# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
'''
IPDB module
===========

Basically, IPDB is a transactional database, containing records,
representing network stack objects. Any change in the database
is not reflected immediately in OS (unless you ask for that
explicitly), but waits until `commit()` is called. One failed
operation during `commit()` rolls back all the changes, has been
made so far. Moreover, IPDB has commit hooks API, that allows
you to roll back changes depending on your own function calls,
e.g. when a host or a network becomes unreachable.

IPDB vs. IPRoute
----------------

These two modules, IPRoute and IPDB, use completely different
approaches. The first one, IPRoute, is synchronous by default,
and can be used in the same way, as usual Linux utilities. It
doesn't spawn any additional threads or processes, until you
explicitly ask for that.

The latter, IPDB, is an asynchronously updated database, that
starts several additional threads by default. If your project's
policy doesn't allow implicit threads, keep it in mind.

The choice depends on your project's workflow. If you plan to
retrieve the system info not too often (or even once), or you
are sure there will be not too many network object, it is better
to use IPRoute. If you plan to lookup the network info  on a
regular basis and there can be loads of network objects, it is
better to use IPDB. Why?

IPRoute just loads what you ask -- and loads all the information
you ask to. While IPDB loads all the info upon startup, and
later is just updated by asynchronous broadcast netlink messages.
Assume you want to lookup ARP cache that contains hundreds or
even thousands of objects. Using IPRoute, you have to load all
the ARP cache every time you want to make a lookup. While IPDB
will load all the cache once, and then maintain it up-to-date
just inserting new records or removing them by one.

So, IPRoute is much simpler when you need to make a call and
then exit. While IPDB is cheaper in terms of CPU performance
if you implement a long-running program like a daemon. Later
it can change, if there will be (an optional) cache for IPRoute
too.

quickstart
----------

Simple tutorial::

    from pyroute2 import IPDB
    # several IPDB instances are supported within on process
    ip = IPDB()

    # commit is called automatically upon the exit from `with`
    # statement
    with ip.interfaces.eth0 as i:
        i.address = '00:11:22:33:44:55'
        i.ifname = 'bala'
        i.txqlen = 2000

    # basic routing support
    ip.routes.add({'dst': 'default', 'gateway': '10.0.0.1'}).commit()

    # do not forget to shutdown IPDB
    ip.release()

Please, notice `ip.release()` call in the end. Though it is
not forced in an interactive python session for the better
user experience, it is required in the scripts to sync the
IPDB state before exit.

IPDB uses IPRoute as a transport, and monitors all broadcast
netlink messages from the kernel, thus keeping the database
up-to-date in an asynchronous manner. IPDB inherits `dict`
class, and has two keys::

    >>> from pyroute2 import IPDB
    >>> ip = IPDB()
    >>> ip.by_name.keys()
    ['bond0', 'lo', 'em1', 'wlan0', 'dummy0', 'virbr0-nic', 'virbr0']
    >>> ip.by_index.keys()
    [32, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8]
    >>> ip.interfaces.keys()
    [32,
     1,
     2,
     3,
     4,
     5,
     8,
     'lo',
     'em1',
     'wlan0',
     'bond0',
     'dummy0',
     'virbr0-nic',
     'virbr0']
    >>> ip.interfaces['em1']['address']
    'f0:de:f1:93:94:0d'
    >>> ip.interfaces['em1']['ipaddr']
    [('10.34.131.210', 23),
     ('2620:52:0:2282:f2de:f1ff:fe93:940d', 64),
     ('fe80::f2de:f1ff:fe93:940d', 64)]
    >>>

One can address objects in IPDB not only with dict notation, but
with dot notation also::

    >>> ip.interfaces.em1.address
    'f0:de:f1:93:94:0d'
    >>> ip.interfaces.em1.ipaddr
    [('10.34.131.210', 23),
     ('2620:52:0:2282:f2de:f1ff:fe93:940d', 64),
     ('fe80::f2de:f1ff:fe93:940d', 64)]
    ```

It is up to you, which way to choose. The former, being more flexible,
is better for developers, the latter, the shorter form -- for system
administrators.


