// Copyright 2008-2016 Conrad Sanderson (http://conradsanderson.id.au)
// Copyright 2008-2016 National ICT Australia (NICTA)
// 
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
// 
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------


//! \addtogroup SpMat
//! @{


//! Sparse matrix class, with data stored in compressed sparse column (CSC) format
template<typename eT>
class SpMat : public SpBase< eT, SpMat<eT> >
  {
  public:
  
  typedef eT                                elem_type;  //!< the type of elements stored in the matrix
  typedef typename get_pod_type<eT>::result  pod_type;  //!< if eT is std::complex<T>, pod_type is T; otherwise pod_type is eT
  
  static const bool is_row  = false;
  static const bool is_col  = false;
  static const bool is_xvec = false;
  
  const uword n_rows;    //!< number of rows             (read-only)
  const uword n_cols;    //!< number of columns          (read-only)
  const uword n_elem;    //!< number of elements         (read-only)
  const uword n_nonzero; //!< number of nonzero elements (read-only)
  const uword vec_state; //!< 0: matrix; 1: column vector; 2: row vector
  
  
  // The memory used to store the values of the matrix.
  // In accordance with the CSC format, this stores only the actual values.
  // The correct locations of the values are assembled from the row indices and column pointers.
  // 
  // The length of this array is (n_nonzero + 1).
  // The final value values[n_nonzero] must be zero to ensure integrity of iterators.
  // Use mem_resize(new_n_nonzero) to resize this array.
  // 
  // WARNING: the 'values' array is only valid after sync() is called;
  // WARNING: there is a separate cache for fast element insertion
  
  arma_aligned const eT* const values;
  
  
  // The row indices of each value.  row_indices[i] is the row of values[i].
  // 
  // The length of this array is (n_nonzero + 1).
  // The final value row_indices[n_nonzero] must be zero to ensure integrity of iterators.
  // Use mem_resize(new_n_nonzero) to resize this array.
  // 
  // WARNING: the 'row_indices' array is only valid after sync() is called;
  // WARNING: there is a separate cache for fast element insertion
  
  arma_aligned const uword* const row_indices;
  
  
  // The column pointers.  This stores the index of the first item in column i.
  // That is, values[col_ptrs[i]] is the first value in column i,
  // and it is in the row indicated by row_indices[col_ptrs[i]].
  // 
  // The length of this array is (n_cols + 2).
  // The element col_ptrs[n_cols] must be equal to n_nonzero.
  // The element col_ptrs[n_cols + 1] must be an invalid very large value to ensure integrity of iterators.
  // 
  // The col_ptrs array is set by the init() function
  // (which is called by constructors, set_size() and other functions that change the matrix size).
  // 
  // WARNING: the 'col_ptrs' array is only valid after sync() is called;
  // WARNING: there is a separate cache for fast element insertion
  
  arma_aligned const uword* const col_ptrs;
  
  inline  SpMat();
  inline ~SpMat();
  
  inline explicit SpMat(const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols);
  inline explicit SpMat(const SizeMat& s);
  
  inline            SpMat(const char*        text);
  inline SpMat& operator=(const char*        text);
  inline            SpMat(const std::string& text);
  inline SpMat& operator=(const std::string& text);
  inline            SpMat(const SpMat<eT>&   x);
  
  #if defined(ARMA_USE_CXX11)
  inline            SpMat(SpMat&& m);
  inline SpMat& operator=(SpMat&& m);
  #endif
  
  inline explicit    SpMat(const MapMat<eT>& x);
  inline SpMat&  operator=(const MapMat<eT>& x);
  
