs of heat supply (LCOE) is presented. The novelty of this study is the comparison of five specific WTES concepts which either make use of electric boilers, hydro-dynamic retarders or heat pumps. The spectrum of applications considered ranges from heat supply for individual buildings to small villages and cities. We design generic models of the WTES concepts under consideration, taking into account component dimensioning, cost structures and efficiency parameters. The results show that LCOE below 5 c€/kWh can be reached. This indicates already competitiveness compared to conventional space heating technologies. In this means, we provide a systematic framework for future studies to evaluate the particular economic potentials of WTES in the energy market.},
author = {Cao, Karl Ki{\^{e}}n and Nitto, Alejandro Nicol{\'{a}}s and Sperber, Evelyn and Thess, Andr{\'{e}}},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Space heating,Thermal energy storage,Wind energy,Wind powered thermal energy systems},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox,2. Advanced HRES system modelling/heat pump},
pages = {925--936},
title = {{Expanding the horizons of power-to-heat: Cost assessment for new space heating concepts with Wind Powered Thermal Energy Systems}},
volume = {164},
year = {2018}
}

@Misc{vaillant,
OPTkey = {•},
author = {Vaillant},
title = {allSTOR exclusiv},
OPThowpublished = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTyear = {•},
note = {{Available online: \url{https://www.vaillant.be/consumenten/producten/allstor-exclusiv-2048.html}. Accessed: 22th October 2020}},
OPTannote = {•}
}

@Misc{vaillantshop,
OPTkey = {•},
author = {Eco-star},
title = {allSTOR exclusiv},
OPThowpublished = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTyear = {•},
note = {{Available online: \url{https://www.va-shop.be}. Accessed: 22th October 2020}},
OPTannote = {•}
}

@article{younesi2020assessing,
  title={{Assessing the resilience of multi microgrid based widespread power systems against natural disasters using Monte Carlo Simulation}},
  author={Younesi, Abdollah and Shayeghi, Hossein and Safari, Amin and Siano, Pierluigi},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={207},
  pages={118220},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{kotzur2020bottom,
  title={Bottom-up energy supply optimization of a national building stock},
  author={Kotzur, Leander and Markewitz, Peter and Robinius, Martin and Cardoso, Gon{\c{c}}alo and Stenzel, Peter and Heleno, Miguel and Stolten, Detlef},
  journal={Energy and Buildings},
  volume={209},
  pages={109667},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{van2019hydrogen,
  title={{Hydrogen in the Electricity Value Chain}},
  author={van Gerwen, R and Eijgelaar, M and Bosma, T},
  journal={DNV GL-Group Technology \& Research, Position Paper},
  year={2019}
}

@article{daroczy2016analysis,
  title={{Analysis of the performance of a H-Darrieus rotor under uncertainty using Polynomial Chaos Expansion}},
  author={Dar{\'o}czy, L{\'a}szl{\'o} and Janiga, G{\'a}bor and Th{\'e}venin, Dominique},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={113},
  pages={399--412},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{Underwood2017,
abstract = {A new domestic air-source heat pump model is proposed which can be parameterised either from field data, experimental data or manufacturers' standard rating data. The model differs from the much more prevalent system-side regression models for these types of heat pumps in that it operates on refrigerant-side variables. This makes it more suited to detailed performance analyses of heat pumps in service. Because both field data and manufacturers' data can be used for parameterising the model, it can be used to investigate problems associated with the building performance gap where a heat pump is used. A new type of efficiency-based compressor model is developed which enables compressor performance to be directly compared with alternatives and a model of defrosting is included by introducing a new defrost discounting term. Results tested using data from a field monitoring site and from a laboratory installation show good predictive behaviour by the model especially at low source air temperatures. When the model is fitted using manufacturer's standard rating data, a performance gap is evident when compared with the model fitted to field data but the gap is generally nominal.},
author = {Underwood, C P and Royapoor, M and Sturm, B},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Underwood, Royapoor, Sturm - 2017 - Parametric modelling of domestic air-source heat pumps(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
title = {{Parametric modelling of domestic air-source heat pumps}},
volume = {139},
year = {2017}
}

@article{lund2018renewable,
  title={{Renewable heating strategies and their consequences for storage and grid infrastructures comparing a smart grid to a smart energy systems approach}},
  author={Lund, Henrik},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={151},
  pages={94--102},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{lund2017smart,
  title={Smart energy and smart energy systems},
  author={Lund, Henrik and {\O}stergaard, Poul Alberg and Connolly, David and Mathiesen, Brian Vad},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={137},
  pages={556--565},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{lund2018status,
  title={{The status of 4th generation district heating: Research and results}},
  author={Lund, Henrik and {\O}stergaard, Poul Alberg and Chang, Miguel and Werner, Sven and Svendsen, Svend and Sorkn{\ae}s, Peter and Thorsen, Jan Eric and Hvelplund, Frede and Mortensen, Bent Ole Gram and Mathiesen, Brian Vad and others},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={164},
  pages={147--159},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@article{tian2018review,
  title={{A review of uncertainty analysis in building energy assessment}},
  author={Tian, Wei and Heo, Yeonsook and De Wilde, Pieter and Li, Zhanyong and Yan, Da and Park, Cheol Soo and Feng, Xiaohang and Augenbroe, Godfried},
  journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume={93},
  pages={285--301},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{gendebien2014methodology,
  title={{Methodology to characterize a residential building stock using a bottom-up approach: a case study applied to Belgium}},
  author={Gendebien, Samuel and Georges, Emeline and Bertagnolio, St{\'e}phane and Lemort, Vincent},
  journal={International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management},
  volume={4},
  pages={71--88},
  year={2014}
}


@article{gravelsins2019solar,
  title={{Solar power in district heating. P2H flexibility concept}},
  author={Gravelsins, Armands and Pakere, Ieva and Tukulis, Anrijs and Blumberga, Dagnija},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={181},
  pages={1023--1035},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{barma2017review,
  title={A review on boilers energy use, energy savings, and emissions reductions},
  author={Barma, MC and Saidur, Rahman and Rahman, SMA and Allouhi, A and Akash, BA and Sait, Sadiq M},
  journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume={79},
  pages={970--983},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@techreport{fu2018us,
  title={{US solar photovoltaic system cost benchmark: Q1 2018}},
  author={Fu, Ran and Feldman, David J and Margolis, Robert M},
  year={2018},
  institution={National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States)}
}

@article{liu2019marginal,
  title={{The marginal-cost pricing for a competitive wholesale district heating market: A case study in the Netherlands}},
  author={Liu, Wen and Klip, Diederik and Zappa, William and Jelles, Sytse and Kramer, Gert Jan and van den Broek, Machteld},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={189},
  pages={116367},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{liu2019heat,
  title={{Heat-power decoupling technologies for coal-fired CHP plants: Operation flexibility and thermodynamic performance}},
  author={Liu, Ming and Wang, Shan and Zhao, Yongliang and Tang, Haiyu and Yan, Junjie},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={188},
  pages={116074},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@TechReport{climact,
author = {Climact},
title = {{Electrical energy savings scenarios for Belgium}},
institution = {Climact},
year = {2012},
OPTkey = {•},
OPTtype = {•},
OPTnumber = {•},
OPTaddress = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTnote = {•},
OPTannote = {•}
}


@article{Fowler2002,
abstract = {Currently there has been very little reliability or end-of-life analysis conducted for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM) stacks, and detailed designs of PEM systems are still in a rapid evolutionary stage. Voltage degradation as a fuel cell ages is a widely observed phenomenon and results in a significant reduction in the electrical power produced by the stack. Little systematic information has been reported, however, and this phenomenon has not been included in electrochemical models. An earlier work described the development of the generalised steady state electrochemical model (GSSEM) which accepts as input the values of the operating variables (anode and cathode feed gas pressure and compositions, cell temperature and current density), and cell design parameters such as the active area and Nafion membrane thickness. This work will introduce new terms to the model to account for membrane electrode assembly (MEA) ageing, which is a factor in the durability of the stack. One term is based on the concept that the water-carrying capacity (a principal factor in membrane resistance) of the membrane deteriorates with time-in-service. A second term involves the apparent catalytic rate constants associated with the reactions on the anode and cathode side, and the changes in catalytic activity or active site density due to catalyst degradation. A third term deals with the decrease in the rate of mass transfer within the MEA. The resulting model is largely mechanistic, with most terms being derived from theory or including coefficients that have a theoretical basis, but includes empirical parameters to deal with the changing performance. Changes in the polarisation curve predicted by the generalised steady state electrochemical degradation model (GSSEDM) are demonstrated from the data for the performance of typical PEM fuel cell hardware. {\textcopyright} 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Fowler, Michael W and Mann, Ronald F and Amphlett, John C and Peppley, Brant A and Roberge, Pierre R},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fowler et al. - Unknown - Incorporation of voltage degradation into a generalised steady state electrochemical model for a PEM fuel cell.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03787753},
journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
keywords = {Electrochemical model,PEM fuel cell,PEM reliability,Voltage degradation},
mendeley-groups = {2. Advanced HRES system modelling/fuel cell},
number = {1-2},
pages = {274--283},
title = {{Incorporation of voltage degradation into a generalised steady state electrochemical model for a PEM fuel cell}},
volume = {106},
year = {2002}
}


@article{Bezmalinovic2013,
abstract = {Expansion of telecommunication networks even to the most remote areas where connection to the utility grid could never be justified, especially in touristic regions, has led to the increasing need for stand-alone power systems. In Adriatic coastal area employment of hybrid photovoltaic-based systems is straightforward due to high sun potential. Inherent intermittent nature of renewable sources is especially not compatible with telecommunication system who require uninterrupted power supply. This leads to the need of not only energy storage, but also a "back up" solution in the case of primary system failure. Emphasis is put on the system reliability and simplicity while system price is not necessarily top priority. Usual approach of using diesel generators as a "back up" has been challenged by the introduction of PEM fuel cells. Even with hydrogen technologies market development still lagging behind some comparable advantages such as high energy conversion efficiency, silent operation and no emissions make PEM fuel cells a legitimate candidate for replacing traditional oil burning generators. Techno-economic analysis of various stand-alone power systems for the remote base station on an Adriatic island is made. At the moment, levelized cost of electricity point of view still gives slight advantage to the diesel generators. Though, uncertain petroleum market and fast developing hydrogen technology market could reverse this trend in the near future. Long term reliability of PEM fuel cells system still needs to be examined in practice, as this combined with pro-environmental characteristics of fuel cells can make the difference especially in pristine and protected areas. {\textcopyright} 2012, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Bezmalinovi{\'{c}}, Dario and Barbir, Frano and Tolj, Ivan},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Bezmalinovi{\'{c}}, Barbir, Tolj - 2013 - Techno-economic analysis of PEM fuel cells role in photovoltaic-based systems for the remote base st.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03603199},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Levelized cost of electricity,PEM fuel cells,Photovoltaics,Remote telecommunications base station,Stand-alone power system},
number = {1},
pages = {417--425},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Techno-economic analysis of PEM fuel cells role in photovoltaic-based systems for the remote base stations}},
volume = {38},
year = {2013}
}


@article{taghvaee2013current,
  title={{A current and future study on non-isolated DC--DC converters for photovoltaic applications}},
  author={Taghvaee, MH and Radzi, MAM and Moosavain, SM and Hizam, Hashim and Marhaban, M Hamiruce},
  journal={Renewable and sustainable energy reviews},
  volume={17},
  pages={216--227},
  year={2013},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@inproceedings{nazari2018low,
  title={{Low-Temperature Energy Efficiency of Lithium-Ion Batteries}},
  author={Nazari, Ashkan and Esmaeeli, Roja and Hashemi, Seyed Reza and Aliniagerdroudbari, Haniph and Farhad, Siamak},
  booktitle={ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition},
  year={2018},
  organization={American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}
}

@article{Hannan2017,
abstract = {Due to increasing concerns about global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, and the depletion of fossil fuels, the electric vehicles (EVs) receive massive popularity due to their performances and efficiencies in recent decades. EVs have already been widely accepted in the automotive industries considering the most promising replacements in reducing CO2 emissions and global environmental issues. Lithium-ion batteries have attained huge attention in EVs application due to their lucrative features such as lightweight, fast charging, high energy density, low self-discharge and long lifespan. This paper comprehensively reviews the lithium-ion battery state of charge (SOC) estimation and its management system towards the sustainable future EV applications. The significance of battery management system (BMS) employing lithium-ion batteries is presented, which can guarantee a reliable and safe operation and assess the battery SOC. The review identifies that the SOC is a crucial parameter as it signifies the remaining available energy in a battery that provides an idea about charging/discharging strategies and protect the battery from overcharging/over discharging. It is also observed that the SOC of the existing lithium-ion batteries have a good contribution to run the EVs safely and efficiently with their charging/discharging capabilities. However, they still have some challenges due to their complex electro-chemical reactions, performance degradation and lack of accuracy towards the enhancement of battery performance and life. The classification of the estimation methodologies to estimate SOC focusing with the estimation model/algorithm, benefits, drawbacks and estimation error are extensively reviewed. The review highlights many factors and challenges with possible recommendations for the development of BMS and estimation of SOC in next-generation EV applications. All the highlighted insights of this review will widen the increasing efforts towards the development of the advanced SOC estimation method and energy management system of lithium-ion battery for the future high-tech EV applications.},
author = {Hannan, M. A. and Lipu, M. S.H. and Hussain, A. and Mohamed, A.},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Battery management system,Electric vehicle,Lithium-ion battery,SOC estimation,State of charge},
mendeley-groups = {2. Advanced HRES system modelling/battery},
month = {oct},
pages = {834--854},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations}},
volume = {78},
year = {2017}
}


@article{Parra2016,
abstract = {The use of batteries in combination with PV systems in single homes is expected to become a widely applied energy storage solution. Since PV system cost is decreasing and the electricity market is constantly evolving there is marked interest in understanding the performance and economic benefits of adding battery systems to PV generation under different retail tariffs. The performance of lead-acid (PbA) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery systems in combination with PV generation for a single home in Switzerland is studied using a time-dependant analysis. Firstly, the economic benefits of the two battery types are analysed for three different types of tariffs, i.e. a dynamic tariff based on the wholesale market (one price per hour for every day of the year), a flat rate and time-of-use tariff with two periods. Secondly, the reduction of battery capacity and annual discharge throughout the battery lifetime are simulated for PbA and Li-ion batteries. It was found that despite the levelised value of battery systems reaches up to 28{\%} higher values with the dynamic tariff compared to the flat rate tariff, the levelised cost increases by 94{\%} for the dynamic tariff, resulting in lower profitability. The main reason for this is the reduction of equivalent full cycles performed with by battery systems with the dynamic tariff. Economic benefits also depend on the regulatory context and Li-ion battery systems were able to achieve internal rate of return (IRR) up to 0.8{\%} and 4.3{\%} in the region of Jura (Switzerland) and Germany due to higher retail electricity prices (0.25. CHF/kW. h and 0.35. CHF/kW. h respectively) compared to Geneva (0.22. CHF/kW. h) where the maximum IRR was equal to -0.2{\%}.},
author = {Parra, David and Patel, Martin K},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {Break-even analysis,Lead-acid battery,Levelised cost,Lithium-ion battery,PV energy,Retail tariff},
mendeley-groups = {2. Advanced HRES system modelling/battery},
pages = {175--187},
title = {{Effect of tariffs on the performance and economic benefits of PV-coupled battery systems}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.037},
volume = {164},
year = {2016}
}


@article{Angenendt2019,
abstract = {Renewable energies from residential photovoltaic systems can be used in the electricity sector as well as in the residential heating sector. Therefore, sector coupling, for example by using heat pump systems, is mandatory. Integrated homes use photovoltaic energy for space heating and domestic hot water to contribute to the decarbonization of the heating sector. The economics are a key to increasing the market penetration of integrated homes. Combined operation strategies for the electricity sector as well as for the heating sector can enhance the economics of these systems. This paper analyses different operation strategies for both electrical and thermal systems and examines the gain in efficiency by combined strategies. Furthermore, the dimensioning of the different system components heavily influences the economics of the integrated home. Capital-intensive components, such as photovoltaic generators, battery storage systems, heat pumps, and thermal storage units, play a major role for the profitability. Therefore, the optimization of component sizing is necessary in order to enhance the economics of the system. This paper presents optimization results based on the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy. The results of the paper indicate that combined operation strategies as well as the optimization of the component sizes strongly influence the economics of photovoltaic battery energy storage systems with power-to-heat coupling. The impact of the optimization on the economic efficiency is higher compared to the influence of advanced combined operation strategies. The optimization indicates that relatively small storage units are more economical. The use of the heating sector as additional storage for excess photovoltaic energy is only economical to a minor degree, because it reduces the coefficient of performance of the heat pump.},
author = {Angenendt, Georg and Zurm{\"{u}}hlen, Sebastian and R{\"{u}}cker, Fabian and Axelsen, Hendrik and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
journal = {Energy Conversion and Management: X},
keywords = {Battery energy storage systems,Integrated homes,Optimization,Photovoltaics,Power-to-heat coupling},
mendeley-groups = {2. Advanced HRES system modelling/heat pump},
pages = {100005},
title = {{Optimization and operation of integrated homes with photovoltaic battery energy storage systems and power-to-heat coupling}},
volume = {1},
year = {2019}
}


@misc{Fischer2017,
abstract = {This paper investigates heat pump systems in smart grids, focussing on fields of application and control approaches that have emerged in academic literature. Based on a review of published literature technical aspects of heat pump flexibility, fields of application and control approaches are structured and discussed. Three main categories of applications using heat pumps in a smart grid context have been identified: First stable and economic operation of power grids, second the integration of renewable energy sources and third operation under variable electricity prices. In all fields heat pumps - when controlled in an appropriate manner - can help easing the transition to a decentralized energy system accompanied by a higher share of prosumers and renewable energy sources. Predictive controls are successfully used in the majority of studies, often assuming idealized conditions. Topics for future research have been identified including: a transfer of control approaches from simulation to the field, a detailed techno-economic analysis of heat pump systems under smart grid operation, and the design of heat pump systems in order to increase flexibility are among the future research topics suggested.},
author = {Fischer, David and Madani, Hatef},
booktitle = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Controls,Demand side management,Energy management,Heat pump,PV self-consumption,Smart grid,Thermal storage},
mendeley-groups = {2. Advanced HRES system modelling/heat pump},
pages = {342--357},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{On heat pumps in smart grids: A review}},
volume = {70},
year = {2017}
}

@article{madani2011capacity1,
  title={Capacity control in ground source heat pump systems: Part I: modeling and simulation},
  author={Madani, Hatef and Claesson, Joachim and Lundqvist, Per},
  journal={International Journal of Refrigeration},
  volume={34},
  number={6},
  pages={1338--1347},
  year={2011},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{madani2011capacity2,
  title={Capacity control in ground source heat pump systems part II: Comparative analysis between on/off controlled and variable capacity systems},
  author={Madani, Hatef and Claesson, Joachim and Lundqvist, Per},
  journal={International journal of refrigeration},
  volume={34},
  number={8},
  pages={1934--1942},
  year={2011},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@inproceedings{erdinc2009dynamic,
  title={{A dynamic lithium-ion battery model considering the effects of temperature and capacity fading}},
  author={Erdinc, Ozan and Vural, Bulent and Uzunoglu, Mehmet},
  booktitle={2009 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power},
  pages={383--386},
  year={2009},
  organization={IEEE}
}