The library has also IPDB module. It is a database synchronized with
the kernel, containing some of the information. It can be used also
to set up IP settings in a transactional manner:

    >>> from pyroute2 import IPDB
    >>> from pprint import pprint
    >>> ip = IPDB()
    >>> pprint(ip.by_name.keys())
    ['bond0',
     'lo',
     'vnet0',
     'em1',
     'wlan0',
     'macvtap0',
     'dummy0',
     'virbr0-nic',
     'virbr0']
    >>> ip.interfaces.lo
    {'promiscuity': 0,
     'operstate': 'UNKNOWN',
     'qdisc': 'noqueue',
     'group': 0,
     'family': 0,
     'index': 1,
     'linkmode': 0,
     'ipaddr': [('127.0.0.1', 8), ('::1', 128)],
     'mtu': 65536,
     'broadcast': '00:00:00:00:00:00',
     'num_rx_queues': 1,
     'txqlen': 0,
     'ifi_type': 772,
     'address': '00:00:00:00:00:00',
     'flags': 65609,
     'ifname': 'lo',
     'num_tx_queues': 1,
     'ports': [],
     'change': 0}
    >>>

transaction modes
-----------------
IPDB has several operating modes:

    - 'direct' -- any change goes immediately to the OS level
    - 'implicit' (default) -- the first change starts an implicit
        transaction, that have to be committed
    - 'explicit' -- you have to begin() a transaction prior to
        make any change
    - 'snapshot' -- no changes will go to the OS in any case

The default is to use implicit transaction. This behaviour can
be changed in the future, so use 'mode' argument when creating
IPDB instances.

The sample session with explicit transactions::

    In [1]: from pyroute2 import IPDB
    In [2]: ip = IPDB(mode='explicit')
    In [3]: ifdb = ip.interfaces
    In [4]: ifdb.tap0.begin()
        Out[3]: UUID('7a637a44-8935-4395-b5e7-0ce40d31d937')
    In [5]: ifdb.tap0.up()
    In [6]: ifdb.tap0.address = '00:11:22:33:44:55'
    In [7]: ifdb.tap0.add_ip('10.0.0.1', 24)
    In [8]: ifdb.tap0.add_ip('10.0.0.2', 24)
    In [9]: ifdb.tap0.review()
        Out[8]:
        {'+ipaddr': set([('10.0.0.2', 24), ('10.0.0.1', 24)]),
         '-ipaddr': set([]),
         'address': '00:11:22:33:44:55',
         'flags': 4099}
    In [10]: ifdb.tap0.commit()


Note, that you can `review()` the `last()` transaction, and
`commit()` or `drop()` it. Also, multiple `self._transactions`
are supported, use uuid returned by `begin()` to identify them.

Actually, the form like 'ip.tap0.address' is an eye-candy. The
IPDB objects are dictionaries, so you can write the code above
as that::

    ip.interfaces['tap0'].down()
    ip.interfaces['tap0']['address'] = '00:11:22:33:44:55'
    ...

context managers
----------------

Also, interface objects in transactional mode can operate as
context managers::

    with ip.interfaces.tap0 as i:
        i.address = '00:11:22:33:44:55'
        i.ifname = 'vpn'
        i.add_ip('10.0.0.1', 24)
        i.add_ip('10.0.0.1', 24)

On exit, the context manager will authomatically `commit()` the
transaction.

create interfaces
-----------------

IPDB can also create interfaces::

    with ip.create(kind='bridge', ifname='control') as i:
        i.add_port(ip.interfaces.eth1)
        i.add_port(ip.interfaces.eth2)
        i.add_ip('10.0.0.1/24')  # the same as i.add_ip('10.0.0.1', 24)

IPDB supports many interface types, see docs below for the
`IPDB.create()` method.

routing management
------------------

IPDB has a simple yet useful routing management interface.
To add a route, there is an easy to use syntax::

    # spec as a dictionary
    spec = {'dst': '172.16.1.0/24',
            'oif': 4,
            'gateway': '192.168.122.60',
            'metrics': {'mtu': 1400,
                        'advmss': 500}}

    # pass spec as is
    ip.routes.add(spec).commit()

    # pass spec as kwargs
    ip.routes.add(**spec).commit()

    # use keyword arguments explicitly
    ip.routes.add(dst='172.16.1.0/24', oif=4, ...).commit()

To access and change the routes, one can use notations as follows::

    # default table (254)
    #
    # change the route gateway and mtu
    #
    with ip.routes['172.16.1.0/24'] as route:
        route.gateway = '192.168.122.60'
        route.metrics.mtu = 1500

    # access the default route
    print(ip.routes['default])

    # change the default gateway
    with ip.routes['default'] as route:
        route.gateway = '10.0.0.1'

    # list automatic routes keys
    print(ip.routes.tables[255].keys())

**Route specs**

It is important to understand, that routing tables in IPDB
are lists, not dicts. It is still possible to use a dict syntax
to retrieve records, but under the hood the tables are lists.