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
  inline SpMat(const Base<uword,T1>& rowind, const Base<uword,T2>& colptr, const Base<eT,T3>& values, const uword n_rows, const uword n_cols);
  
  template<typename T1, typename T2>
  inline SpMat(const Base<uword,T1>& locations, const Base<eT,T2>& values, const bool sort_locations = true);
  
  template<typename T1, typename T2>
  inline SpMat(const Base<uword,T1>& locations, const Base<eT,T2>& values, const uword n_rows, const uword n_cols, const bool sort_locations = true, const bool check_for_zeros = true);
  
  template<typename T1, typename T2>
  inline SpMat(const bool add_values, const Base<uword,T1>& locations, const Base<eT,T2>& values, const uword n_rows, const uword n_cols, const bool sort_locations = true, const bool check_for_zeros = true);
  
  inline SpMat&  operator=(const eT val); //! sets size to 1x1
  inline SpMat& operator*=(const eT val);
  inline SpMat& operator/=(const eT val);
  // operator+=(val) and operator-=(val) are not defined as they don't make sense for sparse matrices
  
  inline SpMat&  operator=(const SpMat& m);
  inline SpMat& operator+=(const SpMat& m);
  inline SpMat& operator-=(const SpMat& m);
  inline SpMat& operator*=(const SpMat& m);
  inline SpMat& operator%=(const SpMat& m);
  inline SpMat& operator/=(const SpMat& m);
  
  template<typename T1> inline explicit    SpMat(const Base<eT, T1>& m);
  template<typename T1> inline SpMat&  operator=(const Base<eT, T1>& m);
  template<typename T1> inline SpMat& operator+=(const Base<eT, T1>& m);
  template<typename T1> inline SpMat& operator-=(const Base<eT, T1>& m);
  template<typename T1> inline SpMat& operator*=(const Base<eT, T1>& m);
  template<typename T1> inline SpMat& operator/=(const Base<eT, T1>& m);
  template<typename T1> inline SpMat& operator%=(const Base<eT, T1>& m);
  
  template<typename T1> inline explicit    SpMat(const Op<T1, op_diagmat>& expr);
  template<typename T1> inline SpMat&  operator=(const Op<T1, op_diagmat>& expr);
  template<typename T1> inline SpMat& operator+=(const Op<T1, op_diagmat>& expr);
  template<typename T1> inline SpMat& operator-=(const Op<T1, op_diagmat>& expr);
  template<typename T1> inline SpMat& operator*=(const Op<T1, op_diagmat>& expr);
  template<typename T1> inline SpMat& operator/=(const Op<T1, op_diagmat>& expr);
  template<typename T1> inline SpMat& operator%=(const Op<T1, op_diagmat>& expr);

  //! explicit specification of sparse +/- scalar
  template<typename T1, typename op_type> inline explicit SpMat(const SpToDOp<T1, op_type>& expr);
  
  //! construction of complex matrix out of two non-complex matrices
  template<typename T1, typename T2>
  inline explicit SpMat(const SpBase<pod_type, T1>& A, const SpBase<pod_type, T2>& B);
  
  inline             SpMat(const SpSubview<eT>& X);
  inline SpMat&  operator=(const SpSubview<eT>& X);
  inline SpMat& operator+=(const SpSubview<eT>& X);
  inline SpMat& operator-=(const SpSubview<eT>& X);
  inline SpMat& operator*=(const SpSubview<eT>& X);
  inline SpMat& operator%=(const SpSubview<eT>& X);
  inline SpMat& operator/=(const SpSubview<eT>& X);
  
  inline             SpMat(const spdiagview<eT>& X);
  inline SpMat&  operator=(const spdiagview<eT>& X);
  inline SpMat& operator+=(const spdiagview<eT>& X);
  inline SpMat& operator-=(const spdiagview<eT>& X);
  inline SpMat& operator*=(const spdiagview<eT>& X);
  inline SpMat& operator%=(const spdiagview<eT>& X);
  inline SpMat& operator/=(const spdiagview<eT>& X);
  
  // delayed unary ops
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline             SpMat(const SpOp<T1, spop_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline SpMat&  operator=(const SpOp<T1, spop_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline SpMat& operator+=(const SpOp<T1, spop_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline SpMat& operator-=(const SpOp<T1, spop_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline SpMat& operator*=(const SpOp<T1, spop_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline SpMat& operator%=(const SpOp<T1, spop_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline SpMat& operator/=(const SpOp<T1, spop_type>& X);
  