@article{seaman2014survey,
  title={{A survey of mathematics-based equivalent-circuit and electrochemical battery models for hybrid and electric vehicle simulation}},
  author={Seaman, Aden and Dao, Thanh-Son and McPhee, John},
  journal={Journal of Power Sources},
  volume={256},
  pages={410--423},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{schaltz2009influence,
  title={{Influence of battery/ultracapacitor energy-storage sizing on battery lifetime in a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle}},
  author={Schaltz, Erik and Khaligh, Alireza and Rasmussen, Peter Omand},
  journal={IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology},
  volume={58},
  number={8},
  pages={3882--3891},
  year={2009},
  publisher={IEEE}
}

@inproceedings{beltran2012lithium,
  title={{Lithium ion batteries ageing analysis when used in a PV power plant}},
  author={Beltran, Hector and Swierczynski, Maciej and Aparicio, N{\'e}stor and Belenguer, Enrique and Teodorescu, Remus and Rodr{\'\i}guez, Pedro},
  booktitle={2012 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics},
  pages={1604--1609},
  year={2012},
  organization={IEEE}
}

@article{chen2006accurate,
  title={{Accurate electrical battery model capable of predicting runtime and IV performance}},
  author={Chen, Min and Rincon-Mora, Gabriel A},
  journal={IEEE transactions on energy conversion},
  volume={21},
  number={2},
  pages={504--511},
  year={2006},
  publisher={IEEE}
}

@article{sichilalu2016optimal,
  title={{Optimal control of a fuel cell/wind/PV/grid hybrid system with thermal heat pump load}},
  author={Sichilalu, Sam and Tazvinga, Henerica and Xia, Xiaohua},
  journal={Solar Energy},
  volume={135},
  pages={59--69},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{di2017multi,
  title={{Multi-objective design optimization of distributed energy systems through cost and exergy assessments}},
  author={Di Somma, Marialaura and Yan, Bing and Bianco, Nicola and Graditi, G and Luh, PB and Mongibello, L and Naso, V},
  journal={Applied Energy},
  volume={204},
  pages={1299--1316},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@techreport{devogelaer2015working,
  title={{Working Paper 03-15-2030 Climate and Energy Framework for Belgium-Impact assessment of a selection of policy scenarios up to 2050}},
  author={Devogelaer, Danielle and Gusbin, Dominique and others},
  institution={Federal Planning Bureau},
  year={2015}
}

@techreport{ptgreport,
author={Thomas, D and Mertens, D and Meeus, M and Van der Laak, W and Francois, I},
title={{Power-to-Gas Roadmap for Flanders}},
year={2016},
institution={WaterstofNet}

}

@article{nyoni2019time,
  title={Time series modeling and forecasting of the consumer price index in Belgium},
  author={Nyoni, Thabani},
  year={2019},
  journal={{Munich Personal RePEc Archive}}
}


@TechReport{pwcvreg,
author = {PricewaterhouseCoopers },
title = {Vergelijking van de elektriciteitsen aardgastarieven },
institution = {{Vlaamse Regulator van de Elektriciteits- en
Gasmarkt}},
year = {2019},
OPTkey = {•},
OPTtype = {•},
OPTnumber = {•},
OPTaddress = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTnote = {•},
OPTannote = {•}
}


@misc{duic2017eu28,
  title={{EU28 fuel prices for 2015, 2030 and 2050. Deliverable 6.1: Future fuel price review}},
  author={Dui{\'c}, I and {\v{S}}tefani{\'c}, N and Luli{\'c}, Z and Kraja{\v{c}}i{\'c}, G and Puk{\v{s}}ec, T and Novosel, T},
  year={2017},
  journal={Heat Roadmap Europe}
}

@PhdThesis{schobithesis,
title={Surrogate models for uncertainty quantification in the context of imprecise probability modelling},
  author={Sch{\"o}bi, Roland},
  school = {ETH Zurich},
year = {2017},
OPTkey = {•},
OPTtype = {•},
OPTaddress = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTnote = {•},
OPTannote = {•}
}

@article{martinez2017micro,
  title={{Micro-combined heat and power systems (micro-CHP) based on renewable energy sources}},
  author={Martinez, Simon and Michaux, Ghislain and Salagnac, Patrick and Bouvier, Jean-Louis},
  journal={Energy Conversion and Management},
  volume={154},
  pages={262--285},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{schobi2019global,
  title={{Global sensitivity analysis in the context of imprecise probabilities (p-boxes) using sparse polynomial chaos expansions}},
  author={Sch{\"o}bi, Roland and Sudret, Bruno},
  journal={Reliability Engineering \& System Safety},
  volume={187},
  pages={129--141},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{Aldersey-Williams2019,
abstract = {Although widely accepted as a measure of the comparative lifetime costs of electricity generation alternatives, levelised cost of energy (LCOE) lacks a theoretical foundation in the academic literature and encompasses a number of areas where caution is important. Therefore, this paper seeks to provide a theoretical foundation by comparing the metric with alternative cost of energy metrics and by undertaking a brief literature review to describe its strengths and weaknesses. In comparison with other potential measures of unit cost of energy, LCOE is found to be the preferred choice, in large part because of its widespread adoption. The weaknesses of the LCOE are found to centre on discount rate, inflation effects and the sensitivity of results to uncertainty in future commodity costs. These weaknesses are explored in the context of comparing combined cycle gas fired generation and offshore wind in the UK, based on publicly available cost measures. It is found that with variability of future fuel gas prices, and a Monte Carlo approach to modelling LCOE, the range of LCOE for CCGT is much broader in comparison to the LCOE of offshore wind. It is urged that explicit account be taken of the areas of weakness in future use of LCOE.},
author = {Aldersey-Williams, J. and Rubert, T.},
issn = {03014215},
journal = {Energy Policy},
keywords = {Levelised cost of energy,Monte Carlo,Offshore wind energy,Uncertainty},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ECOS2020},
month = {jan},
pages = {169--179},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Levelised cost of energy – A theoretical justification and critical assessment}},
volume = {124},
year = {2019}
}

@book{augustin2014introduction,
  title={{Introduction to imprecise probabilities}},
  author={Augustin, Thomas and Coolen, Frank PA and De Cooman, Gert and Troffaes, Matthias CM},
  year={2014},
  publisher={John Wiley \& Sons}
}

@article{gebreslassie2009economic,
  title={{Economic performance optimization of an absorption cooling system under uncertainty}},
  author={Gebreslassie, Berhane H and Guill{\'e}n-Gos{\'a}lbez, Gonzalo and Jim{\'e}nez, Laureano and Boer, Dieter},
  journal={Applied Thermal Engineering},
  volume={29},
  number={17-18},
  pages={3491--3500},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{rezaei2020economic,
  title={{Economic energy and reserve management of renewable-based microgrids in the presence of electric vehicle aggregators: A robust optimization approach}},
  author={Rezaei, Navid and Khazali, Amirhossein and Mazidi, Mohammadreza and Ahmadi, Abdollah},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={201},
  pages={117629},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@book{Taylor2009,
abstract = {Electricity production is responsible for 32{\%} of total global fossil fuel use, accounting for 132 EJ, and 41{\%}, or 10.9 Gt of energy-related CO2emissions. Improving the efficiency of electricity production therefore offers economic benefits and a significant opportunity for reducing dependence on fossil fuels, which helps to combat climate change and improve energy security. A set of indicators has been developed to analyse the energy efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels on a global level and for a number of key countries and regions. These indicators show the efficiency of electricity production from coal, natural gas and oil separately and from all fossil fuels together. The technical potentials for energy and CO2savings from improving the energy efficiency of electricity production are also calculated. The global average efficiencies of electricity production are 34{\%} for coal, 40{\%} for natural gas and 37{\%} for oil. For all fossil fuels, the global average efficiency is 36{\%}. Wide variations are seen in efficiencies amongst countries, with OECD countries typically having the highest efficiencies. The level of efficiency has been slowly improving in recent years in most countries. However, significant fuel and CO2saving potentials still exist. Across all fossil fuels the technical fuel savings potential is between 21 EJ and 29 EJ per year, with an associated CO2reduction potential of 1.8 Gt CO2to 2.5 Gt CO2per year. The largest savings are from improving the efficiency of coal-fired plants, which alone could provide savings of between 15 EJ and 21 EJ (1.4 Gt CO2to 2.0 Gt CO2). On a regional basis, just less than half the global savings would come from OECD countries, with the remainder from developing countries.},
author = {Taylor, Peter and D'Ortigue, Olivier Lavagne and Trudeau, Nathalie and Francoeur, Michel},
booktitle = {Energy Efficiency Indicators for Public Electricity Production from Fossil Fuels: IEA Information Paper: In Support of the G8 Plan of Action},
pages = {1--23},
title = {{Energy efficiency indicators for public electricity production from fossil fuels: IEA information paper: In support of the G8 plan of action}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Asghari2011,
abstract = {High-efficiency thermal management subsystem has a key role on the PEM fuel cell performance and durability. In this study, design of thermal management subsystem for a 5 kW PEM fuel cell system is investigated. A numerical model is presented to study the cooling flow field performance. The number of parallel channels in parallel serpentine flow field is selected as the design parameter of the flow field and its optimum value is obtained by compromising between the minimum pressure drop of coolant across the flow field and maximum temperature uniformity within the bipolar plate criteria. The optimum coolant flow rate is also determined by compromising between different criteria. Test results of a 5-cells short stack are presented to verify the numerical simulation results. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Asghari, Saeed and Akhgar, Hooman and Imani, Bagher Faghih},
journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
number = {6},
pages = {3141--3148},
title = {{Design of thermal management subsystem for a 5 kW polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell system}},
volume = {196},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Arsalis2019,
abstract = {The increasing cost of fossil fuels and the need to reduce harmful emissions have been the main motivations in seeking more efficient and environmentally-friendly methods of power and heat generation. In this paper a comprehensive review of fuel cell-based micro-combined-heat-and-power systems is presented. The aim is to present all past findings and also show the recent progress of the technology, aiming at presenting current trends, limitations and perspectives for future planning and development. The configuration details of a basic system are given, with emphasis on the different fuel cell types, fuel processing methods, heat management and component integration options. Also further integration options are given, including energy storage, refrigeration cycles, micro-gas turbines, and renewable energy sources. System operation is distinguished between operating mode and operating strategy. Different modeling approaches are given, such as: steady-state and dynamic modeling, optimization methods, feasibility studies, and emission studies. A summary of the experimental activities are provided, including system characterization and degradation studies. Also a summary of the recent progress in commercialization activities of the technology is given. Finally, a critical review of the technology is provided, with a discussion on scenarios and future prospects.},
author = {Arsalis, Alexandros},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Fuel cells,Micro-cogeneration,Micro-combined-heat-and-power,Proton exchange membrane fuel cells,Residential energy,Solid oxide fuel cells},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ECOS2020},
pages = {391--414},
title = {{A comprehensive review of fuel cell-based micro-combined-heat-and-power systems}},
volume = {105},
year = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{Ozgirgin2015,
abstract = {The rising cost of energy and power, depreciation of natural resources like fossil fuels and the global warming issues have all led the need for developing advanced clean energy systems. Hydrogen, which is clean energy carrier, can be produced by using solar electric energy from photovoltaic (PV) modules for the water electrolysis without emitting carbon dioxide. Modeling of PV module-electrolyzer hydrogen system is important for their planning and control strategies in many applications. In this respect, high-efficiency co-generation systems for producing both heat and electricity coupled with clean energy sources such as PVs and fuel cells are gaining more attention, due to their advantages in terms of increasing efficiency and power quality, reducing harmful emissions and flexibility of operation. This study describes the analysis of the PV module-fuel cell hybrid system for house-hold micro co-generation applications. The system consists of PV modules, batteries, proton exchange membrane type water electrolyzer and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The excess heat of PEMFC was used to supply hot water and/or heating energy of the house. Electrical energy was stored in the batteries. The analysis of the PV-electrolyzer-PEMFC system can be further used for designing co-generation systems for various application optimizing the PV module, electrolyzer and PEMFC sizes.},
author = {{\"{O}}zgirgin, Ekin and Devrim, Yilser and Albostan, Ayhan},
booktitle = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Electrolyzer,Hybrid energy system,Micro-cogeneration,PEMFC},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ECOS2020},
number = {44},
pages = {15336--15342},
title = {{Modeling and simulation of a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) module-electrolyzer-PEM fuel cell system for micro-cogeneration applications}},
volume = {40},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Zafar2014,
abstract = {A hybrid renewable energy system is designed and analyzed for electricity, hot water and hydrogen production. Exergy, energy and exergoeconomic analysis is conducted to determine the performance of the system under different operating and environmental conditions. The renewable energy system consisted of wind turbines and PV panels for electricity production operating an electrolyser which produced hydrogen. Hydrogen either goes directly to a fuel cell to produce electricity or through a compressor to run the fuel cell at high pressure. The heat from the fuel cell is used to heat water for domestic use. The analysis is conducted to determine the efficiencies of the system with and without domestic hot water heating and incorporating a compressor in the system. The analysis results suggested that approximately 14{\%} energy and 21{\%} exergy system efficiency increment is achieved when water is heated for domestic use. System involving the compressor lowered the overall system energy and exergy efficiencies. Decrease in efficiencies can be associated to the increase in hydrogen density, at high pressure states, which requires greater compressor work. The exergoeconomic study also suggested an improvement in the system when domestic water is heated using the excess heat from fuel cell. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Zafar, Sayem and Dincer, Ibrahim},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Buildings,Compressed hydrogen,Efficiency,Energy,Exergy,Fuel cell heat,Hybrid renewable system},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ECOS2020},
pages = {68--79},
title = {{Energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analyses of a combined renewable energy system for residential applications}},
volume = {71},
year = {2014}
}
@article{DiSomma2017,
abstract = {In recent years, distributed energy systems (DESs) have been recognized as a promising option for sustainable development of future energy systems, and their application has increased rapidly with supportive policies and financial incentives. With growing concerns on global warming and depletion of fossil fuels, design optimization of DESs through economic assessments for short-run benefits only is not sufficient, while application of exergy principles can improve the efficiency in energy resource use for long-run sustainability of energy supply. The innovation of this paper is to investigate exergy in DES design to attain rational use of energy resources including renewables by considering energy qualities of supply and demand. By using low-temperature sources for low-quality thermal demand, the waste of high-quality energy can be reduced, and the overall exergy efficiency can be increased. The goal of the design optimization problem is to determine types, numbers and sizes of energy devices in DESs to reduce the total annual cost and increase the overall exergy efficiency. Based on a pre-established DES superstructure with multiple energy devices such as combined heat and power and PV, a multi-objective linear problem is formulated. In modeling of energy devices, the novelty is that the entire available size ranges and the variation of their efficiencies, capital and operation and maintenance costs with sizes are considered. The operation of energy devices is modeled based on previous work on DES operation optimization. By minimizing a weighted sum of the total annual cost and primary exergy input, the problem is solved by branch-and-cut. Numerical results show that the Pareto frontier provides good balancing solutions for planners based on economic and sustainability priorities. The total annual cost and primary exergy input of DESs with optimized configurations are reduced by 21–36{\%} as compared with conventional energy supply systems, where grid power is used for the electricity demand, and gas-fired boilers and electric chillers fed by grid power for thermal demand. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to analyze the influence of energy prices and energy demand variation on the optimized DES configurations.},
author = {{Di Somma}, M and Yan, B and Bianco, N and Graditi, G and Luh, P B and Mongibello, L and Naso, V},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Di Somma et al. - Unknown - Multi-objective design optimization of distributed energy systems through cost and exergy assessments q.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03062619},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {Annual cost,Design optimization,Distributed energy system,Exergy efficiency,Multi-objective linear programming},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ECOS2020},
pages = {1299--1316},
title = {{Multi-objective design optimization of distributed energy systems through cost and exergy assessments}},
volume = {204},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Lacko2014,
abstract = {A hybrid energy system, based on renewable energy sources and with hydrogen storage, can become an alternative for stand-alone electricity and heat supply. The objective of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of a completely renewable supply of power and heat for an isolated household, and a comparison to reference and alternative energy supply scenarios. In this paper, an energy system using fossil and renewable energy sources is compared to a system using only renewable energy sources (solar and wind) with hydrogen-based energy storage technologies. A reference household in Slovenia's coastal region was used for modelling and numerical simulation. Simulations and optimal energy system identification were conducted by considering the geographical location and availability of energy sources, load dynamics, and components' technical and economical characteristics. A household with electricity consumption of 11kWh/day, hourly peak power demand of 3.8kW and 660L of oil-equivalent yearly heat demand was considered as the stand-alone load. The results show that 100{\%} renewable electricity and heat supply of a reference household is technically feasible and is more cost-effective, compared to systems utilising fossil heat.},
author = {Lacko, R and Drobni{\v{c}}, B. and Mori, M and Sekav{\v{c}}nik, M. and Vidmar, M},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lacko et al. - 2014 - Stand-alone renewable combined heat and power system with hydrogen technologies for household application.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Combined heat and power,Hydrogen technologies,Reference household,Renewable energy sources,Self-sufficient},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox,papers/ECOS2020},
pages = {164--170},
title = {{Stand-alone renewable combined heat and power system with hydrogen technologies for household application}},
volume = {77},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Maleki2017,
abstract = {In line with desires for affordable and reliable energy supply, detailed evaluations of energy system performance are important. An economic model and optimization method are introduced here for the performance of hybrid combined heat and power systems that are grid-connected and use solar, wind and fuel cell technologies for residential uses. The optimization considers the costs of supplying energy, exchanging power with the local grid, solar power generation, wind power production, thermal energy recovery from the fuel cell, and maintenance. The optimization objective is to minimize the operation and maintenance cost of the hybrid combined heat and power systems subject to relevant constraints. The genetic algorithm and the particle swarm optimization algorithm, both of which are efficient metaheuristic optimization techniques, are used and compared. The results show that the most cost effective for satisfying the residential load in near future is the grid-connected hybrid combined heat and power system. Moreover, the genetic algorithm leads to better results than the particle swarm optimization algorithm.},
author = {Maleki, Akbar and Hafeznia, Hamed and Rosen, Marc A and Pourfayaz, Fathollah},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Maleki et al. - 2017 - Optimization of a grid-connected hybrid solar-wind-hydrogen CHP system for residential applications by efficient.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13594311},
journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering},
keywords = {Combined heat and power,Fuel cell grid-connected,Hybrid energy system,Optimization,Solar energy,Wind energy},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ECOS2020},
pages = {1263--1277},
title = {{Optimization of a grid-connected hybrid solar-wind-hydrogen CHP system for residential applications by efficient metaheuristic approaches}},
volume = {123},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Ren2016,
abstract = {To deal with increasing energy consumption in the residential sector, distributed energy resources including photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell, etc. have been paid more and more attention. In this study, an optimization model is developed for the PV/Fuel Cell/Battery based residential energy system. While guaranteeing reliable system operation, the model may determine the optimal running strategies with annual running cost or annual CO2 emissions as the objective function to be minimized. In addition, besides the energy flows among the equipments within the hybrid energy system, the economic information including electricity tariff and natural gas price, as well as some policy issues (e.g., buy-back price) are also accounted. As the results of the model, besides the optimal electric and thermal balances, the rational utilization forms of PV module, fuel cell and battery can be also deduced. To verify the viability of the proposed approach, a numerical example is implemented and analyzed. The optimal operating strategies are deduced and compared from different perspectives. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the PV module mainly contributes to the environmental performance of the assumed hybrid energy system, while the battery may be beneficial from the economic viewpoint.},
author = {Ren, Hongbo and Wu, Qiong and Gao, Weijun and Zhou, Weisheng},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ren et al. - 2016 - Optimal operation of a grid-connected hybrid PVfuel cellbattery energy system for residential applications.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Battery bank,Fuel cell,Hybrid energy system,Optimization model,PV},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox,papers/ECOS2020},
pages = {702--712},
title = {{Optimal operation of a grid-connected hybrid PV/fuel cell/battery energy system for residential applications}},
volume = {113},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Chitsaz2019,
abstract = {Fuel cells offer one of the most eco-friendly and efficient ways of energy production. In this study a thermodynamic and exergoeconomic assessment of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system at steady-state operation condition are carried out. Thereafter, the feasibility of integrating a proton exchange membrane Electrolyzer (PEME) to supply required fuel for a PEMFC, operating in the same outlet power range is investigated. The results demonstrate that increasing the current density rises the following parameters in the system: the power and power density rates of the PEMFC and PEME, the exergy destruction rate of each component, the hydrogen production and consumption rates in the cycles, the PEME output voltage, cost rate of power generation and the power cost of the PEMFC. By increasing the PEMFC output voltage, the energy and exergy efficiencies reduce. Moreover, rising the outlet temperature of the PEMFC increases the power and power density rates of the PEMFC and also the energy and exergy efficiencies of the system. While increasing the outlet and operating temperature of the PEME increases the power consumption rate and reduces the energy and exergy efficiencies. The highest energy efficiency of the PEMFC is 36.7{\%} and corresponding maximum exergy efficiency is found 54{\%}, while the lowest values are found 31{\%} and 45.3{\%}, respectively. The cost rate of the power generation by PEMFC is varied between 7.96 × 10−4 and 1.33 × 10−3 {\$}/s and the corresponding rate of the exergy unit cost range is 115.6–132.2 {\$}/GJ.},
author = {Chitsaz, Ata and Haghghi, Maghsoud Abdollahi and Hosseinpour, Javad},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chitsaz, Haghghi, Hosseinpour - 2019 - Thermodynamic and exergoeconomic analyses of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01968904},
journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
keywords = {Energy,Exergoeconomic,Exergy,Hydrogen production,PEM electrolyzer,PEM fuel cell},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ECOS2020},
pages = {487--499},
title = {{Thermodynamic and exergoeconomic analyses of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system and the feasibility evaluation of integrating with a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEME)}},
volume = {186},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Majidi2017,
abstract = {In this paper, cost-efficient operation problem of photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell hybrid energy system has been evaluated in the presence of demand response program. Each load curve has off-peak, mid and peak time periods in which the energy prices are different. Demand response program transfers some amount of load from peak periods to other periods to flatten the load curve and minimize total cost. So, the main goal is to meet the energy demand and propose a cost-efficient approach to minimize system's total cost including system's electrical cost and thermal cost and the revenue from exporting power to the upstream grid. A battery has been utilized as an electrical energy storage system and a heat storage tank is used as a thermal energy storage system to save energy in off-peak and mid-peak hours and then supply load in peak hours which leads to reduction of cost. The proposed cost-efficient operation problem of photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell hybrid energy system is modeled by a mixed-integer linear program and solved by General algebraic modeling system optimization software under CPLEX solver. Two case studies are investigated to show the effects of demand response program on reduction of total cost.},
author = {Majidi, Majid and Nojavan, Sayyad and Zare, Kazem},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Majidi, Nojavan, Zare - 2017 - Optimal stochastic short-term thermal and electrical operation of fuel cellphotovoltaicbatterygrid hybrid.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01968904},
journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
keywords = {Battery bank,Demand response program,Fuel cell,Heat storage tank,Hybrid energy system},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ECOS2020},
pages = {132--142},
title = {{Optimal stochastic short-term thermal and electrical operation of fuel cell/photovoltaic/battery/grid hybrid energy system in the presence of demand response program}},
volume = {144},
year = {2017}
}


