def collect_unique_values(list_of_dictionaries):
    """
    Collects unique values from a list of dictionaries,
    where each dictionary's values are lists of items.

    This function iterates over each dictionary in the provided list,
    extracting values which are expected to be lists. It then adds
    each item from these lists to a set to ensure all values are unique.

    Args:
        list_of_dictionaries (list of dict): A list of dictionaries,
                each containing one or more key-value pairs. The values
                are expected to be lists of items, potentially
                with duplicates.

    Returns:
        list: A list containing unique items extracted from all the value
                lists in the input dictionaries.
    """
    unique_values = set()

    # Iterate through each dictionary in the list
    for dictionary in list_of_dictionaries:
        # Iterate through the values in each dictionary (each value is a list)
        for value_list in dictionary.values():
            # Add each item in the value list to the set (ensuring uniqueness)
            unique_values.update(value_list)

    # Convert the set of unique items to a list before returning
    return list(unique_values)


class RingBuffer:
    """
    A cyclic buffer that returns elements in a loop, with optional repetition.

    Attributes:
        _data (list): The list of elements in the buffer.
        _skip (int): Number of times to return the same element before moving to the next.
        _index (int): Current index in the buffer.
        _counter (int): Tracks how many times the current element has been returned.
    """

    def __init__(self, data=None, skip=0):
        """
        Initializes the RingBuffer.

        Args:
            data (list, optional): Initial data to populate the buffer.
                Defaults to an empty list.
            skip (int, optional): Number of times to return each item
                before moving to the next. Defaults to 0.
        """
        self._data = list(data) if data else []
        self._skip = skip
        self._index = -1  # So first next() sets it to 0
        self._counter = skip  # Force advancing on first call

    def next(self):
        """
        Returns the next element in the buffer, repeating it based on the skip setting.

        Returns:
            Any: The next element in the buffer.

        Raises:
            IndexError: If the buffer is empty.
        """
        if not self._data:
            raise IndexError("RingBuffer is empty")

        if self._counter < self._skip:
            self._counter += 1
        else:
            self._index = (self._index + 1) % len(self._data)
            self._counter = 1  # Start skip count again
        return self._data[self._index]

    def add(self, item):
        """
        Adds a new item to the end of the buffer.

        Args:
            item (Any): The item to add to the buffer.
        """
        self._data.append(item)