  // delayed binary ops
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline             SpMat(const SpGlue<T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline SpMat&  operator=(const SpGlue<T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline SpMat& operator+=(const SpGlue<T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline SpMat& operator-=(const SpGlue<T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline SpMat& operator*=(const SpGlue<T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline SpMat& operator%=(const SpGlue<T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline SpMat& operator/=(const SpGlue<T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  
  // delayed mixed-type unary ops
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline             SpMat(const mtSpOp<eT, T1, spop_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline SpMat&  operator=(const mtSpOp<eT, T1, spop_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline SpMat& operator+=(const mtSpOp<eT, T1, spop_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline SpMat& operator-=(const mtSpOp<eT, T1, spop_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline SpMat& operator*=(const mtSpOp<eT, T1, spop_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline SpMat& operator%=(const mtSpOp<eT, T1, spop_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename spop_type> inline SpMat& operator/=(const mtSpOp<eT, T1, spop_type>& X);
  
  // delayed mixed-type binary ops
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline             SpMat(const mtSpGlue<eT, T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline SpMat&  operator=(const mtSpGlue<eT, T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline SpMat& operator+=(const mtSpGlue<eT, T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline SpMat& operator-=(const mtSpGlue<eT, T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline SpMat& operator*=(const mtSpGlue<eT, T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline SpMat& operator%=(const mtSpGlue<eT, T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename spglue_type> inline SpMat& operator/=(const mtSpGlue<eT, T1, T2, spglue_type>& X);
  
  
  arma_inline       SpSubview<eT> row(const uword row_num);
  arma_inline const SpSubview<eT> row(const uword row_num) const;
  
  inline            SpSubview<eT> operator()(const uword row_num, const span& col_span);
  inline      const SpSubview<eT> operator()(const uword row_num, const span& col_span) const;
  
  arma_inline       SpSubview<eT> col(const uword col_num);
  arma_inline const SpSubview<eT> col(const uword col_num) const;
  
  inline            SpSubview<eT> operator()(const span& row_span, const uword col_num);
  inline      const SpSubview<eT> operator()(const span& row_span, const uword col_num) const;
  
  arma_inline       SpSubview<eT> rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2);
  arma_inline const SpSubview<eT> rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2) const;
  
  arma_inline       SpSubview<eT> cols(const uword in_col1, const uword in_col2);
  arma_inline const SpSubview<eT> cols(const uword in_col1, const uword in_col2) const;
  
  arma_inline       SpSubview<eT> submat(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_row2, const uword in_col2);
  arma_inline const SpSubview<eT> submat(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const uword in_row2, const uword in_col2) const;
  
  arma_inline       SpSubview<eT> submat(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const SizeMat& s);
  arma_inline const SpSubview<eT> submat(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const SizeMat& s) const;
  
  inline            SpSubview<eT> submat    (const span& row_span, const span& col_span);
  inline      const SpSubview<eT> submat    (const span& row_span, const span& col_span) const;
  
  inline            SpSubview<eT> operator()(const span& row_span, const span& col_span);
  inline      const SpSubview<eT> operator()(const span& row_span, const span& col_span) const;
  
  arma_inline       SpSubview<eT> operator()(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const SizeMat& s);
  arma_inline const SpSubview<eT> operator()(const uword in_row1, const uword in_col1, const SizeMat& s) const;
  
  
  inline       SpSubview<eT> head_rows(const uword N);
  inline const SpSubview<eT> head_rows(const uword N) const;
  
  inline       SpSubview<eT> tail_rows(const uword N);
  inline const SpSubview<eT> tail_rows(const uword N) const;
  
  inline       SpSubview<eT> head_cols(const uword N);
  inline const SpSubview<eT> head_cols(const uword N) const;
  
  inline       SpSubview<eT> tail_cols(const uword N);
  inline const SpSubview<eT> tail_cols(const uword N) const;
  
  
  inline       spdiagview<eT> diag(const sword in_id = 0);
  inline const spdiagview<eT> diag(const sword in_id = 0) const;
  
  
  inline void swap_rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2);
  inline void swap_cols(const uword in_col1, const uword in_col2);
  
  inline void shed_row(const uword row_num);
  inline void shed_col(const uword col_num);
  
  inline void shed_rows(const uword in_row1, const uword in_row2);
  inline void shed_cols(const uword in_col1, const uword in_col2);
  