@article{xiu2002wiener,
  title={{The Wiener--Askey polynomial chaos for stochastic differential equations}},
  author={Xiu, Dongbin and Karniadakis, George Em},
  journal={SIAM journal on scientific computing},
  volume={24},
  number={2},
  pages={619--644},
  year={2002},
  publisher={SIAM}
}

@article{balcombe2014investigating,
  title={{Investigating the importance of motivations and barriers related to microgeneration uptake in the UK}},
  author={Balcombe, Paul and Rigby, Dan and Azapagic, Adisa},
  journal={Applied Energy},
  volume={130},
  pages={403--418},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{parra2014modeling,
  title={{Modeling of PV generation, battery and hydrogen storage to investigate the benefits of energy storage for single dwelling}},
  author={Parra, David and Walker, Gavin S and Gillott, Mark},
  journal={Sustainable Cities and Society},
  volume={10},
  pages={1--10},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{weniger2014sizing,
  title={{Sizing of residential PV battery systems}},
  author={Weniger, Johannes and Tjaden, Tjarko and Quaschning, Volker},
  journal={Energy Procedia},
  volume={46},
  pages={78--87},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@article{Paepe2019a,
author = {{De Paepe}, Ward and Coppitters, Diederik and Abraham, Simon and Tsirikoglou, Panagiotis and Ghorbaniasl, Ghader and Contino, Francesco},
issn = {1876-6102},
journal = {Energy Procedia},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
month = {feb},
pages = {5795--5803},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Robust Operational Optimization of a Typical micro Gas Turbine}},
volume = {158},
year = {2019}
}

@TechReport{repcostELEC,
author = {Whitney G. Colella and Brian D. James and Jennie M. Moton and Genevieve Saur and Todd Ramsden},
title = {{Techno-economic Analysis of PEM Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production}},
institution = {Strategic Analysis inc. and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)},
year = {2014},
OPTkey = {•},
OPTtype = {•},
OPTnumber = {•},
OPTaddress = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTnote = {•},
OPTannote = {•}
}

@TechReport{ammerman,
author = {Heiko Ammermann and Philipp Hoff and Mirela Atanasiu and Jo Aylor and Markus Kaufmann and Ovidiu Tisler},
title = {Advancing Europe's energy systems: Stationary fuel cells in distributed generation},
institution = {Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking},
year = {2015},
OPTkey = {•},
OPTtype = {•},
OPTnumber = {•},
OPTaddress = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTnote = {•},
OPTannote = {•}
}

@article{Allouhi2019,
abstract = {PV water pumping technology is recognized as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution to provide water for domestic use. The appropriate design and smooth operation mostly rely on available solar irradiation, domestic water demand and appropriate configuration of the proposed system. Therefore, the aim of this work is to examine an optimum PV system configuration that is capable of supplying a solar submersible pump system to fulfill domestic water needs of five isolated houses located in a Moroccan remote area. A detailed approach for the design of an optimized PV water pumping system based on real water usage data is proposed. Besides, system design work and performance assessment were carried out based on hourly climatic conditions. Overall, two approaches were investigated for an optimum design of the proposed system. Annual simulations indicated that the direct coupling, as a first option, appears to be unfitting configuration for water pumping in this case. In turn, results proved that second system including a MPPT DC converter with less PV arrays could pump more water and its performance remarkably surpassed the direct coupling configuration. In addition, economic analysis has shown that proposed systems are cost competitive against the conventional water supply methods.},
author = {Allouhi, A. and Buker, M. S. and El-houari, H. and Boharb, A. and {Benzakour Amine}, M. and Kousksou, T. and Jamil, A.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Allouhi et al. - 2019 - PV water pumping systems for domestic uses in remote areas Sizing process, simulation and economic evaluation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {18790682},
journal = {Renewable Energy},
keywords = {Design,Economic analysis,Photovoltaic,Regulation,Simulation,Water pumping},
mendeley-groups = {3. surrogate-assisted RDO framework/Uncertainty characterization/solar parameters,papers/ICAE2019},
month = {mar},
pages = {798--812},
title = {{PV water pumping systems for domestic uses in remote areas: Sizing process, simulation and economic evaluation}},
volume = {132},
year = {2019}
}

@article{Placca2009,
abstract = {The performance of a fuel cell is subject to uncertainties on its operational and material parameters. Among operational parameters, temperature is one of the most influential factors. This work focuses on this parameter. A statistical analysis is developed on the output voltage of proton exchange membrane fuel cell models. The first model does not include any degradation, whereas the second one introduces a degradation rate on the cell active area. To complete the simulation work, a full factorial design is carried out and a statistical sensitivity analysis (ANOVA) is used to compute the effects and contributions of important parameters of the model on the output voltage. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Placca, Latevi and Kouta, Raed and Blachot, Jean Fran{\c{c}}ois and Charon, Willy},
issn = {03787753},
journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
keywords = {Design under uncertainty,Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell,Statistical analysis,Stochastic analysis},
number = {1},
pages = {313--327},
title = {{Effects of temperature uncertainty on the performance of a degrading PEM fuel cell model}},
volume = {194},
year = {2009}
}

@article{Taner2018,
abstract = {This study presents the performance of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell in terms of its pressure and voltage parameters. The aim of this study is to improve the performance, efficiency and development of modeling and simulations of PEM fuel cells by experimental optimization. PEM fuel cell performance was researched using an open cathodic plate fuel cell, the effect of fuel cell's performance. PEM fuel cell efficiency was measured in terms of operating pressure and voltage parameters. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the PEM fuel cell were found to be 47.6{\%} and 50.4{\%}, herein. In this study, these results indicate that waste water of experimental work comprehends importance of the PEM fuel cell life-time.},
author = {Taner, Tolga},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/1-s2.0-S0360544217318078-main.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Energy and exergy efficiency,PEM fuel cell,Uncertainty analysis},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
month = {jan},
pages = {284--294},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Energy and exergy analyze of PEM fuel cell: A case study of modeling and simulations}},
volume = {143},
year = {2018}
}


@article{liu2010photovoltaic,
  title={{Photovoltaic DC-building-module-based BIPV system—Concept and design considerations}},
  author={Liu, Bangyin and Duan, Shanxu and Cai, Tao},
  journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics},
  volume={26},
  number={5},
  pages={1418--1429},
  year={2010},
  publisher={IEEE}
}

@article{Ramli2015,
abstract = {This paper analyzes a hybrid energy system performance with photovoltaic (PV) and diesel systems as the energy sources. The hybrid energy system is equipped with flywheel to store excess energy from the PV. HOMER software was employed to study the economic and environmental benefits of the system with flywheels energy storage for Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The analysis focused on the impact of utilizing flywheel on power generation, energy cost, and net present cost for certain configurations of hybrid system. Analyses on fuel consumption and carbon emission reductions for the system configurations were also presented in this paper.},
author = {Ramli, Makbul A.M. and Hiendro, Ayong and Twaha, Ssennoga},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ramli, Hiendro, Twaha - 2015 - Economic analysis of PVdiesel hybrid system with flywheel energy storage.pdf:pdf},
issn = {18790682},
journal = {Renewable Energy},
keywords = {Carbon dioxide emission,Energy cost,Flywheel energy storage,Hybrid photovoltaic/diesel system},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ICAE2019},
month = {jun},
pages = {398--405},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Economic analysis of PV/diesel hybrid system with flywheel energy storage}},
volume = {78},
year = {2015}
}



@article{KashefiKaviani2009,
abstract = {A hybrid wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell generation system is designed to supply power demand. The aim of this design is minimization of annualized cost of the hybrid system over its 20 years of operation. Optimization problem is subject to reliable supply of the demand. Three major components of the system, i.e. wind turbine generators, photovoltaic arrays, and DC/AC converter, may be subject to failure. Also, solar radiation, wind speed, and load data are assumed entirely deterministic. System costs involve investments, replacement, and operation and maintenance as well as loss of load costs. Prices are all empirical and components are commercially available. An advanced variation of Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem. Results reveal the impact of component outages on the reliability and cost of the system, so they are directly dependent on components' reliabilities, i.e. outages result in need for a larger generating system for supplying the load with the acceptable reliability. Additionally, it is observed that the inverter's reliability is an upper limit for the system's reliability. Moreover, an approximate method for reliability evaluation of the hybrid system is proposed which considerably reduces the time and computations. {\textcopyright} 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {{Kashefi Kaviani}, A. and Riahy, G H and Kouhsari, Sh M},
isbn = {1424415446},
issn = {09601481},
journal = {Renewable Energy},
keywords = {Forced outage rate,Hybrid PV/WG systems,Hydrogen-based storage system,Optimal design,Particle swarm optimization,Reliability},
mendeley-groups = {4. Analysis HRES optimization/HRES-H2 optimization},
number = {11},
pages = {2380--2390},
title = {{Optimal design of a reliable hydrogen-based stand-alone wind/PV generating system, considering component outages}},
volume = {34},
year = {2009}
}


@article{Battke2013,
abstract = {In future electricity systems with a high share of intermittent renewable power generation, battery technologies have the potential to support power quality and security. The growing scientific literature on batteries reflects the high attention that currently rests on these technologies. This paper reviews the existing literature on lifecycle costs of batteries in stationary applications. The primary result of this review is that, despite the current high degree of variance in technological and economic battery data, a systematic assessment of the underlying uncertainty is lacking. The present paper addresses this disparity with an investigation of the impact of uncertainty in input parameters on lifecycle costs of four battery technologies across six electricity system applications. Based on input data collected from literature and via expert interviews, a probabilistic techno-economic model was built that calculates lifecycle costs and systematically addresses uncertainty in input parameters by applying a Monte Carlo simulation. The main conclusion of this paper is that the present uncertainty in cost and technical parameters of batteries exceeds by far the differences in lifecycle costs across technologies. For most electricity storage applications, the absolute differences in mean lifecycle costs across technologies are negligible compared to the uncertainty ranges of the mean lifecycle costs. Therefore, a competition still exists between the four analyzed battery technologies and so far a leading technology has yet to emerge in any of the investigated applications. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Battke, Benedikt and Schmidt, Tobias S. and Grosspietsch, David and Hoffmann, Volker H.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Battke et al. - 2013 - A review and probabilistic model of lifecycle costs of stationary batteries in multiple applications.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13640321},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Energy storage,Levelized costs of electricity (LCOE),Monte Carlo simulation,Techno-economic modeling,Uncertainty},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ICAE2019},
month = {sep},
pages = {240--250},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{A review and probabilistic model of lifecycle costs of stationary batteries in multiple applications}},
volume = {25},
year = {2013}
}

@article{parra2019review,
  title={{A review on the role, cost and value of hydrogen energy systems for deep decarbonisation}},
  author={Parra, David and Valverde, Luis and Pino, F Javier and Patel, Martin K},
  journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume={101},
  pages={279--294},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{Guinot2015,
abstract = {The use of intermittent renewable energy sources for power supply to off-grid electricity consumers requires either additional power sources or energy storage solutions, in order to manage the time mismatch between energy production and load requirements. We investigate in this paper the interest of a hybrid solar energy system, including a lithium-based batteries bank and a hydrogen chain (electrolyser, gas storages and fuel cell), for an off-grid application. This system is compared with two reference cases: PV-diesel generator and PV-Batteries. These different systems have been represented using empirical and semi-empirical models and are simulated with the CEA made ODYSSEY platform. The originality of our study lies in the simultaneous optimisation of the power management strategy and the components' size, and in the detailed modelling of the components (power consumption of the auxiliaries and ageing approach in the form of performances degradation). The PV-Batteries-H2 system is operated by an efficient power management strategy and its optimal sizing is assessed on the basis of technical (e.g. load satisfaction) and economic (e.g. levelized cost of electricity) criteria. The results highlight the important role of the hydrogen chain in reducing the cost of the supplied energy. It is also shown that performances degradation of the hydrogen chain has a limited impact on the system optimal sizing and economic results.},
author = {Guinot, Benjamin and Champel, B{\'{e}}n{\'{e}}dicte and Montignac, Florent and Lemaire, Elisabeth and Vannucci, Didier and Sailler, Sebastien and Bultel, Yann},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/1-s2.0-S036031991403081X-main.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9780000000002},
issn = {03603199},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Ageing,Hybridization,Off-grid,PV-hydrogen-battery,Power management strategy},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ICAE2019},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {623--632},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Techno-economic study of a PV-hydrogen-battery hybrid system for off-grid power supply: Impact of performances' ageing on optimal system sizing and competitiveness}},
volume = {40},
year = {2015}
}


@article{Merzifonluoglu2018,
abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. The objective of this study was to develop stochastic optimization tools for determining the best strategy of photovoltaic installations in a campus environment with consideration of uncertainties in load, power generation and system performance. In addition to a risk neutral approach, we used Conditional Value-at-Risk to estimate the risk in our problem. The resulting Mixed Integer Programming models were formulated using a scenario-based approach. To minimize the mismatch between supply and demand, hourly solar resource and electricity demand levels were characterized via refined models. A sample-average approximation (SAA) method was proposed to provide high-quality solutions efficiently. The SAA problems were solved using exact and heuristic methods. A complete numerical study was conducted to examine the performance of the proposed solution methods, identify optimal selection strategies and consider the sensitivity of the solution to varying levels of risk.},
author = {Merzifonluoglu, Yasemin and Uzgoren, Eray},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Merzifonluoglu, Uzgoren - 2018 - Photovoltaic power plant design considering multiple uncertainties and risk.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15729338},
journal = {Annals of Operations Research},
keywords = {Conditional Value-at-Risk,Photovoltaic system sizing,Renewable energy,Stochastic programming},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ICAE2019},
number = {1},
pages = {153--184},
title = {{Photovoltaic power plant design considering multiple uncertainties and risk}},
volume = {262},
year = {2018}
}


@article{Lukac2016,
abstract = {Within the last few years, the increase of the world's energy consumption has substantially impacted the environment. Solar energy initiative is more than ever involved to tackle this issue, especially when deploying PV (photovoltaic) systems over large-scale residential areas. However, not all surfaces in these areas are economically suitable, while some surfaces have low CO 2 mitigation. With the availability of high-resolution remote sensing data, the estimation of suitable rooftops for PV systems installation can be performed automatically by estimating the PV potential. This paper presents a novel method for estimating NPV (net present value) of the potential PV systems installed on rooftops by using LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data and PV systems' nonlinear efficiency characteristics. More importantly, the environmental impact is estimated for each rooftop through EPBT (energy payback time) and GGER (greenhouse gas emission rate), based on the life-cycle of a specific PV system. This is combined with NPV in order to find rooftops that are both economically and environmentally viable candidates for PV systems deployment. Results demonstrate a case study LiDAR data for predicting each building's economical and environmental impact, as well as providing an overall view of resulting cumulative CO 2 mitigation over large residential area.},
author = {Luka{\v{c}}, Niko and Seme, Sebastijan and De{\v{z}}an, Katarina and {\v{Z}}alik, Borut and {\v{S}}tumberger, Gorazd},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {GGER,LiDAR,NPV,PV potential,PV systems,Solar energy},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ICAE2019},
month = {jul},
pages = {854--865},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Economic and environmental assessment of rooftops regarding suitability for photovoltaic systems installation based on remote sensing data}},
volume = {107},
year = {2016}
}