To retrieve or create routes one should use route specs. The
simplest case is to retrieve one route::

    # get route by prefix
    ip.routes['172.16.1.0/24']

    # get route by a special name
    ip.routes['default']

If there are more than one route that matches the spec, only
the first one will be retrieved. One should iterate all the
records and filter by a key to retrieve all matches::

    # only one route will be retrieved
    ip.routes['fe80::/64']

    # get all routes by this prefix
    [ x for x in ip.routes if x['dst'] == 'fe80::/64' ]

It is possible to use dicts as specs::

    ip.routes[{'dst': '172.16.0.0/16',
               'oif': 2}]

The dict is just the same as a route representation in the
records list.

**Route metrics**

A special object is dedicated to route metrics, one can access it
via `route.metrics` or `route['metrics']`::

    # these two statements are equal:
    with ip.routes['172.16.1.0/24'] as route:
        route['metrics']['mtu'] = 1400

    with ip.routes['172.16.1.0/24'] as route:
        route.metrics.mtu = 1400

Possible metrics are defined in `rtmsg.py:rtmsg.metrics`, e.g.
`RTAX_HOPLIMIT` means `hoplimit` metric etc.

**Multipath routing**

Multipath nexthops are managed via `route.add_nh()` and `route.del_nh()`
methods. They are available to review via `route.multipath`, but one
should not directly add/remove/modify nexthops `route.multipath`, as
the changes will not be committed correctly.

To create a multipath route::

    ip.routes.add({'dst': '172.16.232.0/24',
                   'multipath': [{'gateway': '172.16.231.2',
                                  'hops': 2},
                                 {'gateway': '172.16.231.3',
                                  'hops': 1},
                                 {'gateway': '172.16.231.4'}]}).commit()

To change a multipath route::

    with ip.routes['172.16.232.0/24'] as r:
        r.add_nh({'gateway': '172.16.231.5'})
        r.del_nh({'gateway': '172.16.231.4'})

**On multipath hops**

The `iproute2` tool uses `weigth` instead of `hops`. The weight
is number of hops + 1, so when one creates a nexthop with `hops == 2`,
the `iproute2` utility will show `weight 3`.

But the Linux kernel uses `rtnh_hops`, and the `pyroute2` library
uses here no implications, directly mapping the kernel provided value.

**Multipath default routes**

Deprecation notice: *As of the merge of kill_rtcache into the kernel,
and it's release in ~3.6, weighted default routes no longer work*.
Please refer to
https://github.com/svinota/pyroute2/issues/171#issuecomment-149297244
for details.

performance issues
------------------

In the case of bursts of Netlink broadcast messages, all
the activity of the pyroute2-based code in the async mode
becomes suppressed to leave more CPU resources to the
packet reader thread. So please be ready to cope with
delays in the case of Netlink broadcast storms. It means
also, that IPDB state will be synchronized with OS also
after some delay.

classes
-------
'''
import atexit
import logging
import traceback
import threading

from socket import AF_INET
from socket import AF_INET6
from socket import AF_BRIDGE
from pyroute2 import config
from pyroute2.common import Dotkeys
from pyroute2.common import View
from pyroute2.common import basestring
from pyroute2.common import uuid32
from pyroute2.iproute import IPRoute
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl import RTM_GETLINK
from pyroute2.ipdb.route import RoutingTableSet
from pyroute2.ipdb.interface import Interface
from pyroute2.ipdb.linkedset import LinkedSet
from pyroute2.ipdb.linkedset import IPaddrSet
from pyroute2.ipdb.exceptions import CreateException
from pyroute2.ipdb.transactional import SYNC_TIMEOUT


def get_addr_nla(msg):
    '''
    Utility function to get NLA, containing the interface
    address.

    Inconsistency in Linux IP addressing scheme is that
    IPv4 uses IFA_LOCAL to store interface's ip address,
    and IPv6 uses for the same IFA_ADDRESS.

    IPv4 sets IFA_ADDRESS to == IFA_LOCAL or to a
    tunneling endpoint.

    Args:
        - msg (nlmsg): RTM\_.*ADDR message

    Returns:
        - nla (nla): IFA_LOCAL for IPv4 and IFA_ADDRESS for IPv6
    '''
    nla = None
    if msg['family'] == AF_INET:
        nla = msg.get_attr('IFA_LOCAL')
    elif msg['family'] == AF_INET6:
        nla = msg.get_attr('IFA_ADDRESS')
    return nla


class Watchdog(object):
    def __init__(self, ipdb, action, kwarg):
        self.event = threading.Event()
        self.is_set = False
        self.ipdb = ipdb

        def cb(ipdb, msg, _action):
            if _action != action:
                return

            for key in kwarg:
                if (msg.get(key, None) != kwarg[key]) and \
                        (msg.get_attr(msg.name2nla(key)) != kwarg[key]):
                    return