  
  // access the i-th element; if there is nothing at element i, 0 is returned
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused SpMat_MapMat_val<eT> operator[] (const uword i);
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused eT                   operator[] (const uword i) const;
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused SpMat_MapMat_val<eT> at         (const uword i);
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused eT                   at         (const uword i) const;
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused SpMat_MapMat_val<eT> operator() (const uword i);
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused eT                   operator() (const uword i) const;
  
  // access the element at the given row and column; if there is nothing at that position, 0 is returned
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused SpMat_MapMat_val<eT> at         (const uword in_row, const uword in_col);
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused eT                   at         (const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const;
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused SpMat_MapMat_val<eT> operator() (const uword in_row, const uword in_col);
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused eT                   operator() (const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const;
  
  
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused bool is_empty()  const;
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused bool is_vec()    const;
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused bool is_rowvec() const;
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused bool is_colvec() const;
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused bool is_square() const;
       inline arma_warn_unused bool is_finite() const;
  
  inline arma_warn_unused bool is_symmetric() const;
  inline arma_warn_unused bool is_symmetric(const typename get_pod_type<eT>::result tol) const;
  
  inline arma_warn_unused bool is_hermitian() const;
  inline arma_warn_unused bool is_hermitian(const typename get_pod_type<eT>::result tol) const;
  
  inline arma_warn_unused bool has_inf() const;
  inline arma_warn_unused bool has_nan() const;
  
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused bool in_range(const uword i) const;
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused bool in_range(const span& x) const;
  
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused bool in_range(const uword   in_row, const uword   in_col) const;
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused bool in_range(const span& row_span, const uword   in_col) const;
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused bool in_range(const uword   in_row, const span& col_span) const;
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused bool in_range(const span& row_span, const span& col_span) const;
  
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused bool in_range(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const SizeMat& s) const;
  
  
  arma_cold inline void impl_print(                           const std::string& extra_text) const;
  arma_cold inline void impl_print(std::ostream& user_stream, const std::string& extra_text) const;
  
  arma_cold inline void impl_raw_print(                           const std::string& extra_text) const;
  arma_cold inline void impl_raw_print(std::ostream& user_stream, const std::string& extra_text) const;
  
  arma_cold inline void impl_print_dense(                           const std::string& extra_text) const;
  arma_cold inline void impl_print_dense(std::ostream& user_stream, const std::string& extra_text) const;
  
  arma_cold inline void impl_raw_print_dense(                           const std::string& extra_text) const;
  arma_cold inline void impl_raw_print_dense(std::ostream& user_stream, const std::string& extra_text) const;
  
  
  template<typename eT2> inline void copy_size(const SpMat<eT2>& m);
  template<typename eT2> inline void copy_size(const   Mat<eT2>& m);
  
  inline void set_size(const uword in_elem);
  inline void set_size(const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols);
  inline void set_size(const SizeMat& s);
  
  inline void   resize(const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols);
  inline void   resize(const SizeMat& s);
  
  inline void  reshape(const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols);
  inline void  reshape(const SizeMat& s);
  
  inline void  reshape_helper_generic(const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols);  //! internal use only
  inline void  reshape_helper_intovec();                                          //! internal use only
  
  arma_deprecated inline void reshape(const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols, const uword dim);  //!< NOTE: don't use this form: it will be removed
  
  template<typename functor> inline const SpMat&  for_each(functor F);
  template<typename functor> inline const SpMat&  for_each(functor F) const;
  
  template<typename functor> inline const SpMat& transform(functor F);
  
  inline const SpMat& replace(const eT old_val, const eT new_val);
  
  inline const SpMat& clean(const pod_type threshold);
  
  inline const SpMat& zeros();
  inline const SpMat& zeros(const uword in_elem);
  inline const SpMat& zeros(const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols);
  inline const SpMat& zeros(const SizeMat& s);
  
  inline const SpMat& eye();
  inline const SpMat& eye(const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols);
  inline const SpMat& eye(const SizeMat& s);
  
  inline const SpMat& speye();
  inline const SpMat& speye(const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols);
  inline const SpMat& speye(const SizeMat& s);
  
  inline const SpMat& sprandu(const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols, const double density);
  inline const SpMat& sprandu(const SizeMat& s,                         const double density);
  
  inline const SpMat& sprandn(const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols, const double density);
  inline const SpMat& sprandn(const SizeMat& s,                         const double density);
  
  inline void reset();
  