@article{Neto2008,
abstract = {There are several ways to attempt to model a building and its heat gains from external sources as well as internal ones in order to evaluate a proper operation, audit retrofit actions, and forecast energy consumption. Different techniques, varying from simple regression to models that are based on physical principles, can be used for simulation. A frequent hypothesis for all these models is that the input variables should be based on realistic data when they are available, otherwise the evaluation of energy consumption might be highly under or over estimated. In this paper, a comparison is made between a simple model based on artificial neural network (ANN) and a model that is based on physical principles (EnergyPlus) as an auditing and predicting tool in order to forecast building energy consumption. The Administration Building of the University of S{\~{a}}o Paulo is used as a case study. The building energy consumption profiles are collected as well as the campus meteorological data. Results show that both models are suitable for energy consumption forecast. Additionally, a parametric analysis is carried out for the considered building on EnergyPlus in order to evaluate the influence of several parameters such as the building profile occupation and weather data on such forecasting. {\textcopyright} 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Neto, Alberto Hernandez and Fiorelli, Fl{\'{a}}vio Augusto Sanzovo},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Neto, Fiorelli - 2008 - Comparison between detailed model simulation and artificial neural network for forecasting building energy consu.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {Artificial neural network,Building simulation,Energy consumption forecast},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
month = {jan},
number = {12},
pages = {2169--2176},
title = {{Comparison between detailed model simulation and artificial neural network for forecasting building energy consumption}},
volume = {40},
year = {2008}
}


@article{Zhou2013,
abstract = {A distributed energy system is a multi-input and multi-output energy system with substantial energy, economic and environmental benefits. The optimal design of such a complex system under energy demand and supply uncertainty poses significant challenges in terms of both modelling and corresponding solution strategies. This paper proposes a two-stage stochastic programming model for the optimal design of distributed energy systems. A two-stage decomposition based solution strategy is used to solve the optimization problem with genetic algorithm performing the search on the first stage variables and a Monte Carlo method dealing with uncertainty in the second stage. The model is applied to the planning of a distributed energy system in a hotel. Detailed computational results are presented and compared with those generated by a deterministic model. The impacts of demand and supply uncertainty on the optimal design of distributed energy systems are systematically investigated using proposed modelling framework and solution approach. {\textcopyright} 2012 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Zhou, Zhe and Zhang, Jianyun and Liu, Pei and Li, Zheng and Georgiadis, Michael C and Pistikopoulos, Efstratios N},
issn = {03062619},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {Distributed energy system,Genetic algorithm,Stochastic programming,The Monte Carlo method,Uncertainty},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
pages = {135--144},
title = {{A two-stage stochastic programming model for the optimal design of distributed energy systems}},
volume = {103},
year = {2013}
}


@article{dufo2014comparison,
  title={{Comparison of different lead--acid battery lifetime prediction models for use in simulation of stand-alone photovoltaic systems}},
  author={Dufo-L{\'o}pez, Rodolfo and Lujano-Rojas, Juan M and Bernal-Agust{\'\i}n, Jos{\'e} L},
  journal={Applied Energy},
  volume={115},
  pages={242--253},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{Huld2012,
abstract = {The Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) is a web application for the estimation of the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems in Europe and Africa, which has become widely used by the PV community in Europe. We here present the results of adapting the solar radiation data calculated from satellite data in the Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility (CM-SAF) to PVGIS. The CM-SAF solar radiation database is characterized by very low overall bias and shows good accuracy at validation sites. The application to PVGIS brings important improvements relative to the existing solar radiation databases within PVGIS. {\textcopyright} 2012 .},
author = {Huld, Thomas and M{\"{u}}ller, Richard and Gambardella, Attilio},
issn = {0038092X},
journal = {Solar Energy},
keywords = {PV performance estimate,PVGIS,Solar radiation mapping},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
month = {jun},
number = {6},
pages = {1803--1815},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{A new solar radiation database for estimating PV performance in Europe and Africa}},
volume = {86},
year = {2012}
}


@article{Phurailatpam2018,
abstract = {This paper presents planning and optimization of standalone DC microgrids for rural and urban applications in India. Load profiles in the form of a rural village, an urban residential building and a business organisation are considered for the study. Using these load profiles, different microgrid configurations with generation from PV, wind turbine and biodiesel generators are constructed. Optimization studies are then carried out using Homer Energy software to determine the optimal system configuration which has the lowest cost of energy. Historical data of hourly solar irradiation and wind speed were also used in the study to obtain a realistic result. A special case study for the rural scenario with a partial connectivity to the grid is also conducted which is reminiscent to the poor reliability of supply in India. The study also gives a detail comparison between the various cost components, electrical productions, energy management and emissions for each of these systems. The results of optimization show reasonable cost of electricity for reliable supply of power for the various load configurations as compared to the actual grid prices.},
author = {Phurailatpam, Chitaranjan and Rajpurohit, Bharat Singh and Wang, Lingfeng},
\file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Phurailatpam, Rajpurohit, Wang - 2018 - Planning and optimization of autonomous DC microgrids for rural and urban applications in Ind(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {18790690},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {DC Microgrid,Emissions,Homer energy,India,Optimization,Renewable energy,Rural and urban},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
month = {feb},
pages = {194--204},
title = {{Planning and optimization of autonomous DC microgrids for rural and urban applications in India}},
volume = {82},
year = {2018}
}

@article{Castaneda2013,
abstract = {This paper presents a sizing method and different control strategies for the suitable energy management of a stand-alone hybrid system based on photovoltaic (PV) solar panels, hydrogen subsystem and battery. The battery and hydrogen subsystem, which is composed of fuel cell (FC), electrolyzer and hydrogen storage tank, act as energy storage and support system. In order to efficiently utilize the energy sources integrated in the hybrid system, an appropriate sizing is necessary. In this paper, a new sizing method based on Simulink Design Optimization (SDO) of MATLAB was used to perform a technical optimization of the hybrid system components. An analysis cost has been also performed, in that the configuration under study has been compared with those integrating only batteries and only hydrogen system. The dynamic model of the designed hybrid system is detailed in this paper. The models, implemented in MATLAB-Simulink environment, have been designed from commercially available components. Three control strategies based on operating modes and combining technical-economic aspects are considered for the energy management of the hybrid system. They have been designed, primarily, to satisfy the load power demand and, secondarily, to maintain a certain level at the hydrogen tank (hydrogen energy reserve), and at the state of charge (SOC) of the battery bank to extend its life, taking into account also technical-economic analysis. Dynamic simulations were performed to evaluate the configuration, sizing and control strategies for the energy management of the hybrid system under study in this work. Simulation results show that the proposed hybrid system with the presented controls is able to provide the energy demanded by the loads, while maintaining a certain energy reserve in the storage sources. {\textcopyright} 2013, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Casta{\~{n}}eda, Manuel and Cano, Antonio and Jurado, Francisco and S{\'{a}}nchez, Higinio and Fern{\'{a}}ndez, Luis M.},
issn = {03603199},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Battery,Control strategies,Hydrogen,Photovoltaic,Sizing optimization},
mendeley-groups = {4. Analysis HRES optimization/PV-H2-FC optimization},
number = {10},
pages = {3830--3845},
title = {{Sizing optimization, dynamic modeling and energy management strategies of a stand-alone PV/hydrogen/battery-based hybrid system}},
volume = {38},
year = {2013}
}


@Misc{openei,
OPTkey = {•},
author = {{Open Energy Information}},
title = {{Commercial and Residential Hourly Load Profiles for all TMY3 Locations in the United States}},
OPThowpublished = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTyear = {•},
note = {{Available online: \url{http://en.openei.org/datasets/dataset/commercial-and-residential- hourly-load-profiles-for-all-tmy3-\\locations-in-the-united-states}. Accessed: 16th June 2020}},
annote = {}
}

@Misc{inflation,
OPTkey = {•},
author = {{Triami Media BV}},
title = {{Historic inflation Belgium - CPI inflation}},
OPThowpublished = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
year = {2019},
note = {{Available online: \url{inflation.eu/inflation-rates/belgium/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-belgium.aspx}. Accessed: 1st August 2020}},
annote = {}
}

@article{singh2017techno,
  title={{Techno-economic feasibility analysis of hydrogen fuel cell and solar photovoltaic hybrid renewable energy system for academic research building}},
  author={Singh, Anand and Baredar, Prashant and Gupta, Bhupendra},
  journal={Energy Conversion and Management},
  volume={145},
  pages={398--414},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{khiareddine2018sizing,
  title={Sizing methodology for hybrid photovoltaic/wind/hydrogen/battery integrated to energy management strategy for pumping system},
  author={Khiareddine, Abla and Salah, Chokri Ben and Rekioua, Djamila and Mimouni, Mohamed Faouzi},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={153},
  pages={743--762},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{nguyen2017optimal,
  title={{Optimal capacity design of battery and hydrogen system for the DC grid with photovoltaic power generation based on the rapid estimation of grid dependency}},
  author={Nguyen, Thi Hoai Thu and Nakayama, Tomonori and Ishida, Masayoshi},
  journal={International Journal of Electrical Power \& Energy Systems},
  volume={89},
  pages={27--39},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@TechReport{elia,
author = {Elia},
title = {{Electricity scenarios for Belgium towards 2050: Elia's quantified study on the energy transition in 2030 and 2040}},
institution = {Elia},
year = {2017},
}


@article{Engine2019,
abstract = {If more widely deployed, small-scale cogeneration could increase energy efficiency in Europe. Of the two main commercially available technologies—the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the micro Gas Turbine (mGT)—the ICE dominates the market due to its higher electrical efficiency. However, by transforming the mGT into a micro Humid Air Turbine (mHAT), the electrical efficiency of this cycle can increase, thus enhancing its operational flexibility. This paper presents an in-depth policy and economic assessment of the the ICE, mGT and mHAT technologies for dwellings based in Spain, France and Belgium. The hourly demands of average households, the market conditions and the subsidies applicable in each region are considered. The aim is twofold: to evaluate the profitability of the technologies and to assess the cogeneration policies in place. The results show that only the ICE in Brussels is economically viable, despite all units providing positive energy savings in all locations (except mHAT in Spain). Of the three different green certificate schemes offered in Belgium, Brussels is the one leading to the best outcome. Spain awards both capital and operational helps, although auto-consumption is not valued. The same applies to the complex French feed-in tariff. Conclusively, with the current policies, investing in small-scale cogeneration is in general not attractive and its potential efficiency gains remain unveiled.},
author = {{Montero Carrero}, Marina  and S{\'{a}}nchez, Irene Rodr{\'{i}}guez and Paepe, Ward De and Parente, Alessandro and Contino, Francesco},
journal = {Energies},
keywords = {cogeneration,economic analysis,internal combustion,micro gas turbine,policy analysis},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
number = {3},
pages = {1--27},
publisher = {MDPI, Open Access Journal},
title = {{Is There a Future for Small-Scale Cogeneration in Europe ? Economic and Policy Analysis of the Internal Humid Air Turbine Cycles}},
volume = {12},
year = {2019}
}


@article{giorgetti2019,
  title={{Surrogate-Assisted Modeling and Robust Optimization of a Micro Gas Turbine Plant With Carbon Capture}},
  author={Giorgetti, Simone and Coppitters, Diederik and Contino, Francesco and Paepe, Ward De and Bricteux, Laurent and Aversano, Gianmarco and Parente, Alessandro},
  journal={Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power},
  volume={142},
  number={1},
  year={2020},
  publisher={American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection}
}


@inproceedings{abraham2018unc,
author = {Simon Abraham and Panagiotis Tsirikoglou and Chris Lacor and Ghader Ghorbaniasl and Dirk Wunsch and Charles Hirsch and Francesco Contino},
title = {{Uncertainty quantification in industrial turbo-machinery design using sparse polynomial chaos expansions}},
booktitle = {2018 Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference},
pages = {3103, AIAA 2018-3103},
year = {2018}
}

@article{blatman2011adaptive,
  title={{Adaptive sparse polynomial chaos expansion based on least angle regression}},
  author={Blatman, G{\'e}raud and Sudret, Bruno},
  journal={Journal of Computational Physics},
  volume={230},
  number={6},
  pages={2345--2367},
  year={2011},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{owen2017comparison,
  title={{Comparison of surrogate-based uncertainty quantification methods for computationally expensive simulators}},
  author={Owen, NE and Challenor, P and Menon, PP and Bennani, S},
  journal={SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification},
  volume={5},
  number={1},
  pages={403--435},
  year={2017},
  publisher={SIAM}
}

@article{hu2014robust,
  title={Robust design with imprecise random variables and its application in hydrokinetic turbine optimization},
  author={Hu, Zhen and Du, Xiaoping and Kolekar, Nitin S and Banerjee, Arindam},
  journal={Engineering Optimization},
  volume={46},
  number={3},
  pages={393--419},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{coppitters2020robust,
  title={{Robust design optimization and stochastic performance analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system with battery storage and hydrogen storage}},
  author={Coppitters, Diederik and De Paepe, Ward and Contino, Francesco},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={213},
  pages={118798},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{Coppitters2019a,
author = {Coppitters, Diederik and {De Paepe}, Ward and Contino, Francesco},
journal = {Applied Energy},
pages = {310--320},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Surrogate-assisted robust design optimization and global sensitivity analysis of a directly coupled photovoltaic-electrolyzer system under techno-economic uncertainty}},
volume = {248},
year = {2019}
}

@article{kulesza2017comparison,
  title={{Comparison of typical meteorological year and multi-year time series of solar conditions for Belsk, central Poland}},
  author={Kulesza, Kinga},
  journal={Renewable Energy},
  volume={113},
  pages={1135--1140},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{Zhang2017b,
author = {Zhang, Yang and Campana, Pietro Elia and Lundblad, Anders and Yan, Jinyue},
issn = {03062619},
journal = {Applied Energy},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ICAE2019,4. Analysis HRES optimization/PV-H2-FC optimization},
month = {sep},
pages = {397--411},
title = {{Comparative study of hydrogen storage and battery storage in grid connected photovoltaic system: Storage sizing and rule-based operation}},
volume = {201},
year = {2017}
}


@TechReport{ren21status,
  title={Renewables 2020 global status report},
  author={REN21},
institution = {REN21},
year = {2020},
}

@article{yang2015hybrid,
  title={{Hybrid reliability analysis with both random and probability-box variables}},
  author={Yang, Xufeng and Liu, Yongshou and Zhang, Yishang and Yue, Zhufeng},
  journal={Acta Mechanica},
  volume={226},
  number={5},
  pages={1341--1357},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Springer}
}


@article{luthander2015photovoltaic,
  title={{Photovoltaic self-consumption in buildings: A review}},
  author={Luthander, Rasmus and Wid{\'e}n, Joakim and Nilsson, Daniel and Palm, Jenny},
  journal={Applied energy},
  volume={142},
  pages={80--94},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@Article{eusmalltech,
author = {Hofmeister, M and  Guddat, M},
title = {{Techno-economic projections until 2050 for smaller heating and cooling technologies in the residential and tertiary sectors in the EU}},
journal = { Joint Research Centre (European Commission)},
year = {2017},
OPTkey = {•},
OPTvolume = {•},
OPTnumber = {•},
OPTpages = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTnote = {•},
OPTannote = {•}
}


@inproceedings{Saeed2015,
abstract = {This study aims to analyze a renewable proton exchange membrane PEM fuel cell system, by dividing it into four subsystems (PEM fuel cells as the main power source, PEM electrolyser as hydrogen producer, photovoltaic modules as the renewable source that supplies the electrolyser, and hydrogen tank). Then, a mathematical model of each subsystem is simulated in MATLAB to get the operational curves, which are used to design a 1 kW fuel cell system starting with calculating the amount of hydrogen needed by the fuel cells to work continuously, then the size of the water electrolyser used to produce this hydrogen, and the energy needed for electrolysis process. Then, estimating the enough power of the PV modules to provide this energy, according to the solar irradiance in Damascus city, and finally determine the size of hydrogen tank used to store the extra necessary hydrogen to keep fuel cells supply uninterrupted power among the whole year.},
author = {Saeed, Waseem and Warkozek, Eng. Ghaith},
booktitle = {Energy Procedia},
isbn = {18766102},
issn = {18766102},
keywords = {Electrolyser,Fuel Cell,Hydrogen,PEM,Photovoltaic},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox,papers/ICAE2019},
month = {aug},
pages = {87--101},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Modeling and Analysis of Renewable PEM Fuel Cell System}},
volume = {74},
year = {2015}
}

@TechReport{iea2019,
author = {{International Energy Agency}},
title = {{Renewables 2019: Analysis and forecast to 2024}},
institution = {International Energy Agency},
year = {2019},
OPTkey = {•},
OPTtype = {•},
OPTnumber = {•},
OPTaddress = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTnote = {•},
OPTannote = {•}
}

@TechReport{iea2018,
author = {},
title = {{Renewables 2018: Market analysis and forecast from 2018 to 2023}},
institution = {International Energy Agency},
year = {2018},
OPTkey = {•},
OPTtype = {•},
OPTnumber = {•},
OPTaddress = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTnote = {•},
OPTannote = {•}
}


@article{pellow2015hydrogen,
  title={{Hydrogen or batteries for grid storage? A net energy analysis}},
  author={Pellow, Matthew A and Emmott, Christopher JM and Barnhart, Charles J and Benson, Sally M},
  journal={Energy \& Environmental Science},
  volume={8},
  number={7},
  pages={1938--1952},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry}
}

@article{Al-falahi2017,
abstract = {Electricity demand in remote and island areas are generally supplied by diesel or other fossil fuel based generation systems. Nevertheless, due to the increasing cost and harmful emissions of fossil fuels there is a growing trend to use standalone hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs). Due to the complementary characteristics, matured technologies and availability in most areas, hybrid systems with solar and wind energy have become the popular choice in such applications. However, the intermittency and high net present cost are the challenges associated with solar and wind energy systems. In this context, optimal sizing is a key factor to attain a reliable supply at a low cost through these standalone systems. Therefore, there has been a growing interest to develop algorithms for size optimization in standalone HRESs. The optimal sizing methodologies reported so far can be broadly categorized as classical algorithms, modern techniques and software tools. Modern techniques, based on single artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, are becoming more popular than classical algorithms owing to their capabilities in solving complex optimization problems. Moreover, in recent years, there has been a clear trend to use hybrid algorithms over single algorithms mainly due to their ability to provide more promising optimization results. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review on recent developments in size optimization methodologies, as well as a critical comparison of single algorithms, hybrid algorithms, and software tools used for sizing standalone solar and wind HRES. In addition, an evaluation of all the possible combinations of standalone solar and wind energy systems, including their assessment parameters of economical, reliability, environmental, and social aspects, are also presented.},
author = {Al-falahi, Monaaf D.A. and Jayasinghe, S. D.G. and Enshaei, H.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/Downloads/1-s2.0-S0196890417303230-main.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0196-8904},
issn = {01968904},
journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
keywords = {Hybrid energy system,Off-grid,Optimization,Renewable energy sources,Solar,Standalone,Wind},
mendeley-groups = {4. Analysis HRES optimization/HRES optimization},
month = {jul},
pages = {252--274},
title = {{A review on recent size optimization methodologies for standalone solar and wind hybrid renewable energy system}},
volume = {143},
year = {2017}
}


