#ifndef STAN_MATH_PRIM_SCAL_FUN_BINOMIAL_COEFFICIENT_LOG_HPP
#define STAN_MATH_PRIM_SCAL_FUN_BINOMIAL_COEFFICIENT_LOG_HPP

#include <boost/math/special_functions/gamma.hpp>
#include <boost/math/tools/promotion.hpp>

namespace stan {

  namespace math {
    /**
     * Return the log of the binomial coefficient for the specified
     * arguments.
     *
     * The binomial coefficient, \f${N \choose n}\f$, read "N choose n", is
     * defined for \f$0 \leq n \leq N\f$ by
     *
     * \f${N \choose n} = \frac{N!}{n! (N-n)!}\f$.
     *
     * This function uses Gamma functions to define the log
     * and generalize the arguments to continuous N and n.
     *
     * \f$ \log {N \choose n}
     * = \log \ \Gamma(N+1) - \log \Gamma(n+1) - \log \Gamma(N-n+1)\f$.
     *
       \f[
       \mbox{binomial\_coefficient\_log}(x, y) =
       \begin{cases}
         \textrm{error} & \mbox{if } y > x \textrm{ or } y < 0\\
         \ln\Gamma(x+1) & \mbox{if } 0\leq y \leq x \\
         \quad -\ln\Gamma(y+1)& \\
         \quad -\ln\Gamma(x-y+1)& \\[6pt]
         \textrm{NaN} & \mbox{if } x = \textrm{NaN or } y = \textrm{NaN}
       \end{cases}
       \f]

       \f[
       \frac{\partial\, \mbox{binomial\_coefficient\_log}(x, y)}{\partial x} =
       \begin{cases}
         \textrm{error} & \mbox{if } y > x \textrm{ or } y < 0\\
         \Psi(x+1) & \mbox{if } 0\leq y \leq x \\
         \quad -\Psi(x-y+1)& \\[6pt]
         \textrm{NaN} & \mbox{if } x = \textrm{NaN or } y = \textrm{NaN}
       \end{cases}
       \f]

       \f[
       \frac{\partial\, \mbox{binomial\_coefficient\_log}(x, y)}{\partial y} =
       \begin{cases}
         \textrm{error} & \mbox{if } y > x \textrm{ or } y < 0\\
         -\Psi(y+1) & \mbox{if } 0\leq y \leq x \\
         \quad +\Psi(x-y+1)& \\[6pt]
         \textrm{NaN} & \mbox{if } x = \textrm{NaN or } y = \textrm{NaN}
       \end{cases}
       \f]
     *
     * @param N total number of objects.
     * @param n number of objects chosen.
     * @return log (N choose n).
     */
    template <typename T_N, typename T_n>
    inline typename boost::math::tools::promote_args<T_N, T_n>::type
    binomial_coefficient_log(const T_N N, const T_n n) {
      using std::log;
      using boost::math::lgamma;
      const double CUTOFF = 1000;
      if (N - n < CUTOFF) {
        T_N N_plus_1 = N + 1;
        return lgamma(N_plus_1) - lgamma(n + 1) - lgamma(N_plus_1 - n);
      } else {
        typename boost::math::tools::promote_args<T_N, T_n>::type N_minus_n
          = N - n;
        double one_twelfth = 1.0 / 12;
        return n * log(N_minus_n)
          + (N + 0.5) * log(N / N_minus_n)
          + one_twelfth / N
          - n
          - one_twelfth / N_minus_n
          - lgamma(n + 1);
      }
    }

  }
}
#endif