  //! don't use this unless you're writing internal Armadillo code
  inline void reserve(const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols, const uword new_n_nonzero);
  
  //! don't use this unless you're writing internal Armadillo code
  inline SpMat(const arma_reserve_indicator&, const uword in_rows, const uword in_cols, const uword new_n_nonzero);
  
  //! don't use this unless you're writing internal Armadillo code
  template<typename eT2>
  inline SpMat(const arma_layout_indicator&, const SpMat<eT2>& x);
  
  template<typename T1> inline void set_real(const SpBase<pod_type,T1>& X);
  template<typename T1> inline void set_imag(const SpBase<pod_type,T1>& X);
  
  
  // saving and loading
  // TODO: implement auto_detect for sparse matrices
  
  inline arma_cold bool save(const std::string   name, const file_type type = arma_binary, const bool print_status = true) const;
  inline arma_cold bool save(const csv_name&     spec, const file_type type =   csv_ascii, const bool print_status = true) const;
  inline arma_cold bool save(      std::ostream& os,   const file_type type = arma_binary, const bool print_status = true) const;
  
  inline arma_cold bool load(const std::string   name, const file_type type = arma_binary, const bool print_status = true);
  inline arma_cold bool load(const csv_name&     spec, const file_type type =   csv_ascii, const bool print_status = true);
  inline arma_cold bool load(      std::istream& is,   const file_type type = arma_binary, const bool print_status = true);
  
  inline arma_cold bool quiet_save(const std::string   name, const file_type type = arma_binary) const;
  inline arma_cold bool quiet_save(const csv_name&     spec, const file_type type =   csv_ascii) const;
  inline arma_cold bool quiet_save(      std::ostream& os,   const file_type type = arma_binary) const;
  
  inline arma_cold bool quiet_load(const std::string   name, const file_type type = arma_binary);
  inline arma_cold bool quiet_load(const csv_name&     spec, const file_type type =   csv_ascii);
  inline arma_cold bool quiet_load(      std::istream& is,   const file_type type = arma_binary);
  
  
  
  // necessary forward declarations
  class iterator_base;
  class iterator;
  class const_iterator;
  class row_iterator;
  class const_row_iterator;
  
  // iterator_base provides basic operators but not how to compare or how to iterate
  class iterator_base
    {
    public:
    
    inline iterator_base();
    inline iterator_base(const SpMat& in_M);
    inline iterator_base(const SpMat& in_M, const uword col, const uword pos);
    
    arma_inline eT operator*() const;
    
    // don't hold location internally; call "dummy" methods to get that information
    arma_inline uword row() const { return M->row_indices[internal_pos]; }
    arma_inline uword col() const { return internal_col;                 }
    arma_inline uword pos() const { return internal_pos;                 }
    
    arma_aligned const SpMat* M;
    arma_aligned       uword  internal_col;
    arma_aligned       uword  internal_pos;
    
    typedef std::bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category;
    typedef eT                              value_type;
    typedef std::ptrdiff_t                  difference_type;  // TODO: not certain on this one
    typedef const eT*                       pointer;
    typedef const eT&                       reference;
    };
  
  class const_iterator : public iterator_base
    {
    public:
    
    inline const_iterator();
    inline const_iterator(const SpMat& in_M, uword initial_pos = 0); // assumes initial_pos is valid
    //! once initialised, will be at the first nonzero value after the given position (using forward columnwise traversal)
    inline const_iterator(const SpMat& in_M, uword in_row, uword in_col);
    //! if you know the exact position of the iterator;  in_row is a dummy argument
    inline const_iterator(const SpMat& in_M, uword in_row, uword in_col, uword in_pos);
    inline const_iterator(const const_iterator& other);
    