@article{Tezer2017a,
abstract = {Energy resources are an irreplaceable life resource in the current world, with the use and management of these an important indicator of development. In parallel to the developing world economy, the increase in the use of energy resources is increasingly consuming existing fossil sources and also increasing the amount of greenhouse gas released into the atmosphere. As a result of resulting material and environmental concerns, renewable energy resources have begun to be used as alternative energy resources. These resources have advantages such as sustainability and environmental friendliness, in addition to having disadvantages such as higher investment costs and also system reliability is insufficient to provide for continuous demand for energy. To resolve these disadvantages, hybrid systems have been developed involving the use of more than one type of renewable energy resource and/or use with traditional energy resources and/or integration with storage systems. The use of these systems requires finding the solution to optimization problems including one or more objectives such as sizing the system to minimize energy costs, system management to balance the uncertainty of energy produced or reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This article was prepared with the aim of investigating optimization techniques developed from past to present to solve this problem and especially to determine the efficacy of multi-objective optimization approaches.},
author = {Tezer, Tuba and Yaman, Ramazan and Yaman, G{\"{u}}lşen},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tezer, Yaman, Yaman - 2017 - Evaluation of approaches used for optimization of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems.pdf:pdf},
issn = {18790690},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Hybrid renewable energy systems,Multiobjective optimization,Pareto optimum,SA-HRES,Stand-alone},
mendeley-groups = {4. Analysis HRES optimization/HRES optimization},
pages = {840--853},
title = {{Evaluation of approaches used for optimization of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems}},
volume = {73},
year = {2017}
}



@article{Gimelli2017,
abstract = {The widespread adoption of combined heat and power generation is widely recognized as a strategic goal to achieve significant primary energy savings and lower carbon dioxide emissions. In this context, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the potential of cogeneration based on reciprocating gas engines for some Italian hospital buildings. Comparative analyses have been conducted based on the load profiles of two specific hospital facilities and through the study of the cogeneration system-user interaction. To this end, a specific methodology has been set up by coupling a specifically developed calculation algorithm to a genetic optimization algorithm, and a multi-objective approach has been adopted. The results from the optimization problem highlight a clear trade-off between total primary energy savings (TPES) and simple payback period (SPB). Optimized plant configurations and management strategies show TPES exceeding 18{\%} for the reference hospital facilities and multi–gas engine solutions along with a minimum SPB of approximately three years, thereby justifying the European regulation promoting cogeneration. However, designing a CHP plant for a specific energetic, legislative or market scenario does not guarantee good performance when these scenarios change. For this reason, the proposed methodology has been enhanced in order to focus on some innovative aspects. In particular, this study proposes an uncommon and effective approach to identify the most stable plant solutions through a multi-objective robust design optimization. In particular, the sensitivity of the expected results to possible difficulties in finding commercially available CHP gas engines with sizes reasonably close to the optimal numerical solutions has been estimated. The results indicate that the economic sensitivity is often higher than the energetic sensitivity for most of the optimal solutions, with standard deviation accounting up to 7{\%} of its mean value for the SPB, whereas that percentage is always under 3{\%} for the TPES. Furthermore, the research highlights how the expected results obtained through a deterministic definition of the input decision variables could be overestimated compared to the robust design approach. The proposed research also highlights how optimized CHP plants can be characterized by reasonable levels of energetic and economic sensitivity to changes in the following variable quantities: selling price of electricity, reference efficiency of the Italian thermoelectric generation and selling price of the energy efficiency certificates recognized by the Italian legislation. Indeed, Pareto optimal solutions indicate that the standard deviation for the SPB is always less than 3.5{\%} of its mean value, while this percentage is always under 7{\%} for the TPES.},
author = {Gimelli, A. and Muccillo, M. and Sannino, R.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Gimelli, Muccillo, Sannino - 2017 - Optimal design of modular cogeneration plants for hospital facilities and robustness evaluation of t.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01968904},
journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
keywords = {Combined heat and power,Hospital facilities,Internal combustion engine,Multi-objective optimization,Robust design optimization,Sensitivity analysis},
mendeley-groups = {4. Analysis HRES optimization/HRES optimization uncertain},
month = {feb},
pages = {20--31},
title = {{Optimal design of modular cogeneration plants for hospital facilities and robustness evaluation of the results}},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S019689041631113X},
volume = {134},
year = {2017}
}



@article{Eriksson2017,
abstract = {Electricity generation presents the biggest opportunity to lower CO2emissions and it is foreseen that hydrogen energy technology will play an important role in realising the scenario to cap global warming at 2 °C through replacement of fossil fuels with renewables. The transition to electric power for transport in battery- and fuel-cell-electric vehicles will further increase the need for low-carbon electricity generation. For a successful transition to a renewable energy economy the traditional approach of designing energy systems to meet only goals related to the technology (capacity, availability, reliability) and economics (return on investment, cost to the consumer) must evolve to take on a more holistic viewpoint and be able to take into account other goals addressing environmental and social considerations. This paper reviews approaches for integrating hydrogen energy technology into hybrid energy systems, emphasising electricity generation using a hydrogen fuel cell. Integration of energy storage, sizing methodologies, energy flow management and their associated optimization algorithms and software implementation are addressed. Few published case studies go beyond technical considerations. This reality is discussed in the light of available software packages. A four-dimensional multi-objective meta-heuristic function is proposed with weighting of technical, economic, environmental and socio-political factors to suit the design goals for the energy system.},
author = {Eriksson, E. L.V. and Gray, E. Mac A.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eriksson, Gray - 2017 - Optimization and integration of hybrid renewable energy hydrogen fuel cell energy systems – A critical review.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0306-2619},
issn = {03062619},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {Design constraints,Design methodology,Electrolyser,Fuel cell,Genetic algorithm,Hydrogen,Hydrogen fuel cell energy systems,Integration,Microgrid,Optimisation,Renewable energy,Software tools,System integration},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ICAE2018,4. Analysis HRES optimization/HRES-H2 optimization,4. Analysis HRES optimization/HRES optimization,4. Analysis HRES optimization/PV-H2-FC optimization},
month = {sep},
pages = {348--364},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Optimization and integration of hybrid renewable energy hydrogen fuel cell energy systems – A critical review}},
volume = {202},
year = {2017}
}


@article{Marangio2009,
abstract = {This work aims at analysing the performances of a prototype of a high pressure Polymer Electrolyte Membrane water electrolyser. The whole work was funded in the framework of the Italian FISR (Research special supplementary funding) project. The high pressure electrolyser prototype was manufactured by Giner Inc. (Massachusetts, USA), whereas the test bench was expressly designed and built thanks to the collaboration with LAQ INTESE (High Quality Laboratory - Technological Innovation for Energetic Sustainability) and with Sapio SpA (Monza, Milan, Italy). An electrochemical model of the electrolyser stack is developed, which calculates the theoretical open-circuit voltage via a thermodynamic analysis of the process, and then obtains the expected real voltage during operation by calculating the different overvoltages as function of the current. The final result of the model is a theoretical polarisation curve. Experimental results are then presented and compared with the model theoretical results, and thanks to an experimental data fitting it is possible to obtain the estimated values of some important process parameters and their trend in different temperature and pressure conditions. {\textcopyright} 2008 International Association for Hydrogen Energy.},
author = {Marangio, F. and Santarelli, M. and Cal{\`{i}}, M.},
issn = {03603199},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Experimental,High pressure water electrolysis,Hydrogen production,Modelling},
mendeley-groups = {2. Advanced HRES system modelling/electrolyser model},
number = {3},
pages = {1143--1158},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Theoretical model and experimental analysis of a high pressure PEM water electrolyser for hydrogen production}},
volume = {34},
year = {2009}
}


@inproceedings{Stein2016,
abstract = {PVLIB is a set of open source modeling functions that allow users to simulate most aspects of PV system performance. The functions, in Matlab and Python, are freely available under a BSD 3 clause open source license. The Matlab version is maintained by Sandia and is available on the PV Performance Modeling Collaborative (PVPMC) website (pvpmc.sandia.gov). The Python version is available on GitHub with packages easily installable through conda and pip. New functions were released on the Matlab version 1.3 in January 2016 and are actively being ported to Python.},
author = {Stein, Joshua S. and Holmgren, William F. and Forbess, Jessica and Hansen, Clifford W.},
booktitle = {2017 IEEE 44th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, PVSC 2017},
isbn = {9781509056057},
pages = {1--6},
publisher = {IEEE},
title = {{PVLIB: Open source photovoltaic performance modeling functions for Matlab and Python}},
year = {2017}
}


@article{Gorgun2006,
abstract = {This paper describes a dynamic model for PEM electrolyzer based on conservation of mole balance at the anode and the cathode. A further feature of the model is it includes water phenomena, electro-osmotic drag and diffusion, through the membrane. The model considers PEM electrolyzer to be composed of four ancillaries: anode, cathode, membrane and voltage ancillary. Additionally, hydrogen storage dynamics is presented. The developed model is suitable for determining control strategy that will ensure efficient and reliable operation of the electrolyzer. Moreover, the dynamic model can be integrated with renewable energy systems models to design, analyze and optimize sustainable energy systems. The study illustrates the dynamic interactions within a PEM electrolyzer and shows the necessity of the proposed approach of separate ancillaries. {\textcopyright} 2005 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {G{\"{o}}rg{\"{u}}n, Haluk},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
number = {1},
pages = {29--38},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Dynamic modelling of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer}},
volume = {31},
year = {2006}
}


@article{Abdin2015,
abstract = {An enhanced model of a PEM electrolyser cell is presented, based on linked modular mathematical models of the anode, cathode, membrane and cell voltage. In addition to predicting the overall equilibrium electrolyser cell performance, based on parameters related to the materials of construction and the configuration of its components, the model is a powerful tool for exploring control strategies and understanding the contributions to cell voltage from the various internal components as a guide to researchers aiming for improved performance.},
author = {Abdin, Z. and Webb, C. J. and Gray, E. Maca},
issn = {03603199},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Anode,Cathode,Electrolyser,Modelling,Overpotential,PEM},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox,2. Advanced HRES system modelling/fuel cell},
month = {oct},
number = {39},
pages = {13243--13257},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Modelling and simulation of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser cell}},
volume = {40},
year = {2015}
}


@article{murugesan2013investigation,
  title={{Investigation of water management dynamics on the performance of a Ballard-Mark-V proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack system}},
  author={Murugesan, Karthik and Senniappan, Vijayachitra},
  journal={Int. J. Electrochem. Sci},
  volume={8},
  pages={7885--7904},
  year={2013}
}

@Manual{sunpower240,
title = {{X-Series residential solar panels: supplementary technical specifications}},
OPTkey = {•},
author = {Sunpower},
OPTorganization = {•},
OPTaddress = {•},
OPTedition = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTyear = {•},
OPTnote = {•},
OPTannote = {•}
}

@article{Blaifi2016,
abstract = {Modeling of batteries in photovoltaic systems has been a major issue related to the random dynamic regime imposed by the changes of solar irradiation and ambient temperature added to the complexity of battery electrochemical and electrical behaviors. However, various approaches have been proposed to model the battery behavior by predicting from detailed electrochemical, electrical or analytical models to high-level stochastic models. In this paper, an improvement of dynamic electrical battery model is proposed by automatic parameter extraction using genetic algorithm in order to give usefulness and future implementation for practical application. It is highlighted that the enhancement of 21 values of the parameters of CEIMAT model presents a good agreement with real measurements for different modes like charge or discharge and various conditions.},
author = {Blaifi, S. and Moulahoum, S. and Colak, I. and Merrouche, W.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd/Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/1-s2.0-S0306261916301969-main.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03062619},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {Genetic algorithm (GA),Lead-acid battery,Photovoltaic Systems (PVS),Stand-alone systems},
month = {may},
pages = {888--898},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{An enhanced dynamic model of battery using genetic algorithm suitable for photovoltaic applications}},
volume = {169},
year = {2016}
}


@article{DeOliveiraeSilva2016,
abstract = {With distributed generation of electricity growing in importance (especially with photovoltaics) and buildings being one of the main consumers of energy in modern societies, distributed storage of energy in buildings is expected to become increasingly present. This paper analyses the use of residential lead–acid energy storage coupled with photovoltaics and its possible interaction with the grid for different limits of feed-in power without any support policies. In the literature, these subjects are often treated independently and for very specific, non-optimised cases, thus motivating further research. Results show that reaching self-sufficiency values up to 40{\%} is possible, close to grid parity values, and only with photovoltaics. Beyond 40{\%}, energy storage must be used, strongly raising the cost of the electricity consumed and therefore the need for support policies for widespread adoption. Also, peak power consumption from the grid remains constant and load variability rises, suggesting that an increase in self-sufficiency would be accompanied by lower utilisation factors of power plants and, consequently, higher wholesale electricity prices during no sunshine hours. Limiting feed-in power attenuates the increased load variability and only slightly affects the economic viability of such installations. These results present a novel optimisation tool for developers and should be considered in future studies of distributed photovoltaics and energy storage as well as in energy policy.},
author = {{de Oliveira e Silva}, Guilherme and Hendrick, Patrick},
issn = {03062619},
journal = {Applied Energy},
keywords = {Distributed energy storage,Home energy storage,Lead–acid battery energy storage,Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE),Photovoltaics (PV),Self-sufficiency},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
month = {sep},
pages = {856--867},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Lead–acid batteries coupled with photovoltaics for increased electricity self-sufficiency in households}},
volume = {178},
year = {2016}
}


@article{DeSoto2006,
author = {{De Soto}, W and Klein, S A and Beckman, W A},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/De Soto, Klein, Beckman - 2005 - Improvement and validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0038092X},
journal = {Solar Energy},
keywords = {I-V curves,PV cells,Performance,Photovoltaic cells,Prediction,Solar energy},
mendeley-groups = {papers/ICAE2019},
number = {1},
pages = {78--88},
title = {{Improvement and validation of a model for photovoltaic array performance}},
volume = {80},
year = {2006}
}


@article{pvlib,
  title={pvlib python: a python package for modeling solar energy systems},
  author={Holmgren, William F and Hansen, Clifford W and Mikofski, Mark A},
  journal={The Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume={3},
  pages={884},
  year={2018}
}

@Article{Meteonorm,
author = {Meteotest},
title = {{Handbook part II: Theory}},
journal = {Global Meteorological Database Version 7. Software and Data for Engineers, Planers and Education},
year = {2017},
OPTkey = {•},
OPTvolume = {•},
OPTnumber = {•},
OPTpages = {•},
OPTmonth = {•},
OPTnote = {•},
OPTannote = {•}
}

@article{dincer2015review,
  title={Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability},
  author={Dincer, Ibrahim and Acar, Canan},
  journal={International journal of hydrogen energy},
  volume={40},
  number={34},
  pages={11094--11111},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{mehmeti2018life,
  title={Life cycle assessment and water footprint of hydrogen production methods: from conventional to emerging technologies},
  author={Mehmeti, Andi and Angelis-Dimakis, Athanasios and Arampatzis, George and McPhail, Stephen and Ulgiati, Sergio},
  journal={Environments},
  volume={5},
  number={2},
  pages={24},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}
}

@article{Mohammadi2018,
abstract = {Fossil fuels cannot provide all the required energy in future due to their exhaustibility. Their utilization also leads to huge environmental problems. Therefore, it is vital to find a new inexhaustible and clean source of energy which could be easily stored and transported. Hydrogen produced by renewable energy sources has all the above mentioned advantages. There are many hydrogen production methods which could be coupled with renewable energy sources. Among them, electrolysis process is the most mature one. In this paper, a review is performed on different methods of coupling electrolyzer systems with different renewable energy sources, including solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean thermal energy conversion system and hydroelectric energy. The focus of this study is on how these systems can be integrated and which one has the highest total efficiency. Finally, cost of hydrogen production by different energy sources is compared.},
author = {Mohammadi, Amin and Mehrpooya, Mehdi},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Mohammadi, Mehrpooya - 2018 - A comprehensive review on coupling different types of electrolyzer to renewable energy sources.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03605442},
journal = {Energy},
keywords = {Coupling strategies,Economic analysis,Electrolyzer,Hydrogen production,Renewable energy},
mendeley-groups = {4. Analysis HRES optimization/HRES-H2 optimization},
pages = {632--655},
title = {{A comprehensive review on coupling different types of electrolyzer to renewable energy sources}},
volume = {158},
year = {2018}
}


@article{olateju2016techno,
  title={{A techno-economic assessment of hydrogen production from hydropower in Western Canada for the upgrading of bitumen from oil sands}},
  author={Olateju, Babatunde and Kumar, Amit},
  journal={Energy},
  volume={115},
  pages={604--614},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{al2013energy,
  title={Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes},
  author={Al-Karaghouli, Ali and Kazmerski, Lawrence L},
  journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume={24},
  pages={343--356},
  year={2013},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{zakeri2015electrical,
  title={{Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis}},
  author={Zakeri, Behnam and Syri, Sanna},
  journal={Renewable and sustainable energy reviews},
  volume={42},
  pages={569--596},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{Fadaee2012,
abstract = {Hybrid renewable energy system has been introduced as a green and reliable power system for remote areas. There is a steady increase in usage of hybrid renewable energy units and consequently optimization problem solving for this system is a necessity. In recent years, researchers are interested in using multi-objective optimization methods for this issue. Therefore, in the present study, an overview of applied multi-objective methods by using evolutionary algorithms for hybrid renewable energy systems was proposed to help the present and future research works. The result shows that there are a few studies about optimization of many objects in a hybrid system by these algorithms and the most popular applied methods are genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. ?? 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Fadaee, M. and Radzi, M. A M},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fadaee, Radzi - 2012 - Multi-objective optimization of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system by using evolutionary algorithms A r.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1364-0321},
issn = {13640321},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Evolutionary algorithms,Hybrid system,Multi-objective optimization,Renewable energy,Stand-alone},
mendeley-groups = {3. surrogate-assisted RDO framework/optimization/DDO,4. Analysis HRES optimization/HRES optimization},
number = {5},
pages = {3364--3369},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Multi-objective optimization of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system by using evolutionary algorithms: A review}},
volume = {16},
year = {2012}
}

@article{bertsimas2004price,
  title={The price of robustness},
  author={Bertsimas, Dimitris and Sim, Melvyn},
  journal={Operations research},
  volume={52},
  number={1},
  pages={35--53},
  year={2004},
  publisher={Informs}
}

@article{soyster1973convex,
  title={Convex programming with set-inclusive constraints and applications to inexact linear programming},
  author={Soyster, Allen L},
  journal={Operations research},
  volume={21},
  number={5},
  pages={1154--1157},
  year={1973},
  publisher={INFORMS}
}

@misc{taguchitaguchi,
  title={Taguchi on Robust Technology Development. Bringing Quality Engineering Upstream},
  year = {1993},
  author={Taguchi, G},
  publisher={ASME Press, New York}
}

@article{tugirumubano2017analysis,
  title={Analysis of the parametric effect on the performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer},
  author={Tugirumubano, Alexandre and Kwac, Lee Ku and Lee, Min Sang and Lee, Jun Hyoung and Lee, Jeong Jin and Jeon, Sol Ah and Jeong, Hyo Nam and Kim, Hong Gun},
  journal={International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research},
  volume={6},
  number={1},
  pages={1--5},
  year={2017},
  publisher={International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research}
}
@phdthesis{Paul2009,
abstract = {Renewable energy-hydrogen systems for remote area power supply (RAPS) constitute an early niche market for sustainable hydrogen energy. The primary objective of this research has been to investigate the possibility of direct coupling of a PV array to a pr},
author = {Paul, B},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Paul et al. - 2009 - Direct-coupling of the photovoltaic array and PEM electrolyser in solar-hydrogen systems for remote area power supp.pdf:pdf},
keywords = {Solar energy},
mendeley-groups = {4. Analysis HRES optimization/PV-H2 optimization},
school = {RMIT University},
title = {{Direct-coupling of the photovoltaic array and PEM electrolyser in solar-hydrogen systems for remote area power supply}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Clarke2009,
abstract = {Hydrogen as an energy currency, carrier and storage medium may be a key component of the solution to problems of global warming, poor air quality and dwindling reserves of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Hydrogen is a flexible storage medium and can be generated by the electrolysis of water. It is particularly advantageous if an electrolyser may be simply and efficiently coupled to a source of renewable electrical energy. This paper examines direct coupling of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyser to a matched solar photovoltaic (PV) source for hydrogen generation and storage. Such direct coupling with minimum interfacing electronics would lead to substantial cost reduction and thereby enhance the economic viability of solar-hydrogen systems. The electrolyser is designed for fail-safe operation with multiple levels of safety and operational redundancy. A control system in the electrolyser unit provides for disconnection when required and for auto-start in the morning and auto shut-down at night, simultaneously addressing the goals of minimum energy loss and maximum safety. The PV system is a 2.4 kW array (20.4 m2 total area) comprising 30, 12 V, 80 W, Solarex polycrystalline modules in a series-parallel configuration. The integrated system has been operated for approximately 60 days over a 4-month period from September 2007 to January 2008 with many periods of unattended operation for multiple days, experiencing weather ranging from hot and sunny (above 40 ??C) to cool and cloudy. The principle and practicality of direct coupling of a suitably matched PV array and PEM electrolyser have been successfully demonstrated. Details of electrolyser operation coupled to a PV array along with modelling work to match current-voltage characteristics of the electrolyser and PV system are described. Crown Copyright ?? 2009.},
author = {Clarke, R E and Giddey, S and Ciacchi, F T and Badwal, S P S and Paul, B and Andrews, J},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Clarke et al. - 2009 - Direct coupling of an electrolyser to a solar PV system for generating hydrogen.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0360-3199},
issn = {03603199},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Direct coupling,Hydrogen,PEM electrolyser,PV array,Renewable energy,Solar energy,Sustainable energy},
mendeley-groups = {4. Analysis HRES optimization/PV-H2 optimization},
number = {6},
pages = {2531--2542},
title = {{Direct coupling of an electrolyser to a solar PV system for generating hydrogen}},
volume = {34},
year = {2009}
}

@article{Sayedin2016,
abstract = {Solar energy will make a valuable contribution for power generation in the future. However the intermittency of solar energy has become an important issue in the utilization of PV system, especially small scale distributed solar energy conversion systems. The issue can be addressed through the management of production and storage of the energy in the form of hydrogen. The hydrogen can be produced by solar photovoltaic (PV) powered electrolysis of water. The amount of transferred energy to an electrolyzer from a PV module is a function of the distance between maximum power points (MPP) of PV module and the electrolyzer operating points. The distance can be minimized by optimizing the number of series and parallel units of the electrolyzer. However the maximum power points are subject to PV module characteristics, solar irradiation and ambient temperature. This means the climate condition can substantially influence the MPP and therefore the optimal size of the PV-Electrolyzer (PV/EL) system. On the other hand, system size can affect the levelized cost of hydrogen production as well. In this paper, the impact of climate conditions on the optimal size and operating conditions of a direct coupled photovoltaic-electrolyzer system has been studied. For this purpose, the optimal size of electrolyzer for six cities which have different climate condition is obtained by considering two solution scenarios, regarding two objectives which are annual energy transfer loss and levelized costs of hydrogen production and then the optimal results for these cities are compared. The results show that the climate condition can strongly affect the size of the electrolyzer, the annual hydrogen production and consequently, both the levelized costs of hydrogen production and annual energy transfer loss. Moreover, it is found out that the solar to hydrogen efficiency of the optimal systems regarding these cities are different based on the solution scenarios, the characteristics of PV output power and the configuration of optimal electrolyzer configuration and placement.},
author = {Sayedin, Farid and Maroufmashat, Azadeh and Sattari, Sourena and Elkamel, Ali and Fowler, Michael},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Sayedin et al. - 2016 - Optimization of Photovoltaic Electrolyzer Hybrid systems taking into account the effect of climate conditions.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01968904},
journal = {Energy Conversion and Management},
keywords = {Climate effect,Direct coupling of photovoltaic-electrolyzer syste,Economic and technical performance,Levelized cost,Optimal design,Solar hydrogen production},
mendeley-groups = {4. Analysis HRES optimization/PV-H2 optimization},
pages = {438--449},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Optimization of Photovoltaic Electrolyzer Hybrid systems; Taking into account the effect of climate conditions}},
volume = {118},
year = {2016}
}

@article{Chatterjee2017,
abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2017 CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain Robust design optimization (RDO) has been eminent, ascertaining optimal configuration of engineering systems in presence of uncertainties. However, computational aspect of conventional RDO can often get computationally intensive as neighborhood assessments of every solution are required to compute the performance variance and ensure feasibility. Surrogate assisted optimization is one of the efficient approaches in order to mitigate this issue of computational expense. However, the performance of a surrogate model plays a key factor in determining the optima in multi-modal and highly non-linear landscapes, in presence of uncertainties. In other words, the approximation accuracy of the model is principal in yielding the actual optima and thus, avoiding any misguide to the decision maker on the basis of false or, local optimum points. Therefore, an extensive survey has been carried out by employing most of the well-known surrogate models in the framework of RDO. It is worth mentioning that the numerical study has revealed consistent performance of a model out of all the surrogates utilized. Finally, the best performing model has been utilized in solving a large-scale practical RDO problem. All the results have been compared with that of Monte Carlo simulation results.},
author = {Chatterjee, Tanmoy and Chakraborty, Souvik and Chowdhury, Rajib},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chatterjee, Chakraborty, Chowdhury - 2017 - A Critical Review of Surrogate Assisted Robust Design Optimization.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0123456789},
issn = {18861784},
journal = {Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering},
pages = {1--30},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
title = {{A Critical Review of Surrogate Assisted Robust Design Optimization}},
year = {2017}
}

@article{Maheri2014,
abstract = {Optimal design of a standalone wind-PV-diesel hybrid system is a multi-objective optimisation problem with conflicting objectives of cost and reliability. Uncertainties in renewable resources, demand load and power modelling make deterministic methods of multi-objective optimisation fall short in optimal design of standalone hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES). Firstly, deterministic methods of analysis, even in the absence of uncertainties in cost modelling, do not predict the levelised cost of energy accurately. Secondly, since these methods ignore the random variations in parameters, they cannot be used to quantify the second objective, reliability of the system in supplying power. It is shown that for a given site and uncertainties profile, there exist an optimum margin of safety, applicable to the peak load, which can be used to size the diesel generator towards designing a cost-effective and reliable system. However, this optimum value is problem dependent and cannot be obtained deterministically. For two design scenarios, namely, finding the most reliable system subject to a constraint on the cost and finding the most cost-effective system subject to constraints on reliability measures, two algorithms are proposed to find the optimum margin of safety. The robustness of the proposed design methodology is shown through carrying out two design case studies. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Maheri, Alireza},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Maheri - 2014 - Multi-objective design optimisation of standalone hybrid wind-PV-diesel systems under uncertainties.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {09601481},
issn = {09601481},
journal = {Renewable Energy},
keywords = {Design under uncertainties,Hybrid renewable energy systems,Multiobjective optimisation,Probabilistic reliability analysis,Wind-PV-diesel},
mendeley-groups = {4. Analysis RDO HRES results/RDO linear models},
pages = {650--661},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Multi-objective design optimisation of standalone hybrid wind-PV-diesel systems under uncertainties}},
volume = {66},
year = {2014}
}

@article{Kamjoo2016,
abstract = {The optimum design of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) depends on different economical, environmental and performance related criteria which are often conflicting objectives. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) provides a decision support mechanism in solving multi-objective problems and providing a set of non-dominated solutions where finding an absolute optimum solution is not possible. The present study uses NSGA-II algorithm in the design of a standalone HRES comprising wind turbine, PV panel and battery bank with the (economic) objective of minimum system total cost and (performance) objective of maximum reliability. To address the uncertainties in renewable resources (wind speed and solar irradiance), an innovative method is proposed which is based on Chance Constrained Programming (CCP). A case study is used to validate the proposed method, where the results obtained are compared with the conventional method of incorporating uncertainties using Monte Carlo simulation.},
author = {Kamjoo, Azadeh and Maheri, Alireza and Dizqah, Arash M and Putrus, Ghanim A},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kamjoo et al. - 2016 - ) Multi-objective design under uncertainties of hybrid renewable energy system using NSGA-II and chance constrain.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0142-0615},
issn = {01420615},
journal = {International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems},
keywords = {Chance constrained programming,Design under uncertainties,Multi-objective optimisation,NSGA-II,Reliability,Standalone hybrid wind-PV-battery},
mendeley-groups = {FRIA},
number = {1},
pages = {187--194},
pmid = {11493866},
title = {{Multi-objective design under uncertainties of hybrid renewable energy system using NSGA-II and chance constrained programming}},
volume = {74},
year = {2016}
}


@article{Shaner2016,
abstract = {A technoeconomic analysis of photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photovoltaic-electrolytic (PV-E) solar-hydrogen production of 10 000 kg H2 day-1 (3.65 kilotons per year) was performed to assess the economics of each technology, and to provide a basis for comparison between these technologies as well as within the broader energy landscape. Two PEC systems, differentiated primarily by the extent of solar concentration (unconcentrated and 10? concentrated) and two PV-E systems, differentiated by the degree of grid connectivity (unconnected and grid supplemented), were analyzed. In each case, a base-case system that used established designs and materials was compared to prospective systems that might be envisioned and developed in the future with the goal of achieving substantially lower overall system costs. With identical overall plant efficiencies of 9.8percent, the unconcentrated PEC and non-grid connected PV-E system base-case capital expenses for the rated capacity of 3.65 kilotons H2 per year were {\$}205 MM ({\$}293 per m2 of solar collection area (mS-2), {\$}14.7 WH2,P-1) and {\$}260 MM ({\$}371 mS-2, {\$}18.8 WH2,P-1), respectively. The untaxed, plant-gate levelized costs for the hydrogen product (LCH) were {\$}11.4 kg-1 and {\$}12.1 kg-1 for the base-case PEC and PV-E systems, respectively. The 10? concentrated PEC base-case system capital cost was {\$}160 MM ({\$}428 mS-2, {\$}11.5 WH2,P-1) and for an efficiency of 20percent the LCH was {\$}9.2 kg-1. Likewise, the grid supplemented base-case PV-E system capital cost was {\$}66 MM ({\$}441 mS-2, {\$}11.5 WH2,P-1), and with solar-to-hydrogen and grid electrolysis system efficiencies of 9.8percent and 61percent, respectively, the LCH was {\$}6.1 kg-1. As a benchmark, a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) based grid-connected electrolysis system was analyzed. Assuming a system efficiency of 61percent and a grid electricity cost of {\$}0.07 kWh-1, the LCH was {\$}5.5 kg-1. A sensitivity analysis indicated that, relative to the base-case, increases in the system efficiency could effect the greatest cost reductions for all systems, due to the areal dependencies of many of the components. The balance-of-systems (BoS) costs were the largest factor in differentiating the PEC and PV-E systems. No single or combination of technical advancements based on currently demonstrated technology can provide sufficient cost reductions to allow solar hydrogen to directly compete on a levelized cost basis with hydrogen produced from fossil energy. Specifically, a cost of CO2 greater than ?{\$}800 (ton CO2)-1 was estimated to be necessary for base-case PEC hydrogen to reach price parity with hydrogen derived from steam reforming of methane priced at {\$}12 GJ-1 ({\$}1.39 (kg H2)-1). A comparison with low CO2 and CO2-neutral energy sources indicated that base-case PEC hydrogen is not currently cost-competitive with electrolysis using electricity supplied by nuclear power or from fossil-fuels in conjunction with carbon capture and storage. Solar electricity production and storage using either batteries or PEC hydrogen technologies are currently an order of magnitude greater in cost than electricity prices with no clear advantage to either battery or hydrogen storage as of yet. Significant advances in PEC technology performance and system cost reductions are necessary to enable cost-effective PEC-derived solar hydrogen for use in scalable grid-storage applications as well as for use as a chemical feedstock precursor to CO2-neutral high energy-density transportation fuels. Hence such applications are an opportunity for foundational research to contribute to the development of disruptive approaches to solar fuels generation systems that can offer higher performance at much lower cost than is provided by current embodiments of solar fuels generators. Efforts to directly reduce CO2 photoelectrochemically or electrochemically could potentially produce products with higher value than hydrogen, but many, as yet unmet, challenges include catalytic efficiency and selectivity, and CO2 mass transport rates and feedstock cost. Major breakthroughs are required to obtain viable economic costs for solar hydrogen production, but the barriers to achieve cost-competitiveness with existing large-scale thermochemical processes for CO2 reduction are even greater.},
author = {Shaner, Matthew R and Atwater, Harry A and Lewis, Nathan S and McFarland, Eric W.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Shaner et al. - 2016 - Open Access Article.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1754-5692},
issn = {17545706},
journal = {Energy and Environmental Science},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
number = {7},
pages = {2354--2371},
title = {{A comparative technoeconomic analysis of renewable hydrogen production using solar energy}},
volume = {9},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Weidner2018,
abstract = {The use of hydrogen to store electricity is no longer utopian nor merely theoretical. Hydrogen applications such as Power-to-Gas systems are entering the market and some of them are ready to compete with other options in the near future. This means they have indeed a potential for profitability, especially if seen as large-scale storage solutions for the electricity surplus produced by variable renewable energy sources. In this study Power-to-Industry, Power-to-Mobility and Power-to-Power applications are chosen to be investigated and compared through levelized cost of hydrogen to identify the main cost drivers and consequently understand the possible solutions to reduce costs. The feasibility of the applications is discussed and analyzed in Germany, Belgium and Iceland, with mid and long-term perspectives, focusing the analysis on the advantage of scaling up.},
author = {Weidner, S and Faltenbacher, M and Fran{\c{c}}ois, I and Thomas, D and Sk{\`{u}}lason, J. B. and Maggi, C},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Weidner et al. - 2018 - Feasibility study of large scale hydrogen power-to-gas applications and cost of the systems evolving with scalin.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03603199},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Hydrogen,Levelized cost of hydrogen,Power-to-gas,Renewable energy},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
number = {33},
pages = {15625--15638},
title = {{Feasibility study of large scale hydrogen power-to-gas applications and cost of the systems evolving with scaling up in Germany, Belgium and Iceland}},
volume = {43},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Pinaud2013a,
abstract = {Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising route for the renewable production of hydrogen fuel. This work presents the results of a technical and economic feasibility analysis conducted for four hypothetical, centralized, large-scale hydrogen production plants based on this technology. The four reactor types considered were a single bed particle suspension system, a dual bed particle suspension system, a fixed panel array, and a tracking concentrator array. The current performance of semiconductor absorbers and electrocatalysts were considered to compute reasonable solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies for each of the four systems. The U.S. Department of Energy H2A model was employed to calculate the levelized cost of hydrogen output at the plant gate at 300 psi for a 10 tonne per day production scale. All capital expenditures and operating costs for the reactors and auxiliaries (compressors, control systems, etc.) were considered. The final cost varied from {\$}1.60-{\$}10.40 per kg H2 with the particle bed systems having lower costs than the panel-based systems. However, safety concerns due to the cogeneration of O2 and H2 in a single bed system and long molecular transport lengths in the dual bed system lead to greater uncertainty in their operation. A sensitivity analysis revealed that improvement in the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of the panel-based systems could substantially drive down their costs. A key finding is that the production costs are consistent with the Department of Energy's targeted threshold cost of {\$}2.00-{\$}4.00 per kg H2 for dispensed hydrogen, demonstrating that photoelectrochemical water splitting could be a viable route for hydrogen production in the future if material performance targets can be met.},
author = {Pinaud, Blaise A and Benck, Jesse D and Seitz, Linsey C and Forman, Arnold J and Chen, Zhebo and Deutsch, Todd G and James, Brian D and Baum, Kevin N and Baum, George N and Ardo, Shane and Wang, Heli and Miller, Eric and Jaramillo, Thomas F},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Pinaud et al. - 2013 - Technical and economic feasibility of centralized facilities for solar hydrogen production via photocatalysis (2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1754-5692},
issn = {17545692},
journal = {Energy and Environmental Science},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
number = {7},
pages = {1983--2002},
pmid = {21817764},
title = {{Technical and economic feasibility of centralized facilities for solar hydrogen production via photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry}},
volume = {6},
year = {2013}
}




@article{bonkoungou2013modelling,
  title={Modelling and Simulation of photovoltaic module considering single-diode equivalent circuit model in MATLAB},
  author={Bonkoungou, Dominique and Koalaga, Zacharie and Njomo, Donatien},
  journal={International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering},
  volume={3},
  number={3},
  pages={493--502},
  year={2013}
}


@article{kabir2018solar,
  title={Solar energy: Potential and future prospects},
  author={Kabir, Ehsanul and Kumar, Pawan and Kumar, Sandeep and Adelodun, Adedeji A and Kim, Ki-Hyun},
  journal={Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
  volume={82},
  pages={894--900},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{KHALILNEJAD2017,
abstract = {The rising demand for high-density power stor-age systems such as hydrogen, combined with renewable power production systems, has led to the design of optimal power production and storage systems. In this study, a wind and photovoltaic (PV) hybrid electrolyzer system, which maximizes the hydrogen production for a diurnal operation of the system, is designed and simulated. The operation of the system is optimized using imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). The objective of this optimization is to combine the PV array and wind turbine (WT) in a way that, for minimized average excess power generation, maximum hydrogen would be produced. Actual meteorological data of Miami is used for simulations. A framework of the advanced alkaline electrolyzer with the detailed electro-chemical model is used. This optimal system comprises a PV module with a power of 7.9 kW and a WT module with a power of 11 kW. The rate of hydrogen production is 0.0192 mol/s; an average Faraday efficiency of 86.9 per-cent. The electrolyzer works with 53.7 percent of its nominal power. The availability of the wind for longer periods of time reflects the greater contribution of WT in comparison with PV towards the overall throughput of the system.},
author = {Khalilnejad, Arash and Sundararajan, Aditya and Sarwat, Arif I.},
journal = {Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy},
title = {{Optimal design of hybrid wind/photovoltaic electrolyzer for maximum hydrogen production using imperialist competitive algorithm}},
 volume={6},
  number={1},
  pages={40--49},
  year={2018},
}



@article{aneke2016energy,
  title={{Energy storage technologies and real life applications--A state of the art review}},
  author={Aneke, Mathew and Wang, Meihong},
  journal={Applied Energy},
  volume={179},
  pages={350--377},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{gur2018review,
  title={{Review of electrical energy storage technologies, materials and systems: challenges and prospects for large-scale grid storage}},
  author={G{\"u}r, Turgut M},
  journal={Energy \& Environmental Science},
  volume={11},
  number={10},
  pages={2696--2767},
  year={2018},
  publisher={The Royal Society of Chemistry}
}