    inline arma_hot         const_iterator& operator++();
    inline arma_warn_unused const_iterator  operator++(int);
    
    inline arma_hot         const_iterator& operator--();
    inline arma_warn_unused const_iterator  operator--(int);
    
    inline arma_hot bool operator==(const const_iterator& rhs) const;
    inline arma_hot bool operator!=(const const_iterator& rhs) const;
    
    inline arma_hot bool operator==(const typename SpSubview<eT>::const_iterator& rhs) const;
    inline arma_hot bool operator!=(const typename SpSubview<eT>::const_iterator& rhs) const;
    
    inline arma_hot bool operator==(const const_row_iterator& rhs) const;
    inline arma_hot bool operator!=(const const_row_iterator& rhs) const;
    
    inline arma_hot bool operator==(const typename SpSubview<eT>::const_row_iterator& rhs) const;
    inline arma_hot bool operator!=(const typename SpSubview<eT>::const_row_iterator& rhs) const;
    };
  
  /**
   * So that we can iterate over nonzero values, we need an iterator implementation.
   * This can't be as simple as for Mat, which is just a pointer to an eT.
   * If a value is set to 0 using this iterator, the iterator is no longer valid!
   */
  class iterator : public const_iterator
    {
    public:
    
    inline iterator() : const_iterator() { }
    inline iterator(SpMat& in_M, uword initial_pos = 0) : const_iterator(in_M, initial_pos) { }
    inline iterator(SpMat& in_M, uword in_row, uword in_col) : const_iterator(in_M, in_row, in_col) { }
    inline iterator(SpMat& in_M, uword in_row, uword in_col, uword in_pos) : const_iterator(in_M, in_row, in_col, in_pos) { }
    inline iterator(const iterator& other) : const_iterator(other) { }
    
    inline arma_hot SpValProxy<SpMat<eT> > operator*();
    
    // overloads needed for return type correctness
    inline arma_hot         iterator& operator++();
    inline arma_warn_unused iterator  operator++(int);
    
    inline arma_hot         iterator& operator--();
    inline arma_warn_unused iterator  operator--(int);
    
    // this has a different value_type than iterator_base
    typedef SpValProxy<SpMat<eT> >         value_type;
    typedef const SpValProxy<SpMat<eT> >*  pointer;
    typedef const SpValProxy<SpMat<eT> >&  reference;
    };
  
  class const_row_iterator : public iterator_base
    {
    public:
    
    inline const_row_iterator();
    inline const_row_iterator(const SpMat& in_M, uword initial_pos = 0);
    //! once initialised, will be at the first nonzero value after the given position (using forward row-wise traversal)
    inline const_row_iterator(const SpMat& in_M, uword in_row, uword in_col);
    inline const_row_iterator(const const_row_iterator& other);
    
    inline arma_hot         const_row_iterator& operator++();
    inline arma_warn_unused const_row_iterator  operator++(int);
    
    inline arma_hot         const_row_iterator& operator--();
    inline arma_warn_unused const_row_iterator  operator--(int);
    
    uword internal_row; // hold row internally
    uword actual_pos; // this holds the true position we are at in the matrix, as column-major indexing
    
    arma_inline eT operator*() const { return iterator_base::M->values[actual_pos]; }
    
    arma_inline uword row() const { return internal_row; }
    
    inline arma_hot bool operator==(const const_iterator& rhs) const;
    inline arma_hot bool operator!=(const const_iterator& rhs) const;
    
    inline arma_hot bool operator==(const typename SpSubview<eT>::const_iterator& rhs) const;
    inline arma_hot bool operator!=(const typename SpSubview<eT>::const_iterator& rhs) const;
    
    inline arma_hot bool operator==(const const_row_iterator& rhs) const;
    inline arma_hot bool operator!=(const const_row_iterator& rhs) const;
    