@article{Breyer2017,
abstract = {The global energy system has to be transformed towards high levels of sustainability for executing the COP21 agreement. Solar PV offers excellent characteristics to play a major role for this energy transition. Key objective of this work is to investigate the role of PV for the global energy transition based on respective scenarios and a newly introduced energy transition model developed by the authors at the Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT). The available energy transition scenarios have no consensus view on the future role of PV, but a progressive group of scenarios present results of a fast growth of installed PV capacities and a high energy supply share of solar energy to the total primary energy demand in the world in the decades to come. These progressive energy transition scenarios can be confirmed by the LUT Energy system model. The model derives total installed solar PV capacity requirements of 7.1 – 9.1 TWp for today's electricity sector and 27.4 TWp for the entire energy system in the mid-term (year 2030 assumptions set as reference). The long-term capacity is expected to be 42 TWp and due to the ongoing cost reduction of PV and battery technologies, this value is found to be the lower limit for the installed capacities. The cost reductions are taken into account for the year 2030, but are expected to further proceed beyond this reference year. Solar PV electricity is expected to be the largest, least cost and most relevant source of energy in the mid- to long-term for the global energy supply. Keywords},
author = {Breyer, Christian and Bogdanov, Dmitrii and Gulagi, Ashish and Aghahosseini, Arman and Barbosa, Larissa S.N.S. and Koskinen, Otto and Barasa, Maulidi and Caldera, Upeksha and Afanasyeva, Svetlana and Child, Michael and Farfan, Javier and Vainikka, Pasi},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Breyer et al. - 2017 - On the role of solar photovoltaics in global energy transition scenarios.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1099-159X},
issn = {1099159X},
journal = {Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications},
keywords = {100{\%} renewable energy,PV demand,battery demand,energy transition scenario,hourly resolution},
mendeley-groups = {ICAE2018,FRIA},
number = {8},
pages = {727--745},
publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
title = {{On the role of solar photovoltaics in global energy transition scenarios}},
volume = {25},
year = {2017}
}

@article{He2018,
abstract = {The automatic inverse design of three-dimensional plasmonic nanoparticles enables scientists and engineers to explore a wide design space and to maximize a device's performance. However, due to the large uncertainty in the nanofabrication process, we may not be able to obtain a deterministic value of the objective, and the objective may vary dramatically with respect to a small variation in uncertain parameters. Therefore, we take into account the uncertainty in simulations and adopt a classical robust design model for a robust design. In addition, we propose an efficient numerical procedure for the robust design to reduce the computational cost of the process caused by the consideration of the uncertainty. Specifically, we use a global sensitivity analysis method to identify the important random variables and consider the non-important ones as deterministic, and consequently reduce the dimension of the stochastic space. In addition, we apply the generalized polynomial chaos expansion method for constructing computationally cheaper surrogate models to approximate and replace the full simulations. This efficient robust design procedure is performed by varying the particles' material among the most commonly used plasmonic materials such as gold, silver, and aluminum, to obtain different robust optimal shapes for the best enhancement of electric fields.},
author = {He, Y and Razi, M and Forestiere, C and {Dal Negro}, L and Kirby, R M},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/He et al. - 2018 - ScienceDirect Uncertainty quantification guided robust design for nanoparticles' morphology.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00457825},
journal = {Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering},
keywords = {Field enhancement,Generalized polynomial chaos expansion,Metal nanoparticles,Robust design,Sensitivity analysis,Uncertainty},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
pages = {578--593},
title = {{Uncertainty quantification guided robust design for nanoparticles' morphology}},
volume = {336},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Turati2017,
abstract = {Mathematical numerical models are increasingly employed to simulate system behavior and identify sequences of events or configurations of the system's design and operational parameters that can lead the system to extreme conditions (Critical Region, CR). However, when a numerical model is: i) computationally expensive, ii) high-dimensional, and iii) complex, these tasks become challenging. In this paper, we propose an adaptive framework for efficiently tackling this problem: i) a dimensionality reduction technique is employed for identifying the factors and variables that most affect the system behavior; ii) a meta-model is sequentially trained to replace the computationally expensive model with a computationally cheap one; iii) an adaptive exploration algorithm based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo is introduced for exploring the system state-space using the meta-model; iv) clustering and other techniques for the visualization of high dimensional data (e.g., parallel coordinates plot) are employed to summarize the retrieved information. The method is employed to explore a power network model involving 20 inputs. The CRs are properly identified with a limited computational cost, compared to another exploration technique of literature (i.e., Latin Hypercube Sampling).},
author = {Turati, Pietro and Pedroni, Nicola and Zio, Enrico},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/Desktop/to read/Simulation-based exploration of high-dimensional system models for identifying unexpected events Turati.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09518320},
journal = {Reliability Engineering and System Safety},
keywords = {Clustering,Critical region exploration,Integrated Deterministic Probabilistic Safety Asse,Kriging,Local outlier factor,Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC),Polynomial chaos expansion,Unexpected events},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
pages = {317--330},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Simulation-based exploration of high-dimensional system models for identifying unexpected events}},
volume = {165},
year = {2017}
}


@article{Abraham2017,
author = {Abraham, Simon and Raisee, Mehrdad and Ghorbaniasl, Ghader and Contino, Francesco and Lacor, Chris},
isbn = {0021-9991},
issn = {10902716},
journal = {Journal of Computational Physics},
keywords = {Least angle regression,Regression-based polynomial chaos,Sparse polynomial chaos expansion,Stepwise regression,Uncertainty quantification},
pages = {461--474},
title = {{A robust and efficient stepwise regression method for building sparse polynomial chaos expansions}},
volume = {332},
year = {2017}
}


@article{Akbari2014,
abstract = {A distributed energy system (DES) is recognized as a local energy system. Over the past decade, number of studies in technological fields, economizing and its regulatory aspects corroborated that an increasing attention has been paid toward the planning of these systems. However, lack of a proper planning because of simplifications in the assumptions may overshadow the potentials of the DESs hitherto. Disregarding some intrinsic characteristics of a real world like uncertainties and noises may distort results and consequently undermine its efficiency. This paper mainly focused on designing a building's energy system under demand, costs (like carbon emission cost, primary energy saving...) and prices (like fuel tariff and electricity prices...) uncertainties concerning data insufficiency by means of robust optimization. Various sustainable technologies such as photovoltaic arrays were also considered as an alternative. In order to study the probable consequences, the proposed robust model was applied to a real-world problem and the outcomes were presented, analyzed and compared to the deterministic model's results.},
author = {Akbari, Kaveh and Nasiri, Mohammad Mahdi and Jolai, Fariborz and Ghaderi, Seyed Farid},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Akbari et al. - 2014 - Optimal investment and unit sizing of distributed energy systems under uncertainty A robust optimization approach.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0378-7788},
issn = {03787788},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
keywords = {District energy systems,Energy system engineering,Optimal design,Robust optimization,Uncertainty,Unit sizing},
mendeley-groups = {FRIA},
pages = {275--286},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Optimal investment and unit sizing of distributed energy systems under uncertainty: A robust optimization approach}},
volume = {85},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Majewski2017,
abstract = {Sustainable design of distributed energy supply systems involves multiple aims. Therefore, multi-objective optimization is the appropriate concept for sustainable design. However, input parameters are in general uncertain. If uncertainties are disregarded in the optimization, solutions usually become infeasible in practice. To incorporate uncertain parameters, we apply the concept of minmax robust multi-objective optimization for designing sustainable energy supply systems. We propose a mixed-integer linear problem formulation. The proposed formulation allows to identify robust sustainable designs easily guaranteeing security of energy supply. Energy systems are shown to typically exhibit objective-wise uncertainties. Thus, a Pareto front can still be derived. In a real-world case study, robust designs are identified with a good trade-off between economic and ecologic criteria. The robust designs perform remarkably well in the nominal scenario. The presented problem formulation transfers the important theoretical concept of minmax robust multi-objective optimization into engineering practice for the design of sustainable energy systems.},
author = {Majewski, Dinah Elena and Wirtz, Marco and Lampe, Matthias and Bardow, Andr{\'{e}}},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Majewski et al. - 2017 - Robust multi-objective optimization for sustainable design of distributed energy supply systems.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00981354},
journal = {Computers {\&} Chemical Engineering},
mendeley-groups = {FRIA},
pages = {26--39},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Robust multi-objective optimization for sustainable design of distributed energy supply systems}},
volume = {102},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Parisio2012,
abstract = {In this paper a robust optimization problem of an energy hub operations is presented. An energy hub is a multi-generation system where multiple energy carriers input to the hub are converted, stored and distributed in order to satisfy energy demands. The solution to energy hub operation problem determines the energy carriers to be purchased and stored in order to satisfy energy requests while minimizing a cost function. A control approach using Robust Optimization (RO) techniques is proposed; specifically the energy carriers input to the hub, their distribution among converters and their storage are determined in order to satisfy the energy hub output time-varying requests while minimizing the energy expenses. Bounded uncertainties on energy hub parameters are taken into account and RO methods are exploited to gain robust solutions which are feasible for all values, or for a selected subset, of uncertain data. Simulation results underline the benefits resulting from the application of the proposed approach to an energy hub structure designed in Waterloo, Canada.},
author = {Parisio, Alessandra and {Del Vecchio}, Carmen and Vaccaro, Alfredo},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Parisio, Del Vecchio, Vaccaro - 2012 - A robust optimization approach to energy hub management.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0142-0615},
issn = {01420615},
journal = {International Journal of Electrical Power {\&} Energy Systems},
mendeley-groups = {FRIA},
number = {1},
pages = {98--104},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{A robust optimization approach to energy hub management}},
volume = {42},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Kuznetsova2015,
abstract = {The present paper provides an extended analysis of a microgrid energy management framework based on Robust Optimization (RO). Uncertainties in wind power generation and energy consumption are described in the form of Prediction Intervals (PIs), estimated by a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) - trained Neural Network (NN). The framework is tested and exemplified in a microgrid formed by a middle-size train station (TS) with integrated photovoltaic power production system (PV), an urban wind power plant (WPP) and a surrounding residential district (D). The system is described by Agent-Based Modelling (ABM): each stakeholder is modeled as an individual agent, which aims at a specific goal, either of decreasing its expenses from power purchasing or increasing its revenues from power selling. The aim of this paper is to identify which is the uncertainty level associated to the "extreme" conditions upon which robust management decisions perform better than a microgrid management based on expected values. This work shows how the probability of occurrence of some specific uncertain events, e.g., failures of electrical lines and electricity demand and price peaks, highly conditions the reliability and performance indicators of the microgrid under the two optimization approaches: (i) RO based on the PIs of the uncertain parameters and (ii) optimization based on expected values. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Kuznetsova, Elizaveta and Ruiz, Carlos and Li, Yan-Fu and Zio, Enrico},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kuznetsova et al. - 2015 - Analysis of robust optimization for decentralized microgrid energy management under uncertainty.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0142-0615},
issn = {01420615},
journal = {International Journal of Electrical Power {\&} Energy Systems},
keywords = {Agent-based model,Microgrid,Power imbalance,Reliability,Robust optimization,Uncertain scenarios},
mendeley-groups = {FRIA},
number = {September 2015},
pages = {815--832},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Analysis of robust optimization for decentralized microgrid energy management under uncertainty}},
volume = {64},
year = {2015}
}



@article{Cheng2015,
abstract = {Dynamic characteristics greatly influence the comprehensive performance$\backslash$nof a structure. But they are rarely included as objectives in$\backslash$ntraditional robust optimization of structures. In this study, a robust$\backslash$noptimization model including both means and standard deviations of$\backslash$ndynamic characteristic indices in the objective and constraint functions$\backslash$nis constructed for improving the structural dynamic characteristics and$\backslash$nreducing their fluctuations under uncertainty. Adaptive Kriging models$\backslash$nare employed for the efficient computation of dynamic characteristics.$\backslash$nAn intelligent resampling technology is proposed to save computational$\backslash$ncosts and accelerate convergence of Kriging models, which takes full$\backslash$nadvantage of the test points for precision verification, the sample$\backslash$npoints within the local region of the biggest relative maximum absolute$\backslash$nerror and the near-optimal point to improve the global and local$\backslash$nprecision of Krigings. The high efficiency of proposed intelligent$\backslash$nresampling technology is demonstrated by a numerical example. Finally,$\backslash$nan efficient algorithm integrating adaptive Kriging models, Monte Carlo$\backslash$n(MC) method, constrained non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (CNSGA)$\backslash$nis proposed to solve the robust optimization model of structural dynamic$\backslash$ncharacteristics. Kriging models are interfaced with MC method to$\backslash$nefficiently compute the fitness of individuals during CNSGA. The$\backslash$nimplementation of proposed methodology is explained in detail and$\backslash$nhighlighted by the robust optimization of a cone ring fixture with lots$\backslash$nof circumferentially distributed holes in a large turbo generator aimed$\backslash$nat moving its natural frequencies away from the exciting one. The$\backslash$ncomparison of the optimized design with the initial one demonstrates$\backslash$nthat the proposed methodology is feasible and applicable in engineering$\backslash$npractice.},
author = {Cheng, Jin and Liu, Zhenyu and Wu, Zhenyu and Li, Xiaogang and Tan, Jianrong},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cheng et al. - 2015 - Robust optimization of structural dynamic characteristics based on adaptive Kriging model and CNSGA.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0015801411},
issn = {16151488},
journal = {Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization},
keywords = {Adaptive Kriging model,Constrained non-dominated sorting genetic algorith,Intelligent resampling technology,Monte Carlo method,Robust optimization,Structural dynamic characteristics},
mendeley-groups = {3. surrogate-assisted RDO framework/optimization/RDO},
number = {2},
pages = {423--437},
publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
title = {{Robust optimization of structural dynamic characteristics based on adaptive Kriging model and CNSGA}},
volume = {51},
year = {2015}
}

@article{Sudret2014,
author = {Sudret, Bruno},
number = {2003},
pages = {265--300},
title = {{Polynomial chaos expansions and stochastic finite-element methods}},
journal = {Risk and Reliability in Geotechnical Engineering},
volume = {Chap. 6},
year = {2014}
}

@article{marrel2009calculations,
  title={{Calculations of sobol indices for the gaussian process metamodel}},
  author={Marrel, Amandine and Iooss, Bertrand and Laurent, Beatrice and Roustant, Olivier},
  journal={Reliability Engineering \& System Safety},
  volume={94},
  number={3},
  pages={742--751},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{Mavromatidis2018,
abstract = {Energy models are valuable tools that are commonly employed for the optimal design of distributed energy systems (DES). However, the model-based design process of DES can be affected by uncertainty, which can lead to suboptimal design decisions and is introduced by aspects like the stochastic nature of renewables or the unknown future global energy and economy outlook. A critical first step of any effort to examine and incorporate uncertainty in the design process of DES includes the performance of a thorough uncertainty characterisation (UC). The UC task comprises the identification of the sources of uncertainty in the model's parameters and the assignment of a mathematical description to their uncertainty. The aim of this paper is to identify and categorise the most important uncertain parameters in typical DES design models and review the approaches used in the literature to represent their uncertainty. The uncertain aspects investigated pertain to the availability of renewable energy (wind and solar), the economic and environmental dimensions of energy carriers in a DES, the costs and technical characteristics of the technologies composing a DES, and, finally, the uncertain energy demands that a DES must satisfy. The analysis reveals the diversity and the varying complexity levels of the approaches used to characterise each parameter's uncertainty, as well as the specific parameters on which studies in the literature have mostly focused. Additionally, this review can serve to assist modellers who wish to introduce uncertainty considerations in their DES design model with the selection of appropriate UC approaches. Finally, in discussing the results of this review, directions for more effective UC in DES design are discussed, as well as suggestions for the integration of uncertainty in the design process of DES.},
author = {Mavromatidis, Georgios and Orehounig, Kristina and Carmeliet, Jan},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/Downloads/1-s2.0-S1364032118300510-main.pdf:pdf},
issn = {18790690},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Distributed energy systems,Energy demand,Renewable energy,Uncertainty,Uncertainty characterisation,Urban energy systems},
mendeley-groups = {FRIA,3. surrogate-assisted RDO framework/Uncertainty characterization/model parameters},
pages = {258--277},
title = {{A review of uncertainty characterisation approaches for the optimal design of distributed energy systems}},
volume = {88},
year = {2018}
}

@article{Rodriguez2014,
abstract = {Optimizing the design of solar-hydrogen generators can lead to economically viable devices.},
author = {Rodriguez, Claudia A and Modestino, Miguel A and Psaltis, Demetri and Moser, Christophe},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Rodriguez et al. - Unknown - Design and cost considerations for practical solar- hydrogen generators.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1754-5692},
issn = {1754-5692},
journal = {Energy Environ. Sci.},
mendeley-groups = {ICAE2018,3. surrogate-assisted RDO framework/optimization/PV-electrolyser optimization},
number = {12},
pages = {3828--3835},
pmid = {18502231},
title = {{Design and cost considerations for practical solar-hydrogen generators}},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Kou1998,
abstract = {A method is developed to predict the long-term performance of direct-coupled PV pumping systems. The method uses only information available from the PV module and pump-motor manufacturers. Weather data are 'generated' from monthly averages of horizontal radiation and ambient temperatures using well-known weather data statistics. The method predicts monthly pumped water to within 6{\%} of TRNSYS predictions based on hourly weather data. The use of a single monthly-average day is shown to underpredict monthly pumped water at low monthly average radiation levels and overpredict monthly pumped water at intermediate radiation levels. Only at high radiation levels does the use of a single monthly-average day provide a reasonable estimation of monthly pumped water.},
author = {Kou, Q. and Klein, S. A. and Beckman, W. A.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kou, Klein, Beckman - 1998 - A method for estimating the long-term performance of direct-coupled PV pumping systems.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0038-092X},
issn = {0038092X},
journal = {Solar Energy},
mendeley-groups = {2. Advanced HRES system modelling/PV},
number = {1-3},
pages = {33--40},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{A method for estimating the long-term performance of direct-coupled PV pumping systems}},
volume = {64},
year = {1998}
}

@inproceedings{Tsirikoglou2017,
  title={Comparison of metaheuristics algorithms on robust design optimization of a plain-fin-tube heat exchanger},
  author={Tsirikoglou, Panagiotis and Abraham, Simon and Contino, Francesco and Ba{\u{g}}ci, {\"O}zer and Vierendeels, Jan and Ghorbaniasl, Ghader},
  booktitle={18th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference},
  pages={3827},
  year={2017}
}

@inproceedings{deb1999,
  title={A niched-penalty approach for constraint handling in genetic algorithms},
  author={Deb, Kalyanmoy and Agrawal, Samir},
  booktitle={Artificial Neural Nets and Genetic Algorithms},
  pages={235--243},
  year={1999},
  organization={Springer}
}
@article{Deb1995,
abstract = {The success of binary-coded genetic algorithms (GAs) in problems having discrete search space largely depends on the coding used to represent the problem variables and on the crossover operator that propagates building-blocks from parent strings to children strings. In solving optimization problems having continuous search space, binary-coded GAs discretize the search space by using a coding of the problem variables in binary strings. However, the coding of real-valued variables in...},
author = {Deb, Kalyanmoy and Agrawal, Ram Bhushan},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Deb, Bhushan Agrawal - 1995 - Simulated Binary Crossover for Continuous Search Space Kalya nmoy D eb' Ram B hushan A gr awal.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0891-2513},
issn = {08912513},
journal = {Complex Systems},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
number = {2},
pages = {115--148},
pmid = {10835996},
title = {{Simulated Binary Crossover for Continuous Search Space}},
volume = {9},
year = {1995}
}