    inline arma_hot bool operator==(const typename SpSubview<eT>::const_row_iterator& rhs) const;
    inline arma_hot bool operator!=(const typename SpSubview<eT>::const_row_iterator& rhs) const;
    };
  
  class row_iterator : public const_row_iterator
    {
    public:
    
    inline row_iterator() : const_row_iterator() {}
    inline row_iterator(SpMat& in_M, uword initial_pos = 0) : const_row_iterator(in_M, initial_pos) { }
    //! once initialised, will be at the first nonzero value after the given position (using forward row-wise traversal)
    inline row_iterator(SpMat& in_M, uword in_row, uword in_col) : const_row_iterator(in_M, in_row, in_col) { }
    inline row_iterator(const row_iterator& other) : const_row_iterator(other) { }
    
    inline arma_hot SpValProxy<SpMat<eT> > operator*();
    
    // overloads required for return type correctness
    inline arma_hot         row_iterator& operator++();
    inline arma_warn_unused row_iterator  operator++(int);
    
    inline arma_hot         row_iterator& operator--();
    inline arma_warn_unused row_iterator  operator--(int);
    
    // this has a different value_type than iterator_base
    typedef SpValProxy<SpMat<eT> >         value_type;
    typedef const SpValProxy<SpMat<eT> >*  pointer;
    typedef const SpValProxy<SpMat<eT> >&  reference;
    };
  
  
  typedef       iterator       col_iterator;
  typedef const_iterator const_col_iterator;
  
  typedef       iterator       row_col_iterator;
  typedef const_iterator const_row_col_iterator;
  
  
  inline       iterator     begin();
  inline const_iterator     begin() const;
  inline const_iterator    cbegin() const;
  
  inline       iterator     end();
  inline const_iterator     end() const;
  inline const_iterator    cend() const;
  
  inline       col_iterator begin_col(const uword col_num);
  inline const_col_iterator begin_col(const uword col_num) const;
  
  inline       col_iterator begin_col_no_sync(const uword col_num);
  inline const_col_iterator begin_col_no_sync(const uword col_num) const;
  
  inline       col_iterator end_col(const uword col_num);
  inline const_col_iterator end_col(const uword col_num) const;
  
  inline       col_iterator end_col_no_sync(const uword col_num);
  inline const_col_iterator end_col_no_sync(const uword col_num) const;
  
  inline       row_iterator begin_row(const uword row_num = 0);
  inline const_row_iterator begin_row(const uword row_num = 0) const;
  
  inline       row_iterator end_row();
  inline const_row_iterator end_row() const;
  
  inline       row_iterator end_row(const uword row_num);
  inline const_row_iterator end_row(const uword row_num) const;
  
  inline       row_col_iterator begin_row_col();
  inline const_row_col_iterator begin_row_col() const;
  
  inline       row_col_iterator end_row_col();
  inline const_row_col_iterator end_row_col() const;
  
  
  inline void  clear();
  inline bool  empty() const;
  inline uword size()  const;
  
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused SpMat_MapMat_val<eT> front();
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused eT                   front() const;
  
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused SpMat_MapMat_val<eT> back();
  arma_inline arma_warn_unused eT                   back() const;
  
  // Resize memory.
  // If the new size is larger, the column pointers and new memory still need to be correctly set.
  // If the new size is smaller, the first new_n_nonzero elements will be copied.
  // n_nonzero is updated.
  inline void mem_resize(const uword new_n_nonzero);
  
  //! synchronise CSC from cache
  inline void sync() const;
  
  //! don't use this unless you're writing internal Armadillo code
  inline void remove_zeros();
  
  //! don't use this unless you're writing internal Armadillo code
  inline void steal_mem(SpMat& X);
  
  //! don't use this unless you're writing internal Armadillo code
  inline void steal_mem_simple(SpMat& X);
  
  //! don't use this unless you're writing internal Armadillo code
  template<              typename T1, typename Functor> arma_hot inline void init_xform   (const SpBase<eT, T1>& x, const Functor& func);
  template<typename eT2, typename T1, typename Functor> arma_hot inline void init_xform_mt(const SpBase<eT2,T1>& x, const Functor& func);
  