@article{Stein1987,
author = {Stein, Michael},
isbn = {0040-1706},
issn = {15372723},
journal = {Technometrics},
keywords = {Exchangeability,Rank procedure,Sampling with dependent random variables,Variance reduction},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
number = {2},
pages = {143--151},
title = {{Large sample properties of simulations using latin hypercube sampling}},
volume = {29},
year = {1987}
}

@article{Deb2002a,
author = {Deb, Kalyanmoy and Pratap, Amrit and Agarwal, Sameer and Meyarivan, T.},
isbn = {1089-778X VO - 6},
issn = {1089778X},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation},
keywords = {Constraint handling,Elitism,Genetic algorithms,Multicriterion decision making,Multiobjective optimization,Pareto-optimal solutions},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
number = {2},
pages = {182--197},
pmid = {18559531},
title = {{A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II}},
volume = {6},
year = {2002}
}

@article{Garcia-Valverde2012,
abstract = {We propose in this work a simple model for atmospheric or low-pressure PEM water electrolysers, which allows for simulating the electrochemical, thermal and H2output flow behaviours with enough precision for engineering applications. The model has been validated by good agreement with experimental measurements performed in two different electrolysers. The electrochemical submodel allows for obtaining the operating stack voltage from the input current and the stack temperature conditions. After non-linear fitting and statistical analysis from experimental data we conclude that the electrochemical submodel can be extrapolated for any PEM water electrolyser knowing two parameters with physical meaning: activation energy of the "water oxidation" for the anode electrocatalyst and the activation energy for proton transport in the solid polymer membrane. This submodel was validated with experimental polarisation curves at different temperatures from two different PEM water electrolysers. The standard error of the model was less than 0.03. The results showed that the worst values of the estimation were obtained below 50 °C, indicating that the assumption of constant anode charge transfer coefficient is not true at lower temperature, which is in accordance with recent results. In order to complete the electrochemical submodel, a practical methodology is presented here to obtain simple semi-empirical submodels for the H2production and thermal behaviours for this kind of electrolysers. Both submodels are also discussed based on the experimental validations. {\textcopyright} 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Garc{\'{i}}a-Valverde, R. and Espinosa, N. and Urbina, A.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Garc{\'{i}}a-Valverde, Espinosa, Urbina - 2012 - Simple PEM water electrolyser model and experimental validation.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {03603199},
issn = {03603199},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Atmospheric operation,Hydrogen production,Modelling,PEM water electrolyser},
mendeley-groups = {2. Advanced HRES system modelling/electrolyser model},
number = {2},
pages = {1927--1938},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Simple PEM water electrolyser model and experimental validation}},
volume = {37},
year = {2012}
}

@article{Sayedin2014,
abstract = {In this study, hydrogen generation is maximised by optimising the size and the operating conditions of an electrolyser (EL) directly connected to a photovoltaic (PV) module at different irradiance. Due to the variations of maximum power points of the PV module during a year and the complexity of the system, a nonlinear approach is considered. A mathematical model has been developed to determine the performance of the PV/EL system. The optimisation methodology presented here is based on the particle swarm optimisation algorithm. By this method, for the given number of PV modules, the optimal sizeand operating condition of a PV/EL system areachieved. The approach can be applied for different sizes of PV systems, various ambient temperatures and different locations with various climaticconditions. The results show that for the given location and the PV system, the energy transfer efficiency of PV/EL system can reach up to 97.83{\%}.},
author = {Sayedin, Farid and Maroufmashat, Azadeh and Roshandel, Ramin and Khavas, Sourena Sattari},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/Downloads/Sayedin et al. - 2016 - Optimal design and operation of a photovoltaicelectrolyser system using particle swarm optimisation.pdf:pdf},
journal = {International Journal of Sustainable Energy},
keywords = {direct coupling,hydrogen generation,optimal size and operating condition,particle swarm optimisation (PSO),photovoltaic/electrolyser system},
number = {6},
pages = {566--582},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{Optimal design and operation of a photovoltaic-electrolyser system using particle swarm optimisation}},
volume = {35},
year = {2014}
}

@article{Khalilnejad2016,
abstract = {In this study, directly coupled photovoltaic-electrolyser system is designed and optimized and a new method for optimization is given. The accurate electrical models of advanced alkaline electrolyser, photovoltaic system, and hydrogen storage tank are simulated using Matlab. The system is investigated for a day using actual meteorological data of Miami, FL. The purpose of the optimization, which has been performed using genetic algorithm, is to produce maximum hydrogen, minimum excess power, and minimum energy transfer loss. In each iteration of the optimization, due to crucial role of temperature in overall performance of the system, the average operating temperature is optimized using genetic algorithm. The system is optimized in a way that the operating condition is as close as possible to the maximum power point of the photovoltaic array. The operation of the system is discussed in 24 h period and working hours to make the system comparable to other studies with different power sources. The result of the analysis shows that optimal system for a 10 kW electrolyser can produce the average hydrogen of 0.0151 mol/s when the system is operating with 2.2{\%} power loss and 4.7{\%} power transfer loss.},
author = {Khalilnejad, A and Abbaspour, A and Sarwat, A I},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Khalilnejad, Abbaspour, Sarwat - 2016 - Multi-level optimization approach for directly coupled photovoltaic-electrolyser system.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03603199},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Advanced alkaline electrolyser,Directly coupled system,GA optimization,Hydrogen production,Photovoltaic},
mendeley-groups = {3. surrogate-assisted RDO framework/optimization/PV-electrolyser optimization,ICAE2018},
number = {28},
pages = {11884--11894},
title = {{Multi-level optimization approach for directly coupled photovoltaic-electrolyser system}},
volume = {41},
year = {2016}
}

@article{Garcia-Valverde2008,
abstract = {The coupling of a photovoltaic generator and an electrolyser is one of the most promising options for obtaining hydrogen from a renewable energy source. Both are well known technologies, however, since the high variability of the solar radiation, an efficient coupling still presents some challenges. Direct or through a DC-DC converter couplings are the options in isolated applications. In this work, three models, respectively, for a photovoltaic (PV) generator, a controlled DC-DC converter and a complete proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser have been designed by using Matlab/Simulink. A PV-electrolyser specific algorithm to search for the optimum and safe working point for both elements is presented. Simulation results demonstrate that the use of a controlled DC-DC converter with the proposed algorithm shows better adaptability to the variable radiation conditions than the other coupling options. Therefore, it leads to a better compliance between the electrolyser and the sizing of the PV generator. {\textcopyright} 2008 International Association for Hydrogen Energy.},
author = {Garc{\'{i}}a-Valverde, R. and Miguel, C. and Mart{\'{i}}nez-B{\'{e}}jar, R. and Urbina, A.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Garc{\'{i}}a-Valverde et al. - 2008 - Optimized photovoltaic generator–water electrolyser coupling through a controlled DC–DC converter.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0360-3199},
issn = {03603199},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
keywords = {Electrolyser,Maximum power point tracker,Solar hydrogen system},
mendeley-groups = {4. Analysis HRES optimization/PV-H2 optimization},
number = {20},
pages = {5352--5362},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{Optimized photovoltaic generator-water electrolyser coupling through a controlled DC-DC converter}},
volume = {33},
year = {2008}
}

@article{Garcia-Valverde2011,
  title={Optimized method for photovoltaic-water electrolyser direct coupling},
  author={Garc{\'\i}a-Valverde, R and Espinosa, N and Urbina, A},
  journal={International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy},
  volume={36},
  number={17},
  pages={10574--10586},
  year={2011},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@inproceedings{Gonzalez-Longatt2005,
abstract = {This paper define a circuit-based simulation model for a PV cell in order to allow estimate the electrical behavior of the cell with respect changes on environmental parameter of temperature and irradiance. An accurate PV module electrical model is presented based on the Shockley diode equation. The general model was implemented on Matlab scrip file, and accepts irradiance and temperature as variable parameters and outputs the I-V characteristic. A particular typical 60W solar panel was used for model evaluation, and results was compare with points taken directly from the manufacturers published curves and show excellent correspondence to the model},
author = {Gonz{\'{a}}lez-Longatt, Francisco M.},
booktitle = {2DO Congreso Iberoamericano de estudiantes de ingenier{\'{i}}a el{\'{e}}ctrica, electr{\'{o}}nica y computaci{\'{o}}n (II CIBELEC 2005)},
keywords = {Modeling and behavior,photocurrent,photovoltaic module.},
mendeley-groups = {1. inbox},
pages = {1--5},
title = {{Model of Photovoltaic Module in Matlab}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Fathima2015,
abstract = {Fast depleting fossil fuels and the growing awareness for environmental protection have led us to the energy crisis. Hence, efforts are being made by researchers to investigate new ways to extract energy from renewable sources. 'Microgrids' with Distributed Generators (DG) are being implemented with renewable energy systems. Optimization methods justify the cost of investment of a microgrid by enabling economic and reliable utilization of the resources. This paper strives to bring to light the concept of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) and state of art application of optimization tools and techniques to microgrids, integrating renewable energies. With an extensive literature survey on HRES, a framework of diverse objectives has been outlined for which optimization approaches were applied to empower the microgrid. A review of modelling and applications of renewable energy generation and storage sources is also presented.},
author = {Fathima, A Hina and Palanisamy, K},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fathima, Palanisamy - 2015 - Optimization in microgrids with hybrid energy systems – A review.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9781849197328},
issn = {13640321},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Energy storage systems,Hybrid energy systems,Microgrids,Optimization,Solar power,Wind power},
mendeley-groups = {3. surrogate-assisted RDO framework/optimization/PV-electrolyser optimization,FRIA},
pages = {431--446},
title = {{Optimization in microgrids with hybrid energy systems - A review}},
volume = {45},
year = {2015}
}
@book{Rajeshwar2008,
abstract = {Given the backdrop of intense interest and widespread discussion on the prospects of a hydrogen energy economy, this book aims to provide an authoritative and up-to-date scientific account of hydrogen generation using solar energy and renewable sources such as water. While the technological and economic aspects of solar hydrogen generation are evolving, the scientific principles underlying various solar-assisted water splitting schemes already have a firm footing. This book aims to expose a broad-based audience to these principles. This book spans the disciplines of solar energy conversion, electrochemistry, photochemistry, photoelectrochemistry, materials chemistry, device physics/engineering, and biology.},
author = {Rajeshwar, Krishnan. and McConnell, Robert D. and Licht, Stuart},
isbn = {978-0-387-72810-0},
keywords = {Science / Chemistry / Physical {\&} Theoretical,Technology {\&} Engineering / Electronics / General,Technology {\&} Engineering / Engineering (General),Technology {\&} Engineering / Materials Science,Technology {\&} Engineering / Power Resources / Alter,Technology {\&} Engineering / Power Resources / Gener},
mendeley-groups = {ICAE2018},
pages = {329},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {{Solar Hydrogen Generation: Toward a Renewable Energy Future}},
year = {2008}
}

@article{Branker2011,
abstract = {As the solar photovoltaic (PV) matures, the economic feasibility of PV projects is increasingly being evaluated using the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) generation in order to be compared to other electricity generation technologies. Unfortunately, there is lack of clarity of reporting assumptions, justifications and degree of completeness in LCOE calculations, which produces widely varying and contradictory results. This paper reviews the methodology of properly calculating the LCOE for solar PV, correcting the misconceptions made in the assumptions found throughout the literature. Then a template is provided for better reporting of LCOE results for PV needed to influence policy mandates or make invest decisions. A numerical example is provided with variable ranges to test sensitivity, allowing for conclusions to be drawn on the most important variables. Grid parity is considered when the LCOE of solar PV is comparable with grid electrical prices of conventional technologies and is the industry target for cost-effectiveness. Given the state of the art in the technology and favourable financing terms it is clear that PV has already obtained grid parity in specific locations and as installed costs continue to decline, grid electricity prices continue to escalate, and industry experience increases, PV will become an increasingly economically advantageous source of electricity over expanding geographical regions. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Branker, K and Pathak, M. J.M. and Pearce, J M},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Branker, Pathak, Pearce - 2011 - A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Levelized Cost of Electricity.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1364-0321},
issn = {13640321},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Grid parity,LCOE,Levelized cost,Photovoltaic,Solar economics},
mendeley-groups = {ICAE2018,3. surrogate-assisted RDO framework/Uncertainty characterization/model parameters},
number = {9},
pages = {4470--4482},
pmid = {17166852},
title = {{A review of solar photovoltaic levelized cost of electricity}},
volume = {15},
year = {2011}
}

@article{Reichenberg2018,
abstract = {The marginal levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for increasing the share of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) is estimated using the electricity investment model greenVRE, which entails a detailed representation of the time dimension to account for variability and variation management. The model is applied to Europe (EU-27 + Norway and Switzerland), which the model divides into ten electricity balance regions and runs with 2920 time-steps The model is applied in a greenfield setting, in which the share of renewables (VRE + Hydro) varies between 0{\%} and 100{\%}. The results show that the system LCOE for VRE increases linearly with the penetration level range of 20{\%}–80{\%}, above which it increases sharply. Systems that have a high penetration of VRE are characterized by using wind power as the major generating technology and having strong expansion of transmission capacity. A sensitivity analysis for the cost of VRE and variation management capacity (storage and transmission) reveals that the point of increase in marginal LCOE is robust under different future scenarios regarding technology costs. We conclude that VRE could constitute the bulk of electricity generation at a reasonable cost, given that there is availability of variation management, especially with respect to transmission.},
author = {Reichenberg, Lina and Hedenus, Fredrik and Odenberger, Mikael and Johnsson, Filip},
issn = {0360-5442},
journal = {Energy},
mendeley-groups = {ICAE2018},
pages = {914--924},
publisher = {Pergamon},
title = {{The marginal system LCOE of variable renewables – Evaluating high penetration levels of wind and solar in Europe}},
volume = {152},
year = {2018}
}

@article{Segura2017,
abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This work presents a hardware/software data acquisition system developed for monitoring the temperature in real time of the cells in Air-Cooled Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (AC-PEFC). These fuel cells are of great interest because they can carry out, in a single operation, the processes of oxidation and refrigeration. This allows reduction of weight, volume, cost and complexity of the control system in the AC-PEFC. In this type of PEFC (and in general in any PEFC), the reliable monitoring of temperature along the entire surface of the stack is fundamental, since a suitable temperature and a regular distribution thereof, are key for a better performance of the stack and a longer lifetime under the best operating conditions. The developed data acquisition (DAQ) system can perform non-intrusive temperature measurements of each individual cell of an AC-PEFC stack of any power (from watts to kilowatts). The stack power is related to the temperature gradient; i.e., a higher power corresponds to a higher stack surface, and consequently higher temperature difference between the coldest and the hottest point. The developed DAQ system has been implemented with the low-cost open-source platform Arduino, and it is completed with a modular virtual instrument that has been developed using NI LabVIEW. Temperature vs time evolution of all the cells of an AC-PEFC both together and individually can be registered and supervised. The paper explains comprehensively the developed DAQ system together with experimental results that demonstrate the suitability of the system.},
author = {Segura, Francisca and Bartolucci, Veronica and And{\'{u}}jar, Jos{\'{e}} Manuel},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Segura, Bartolucci, And{\'{u}}jar - 2017 - HardwareSoftware Data Acquisition System for Real Time Cell Temperature Monitoring in Air-Cooled Po.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14248220},
journal = {Sensors (Switzerland)},
keywords = {Arduino,Data acquisition,Polymer electrolyte fuel cell,Real time cell temperature monitoring,Virtual instrument},
mendeley-groups = {3. surrogate-assisted RDO framework/Uncertainty characterization/model parameters},
number = {7},
pages = {1600},
publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
title = {{Hardware/software data acquisition system for real time cell temperature monitoring in air-cooled polymer electrolyte fuel cells}},
volume = {17},
year = {2017}
}

@article{Maroufmashat2014b,
abstract = {In the context of sustainable clean hydrogen production pathways, photovoltaic-electrolyzer systems are one of the most promising alternatives for acquiring hydrogen from renewable energy sources. In fact, determining the optimal set of design and operating variables are always a key issue while coupling directly renewable electricity sources to PEM electrolyzers. Few previous studies have attempted to find the optimal size and operational condition of directly coupled photovoltaic-electrolyzer (PV/El) systems in order to maximize the hydrogen production or to minimize energy transfer loss between photovoltaic devices and the electrolyzer. Nevertheless an easy and efficient approach still remains to be found. Because of the nonlinear nature of the system, in this framework, multi-objective nonlinear optimization is employed, an approach based on the method of imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). It considers the effect of ambient temperature and radiation weather data during a whole year. Multi-objective optimization provides a wide range of optimal design and operating conditions, from which these variables can be selected based on objectives with different weight values. This allows performing the system optimization by considering two different objectives, namely, minimization of energy transfer loss and maximization of hydrogen production. The optimum system that focuses solely on maximum hydrogen production can produce 2.2{\%} more hydrogen than with its objective being minimum energy transfer loss. However, it results in 68{\%} more energy transfer loss in the process. The values can be adjusted with options that include a combination of the two objectives. Additionally, optimal variables can be found through the ICA method.},
author = {Maroufmashat, Azadeh and Sayedin, Farid and Khavas, Sourena Sattari},
journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
number = {33},
pages = {18743--18757},
title = {{An imperialist competitive algorithm approach for multi-objective optimization of direct coupling photovoltaic-electrolyzer systems}},
volume = {39},
year = {2014}
}

@article{Buttler2018,
abstract = {Water electrolysis has the potential to become a key element in coupling the electricity, mobility, heating and chemical sector via Power-to-Liquids (PtL) or Power-to-Gas (PtG) in a future sustainable energy system. Based on an extensive market survey, discussions with manufacturers, project reports and literature, an overview of the current status of alkaline, PEM and solid oxide electrolysis on the way to large-scale flexible energy storage is presented. These main water electrolysis technologies were compared in terms of available capacity, nominal and part-load performance, flexibility (load range, load gradients, start-up time, stand-by losses) lifetime and investment costs. This review provides a basis of the parameters required and the necessary understanding of electrolysis fundamentals and technologies for a techno-economic analysis of water electrolysis-based concepts and an evaluation of PtG and PtL in energy system studies.},
author = {Buttler, Alexander and Spliethoff, Hartmut},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Diede/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Buttler, Spliethoff - 2018 - Current status of water electrolysis for energy storage, grid balancing and sector coupling via power-to(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {18790690},
keywords = {Alkaline electrolysis,Energy storage,Investment costs,Market survey,PEM electrolysis,SOEC,System performance},
mendeley-groups = {ICAE2018},
pages = {2440--2454},
title = {{Current status of water electrolysis for energy storage, grid balancing and sector coupling via power-to-gas and power-to-liquids: A review}},
volume = {82},
year = {2018}
}

@article{Kumar2015,
author = {Kumar, Bikash},
issn = {1364-0321},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
keywords = {Renewable energy,Solar PV developments,Solar PV policies},
pages = {621--634},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{A study on global solar PV energy developments and policies with special focus on the top ten solar PV power producing countries}},
volume = {43},
year = {2015}
}