  //! don't use this unless you're writing internal Armadillo code
  arma_inline bool is_alias(const SpMat<eT>& X) const;
  
  
  protected:
  
  inline void                init(uword in_rows, uword in_cols, const uword new_n_nonzero = 0);
  inline void arma_cold init_cold(uword in_rows, uword in_cols, const uword new_n_nonzero = 0);
  
  inline void init(const std::string& text);
  inline void init(const  SpMat<eT>& x);
  inline void init(const MapMat<eT>& x);
  
  inline void init_simple(const SpMat<eT>& x);
  
  inline void init_batch_std(const Mat<uword>& locations, const Mat<eT>& values, const bool sort_locations);
  inline void init_batch_add(const Mat<uword>& locations, const Mat<eT>& values, const bool sort_locations);
  
  inline SpMat(const arma_vec_indicator&, const uword in_vec_state);
  inline SpMat(const arma_vec_indicator&, const uword in_n_rows, const uword in_n_cols, const uword in_vec_state);
  
  
  private:
  
  inline arma_hot arma_warn_unused const eT* find_value_csc(const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const;
  
  inline arma_hot arma_warn_unused eT get_value(const uword i                         ) const;
  inline arma_hot arma_warn_unused eT get_value(const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const;
  
  inline arma_hot arma_warn_unused eT get_value_csc(const uword i                         ) const;
  inline arma_hot arma_warn_unused eT get_value_csc(const uword in_row, const uword in_col) const;
  
  inline arma_hot arma_warn_unused bool try_set_value_csc(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const eT in_val);
  inline arma_hot arma_warn_unused bool try_add_value_csc(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const eT in_val);
  inline arma_hot arma_warn_unused bool try_sub_value_csc(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const eT in_val);
  inline arma_hot arma_warn_unused bool try_mul_value_csc(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const eT in_val);
  inline arma_hot arma_warn_unused bool try_div_value_csc(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const eT in_val);
  
  inline arma_warn_unused eT&  insert_element(const uword in_row, const uword in_col, const eT in_val = eT(0));
  inline                  void delete_element(const uword in_row, const uword in_col);
  
  
  // cache related
  
  arma_aligned mutable MapMat<eT> cache;
  arma_aligned mutable state_type sync_state;
  // 0: cache needs to be updated from CSC (ie.   CSC has more recent data)
  // 1: CSC needs to be updated from cache (ie. cache has more recent data)
  // 2: no update required                 (ie. CSC and cache contain the same data)
  
  #if defined(ARMA_USE_CXX11)
  arma_aligned mutable std::mutex cache_mutex;
  #endif
  
  arma_inline void invalidate_cache() const;
  arma_inline void invalidate_csc()   const;
  
  inline void sync_cache()        const;
  inline void sync_cache_simple() const;
  inline void sync_csc()          const;
  inline void sync_csc_simple()   const;
  
  
  friend class SpValProxy< SpMat<eT> >;  // allow SpValProxy to call insert_element() and delete_element()
  friend class SpSubview<eT>;
  friend class SpRow<eT>;
  friend class SpCol<eT>;
  friend class SpMat_MapMat_val<eT>;
  friend class SpSubview_MapMat_val<eT>;
  friend class spdiagview<eT>;
  
  
  public:
  
  #ifdef ARMA_EXTRA_SPMAT_PROTO
    #include ARMA_INCFILE_WRAP(ARMA_EXTRA_SPMAT_PROTO)
  #endif
  };



class SpMat_aux
  {
  public:
  
  template<typename eT, typename T1> inline static void set_real(SpMat<eT>&                out, const SpBase<eT,T1>& X);
  template<typename T,  typename T1> inline static void set_real(SpMat< std::complex<T> >& out, const SpBase< T,T1>& X);
  
  template<typename eT, typename T1> inline static void set_imag(SpMat<eT>&                out, const SpBase<eT,T1>& X);
  template<typename T,  typename T1> inline static void set_imag(SpMat< std::complex<T> >& out, const SpBase< T,T1>& X);
  };



#define ARMA_HAS_SPMAT



//! @}