            self.is_set = True
            self.event.set()
        self.cb = cb
        # register callback prior to other things
        self.uuid = self.ipdb.register_callback(self.cb)

    def wait(self, timeout=SYNC_TIMEOUT):
        ret = self.event.wait(timeout=timeout)
        self.cancel()
        return ret

    def cancel(self):
        self.ipdb.unregister_callback(self.uuid)


class IPDB(object):
    '''
    The class that maintains information about network setup
    of the host. Monitoring netlink events allows it to react
    immediately. It uses no polling.
    '''

    def __init__(self, nl=None, mode='implicit',
                 restart_on_error=None, nl_async=None,
                 debug=False, ignore_rtables=None):
        '''
        Parameters:
            - nl -- IPRoute() reference
            - mode -- (implicit, explicit, direct)
            - iclass -- the interface class type

        If you do not provide iproute instance, ipdb will
        start it automatically.
        '''
        self.mode = mode
        self.debug = debug
        if isinstance(ignore_rtables, int):
            self._ignore_rtables = [ignore_rtables, ]
        elif isinstance(ignore_rtables, (list, tuple, set)):
            self._ignore_rtables = ignore_rtables
        else:
            self._ignore_rtables = []
        self.iclass = Interface
        self._nl_async = config.ipdb_nl_async if nl_async is None else True
        self._stop = False
        # see also 'register_callback'
        self._post_callbacks = {}
        self._pre_callbacks = {}
        self._cb_threads = {}

        # locks and events
        self._links_event = threading.Event()
        self.exclusive = threading.RLock()
        self._shutdown_lock = threading.Lock()

        # load information
        self.restart_on_error = restart_on_error if \
            restart_on_error is not None else nl is None
        self.initdb(nl)

        # start monitoring thread
        self._mthread = threading.Thread(target=self.serve_forever)
        self._mthread.setDaemon(True)
        self._mthread.start()
        #
        atexit.register(self.release)

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.release()

    def initdb(self, nl=None):
        '''
        Restart IPRoute channel, and create all the DB
        from scratch. Can be used when sync is lost.
        '''
        self.nl = nl or IPRoute()

        # resolvers
        self.interfaces = Dotkeys()
        self.routes = RoutingTableSet(ipdb=self,
                                      ignore_rtables=self._ignore_rtables)
        self.by_name = View(src=self.interfaces,
                            constraint=lambda k, v: isinstance(k, basestring))
        self.by_index = View(src=self.interfaces,
                             constraint=lambda k, v: isinstance(k, int))

        # caches
        self.ipaddr = {}
        self.neighbours = {}

        try:
            self.nl.bind(async=self._nl_async)
            # load information
            links = self.nl.get_links()
            for link in links:
                self.device_put(link, skip_slaves=True)
            for link in links:
                self.update_slaves(link)
            # bridge info
            links = self.nl.get_vlans()
            for link in links:
                self.update_dev(link)
            #
            self.update_addr(self.nl.get_addr())
            self.update_neighbours(self.nl.get_neighbours())
            routes4 = self.nl.get_routes(family=AF_INET)
            routes6 = self.nl.get_routes(family=AF_INET6)
            self.update_routes(routes4)
            self.update_routes(routes6)
        except Exception as e:
            try:
                self.nl.close()
            except:
                pass
            raise e

    def register_callback(self, callback, mode='post'):
        '''
        IPDB callbacks are routines executed on a RT netlink
        message arrival. There are two types of callbacks:
        "post" and "pre" callbacks.

        ...

        "Post" callbacks are executed after the message is
        processed by IPDB and all corresponding objects are
        created or deleted. Using ipdb reference in "post"
        callbacks you will access the most up-to-date state
        of the IP database.

        "Post" callbacks are executed asynchronously in
        separate threads. These threads can work as long
        as you want them to. Callback threads are joined
        occasionally, so for a short time there can exist
        stopped threads.

        ...

        "Pre" callbacks are synchronous routines, executed
        before the message gets processed by IPDB. It gives
        you the way to patch arriving messages, but also
        places a restriction: until the callback exits, the
        main event IPDB loop is blocked.

        Normally, only "post" callbacks are required. But in
        some specific cases "pre" also can be useful.

        ...

        The routine, `register_callback()`, takes two arguments:
            - callback function
            - mode (optional, default="post")

        The callback should be a routine, that accepts three
        arguments::

            cb(ipdb, msg, action)

        Arguments are:

            - **ipdb** is a reference to IPDB instance, that invokes
                the callback.
            - **msg** is a message arrived
            - **action** is just a msg['event'] field

        E.g., to work on a new interface, you should catch
        action == 'RTM_NEWLINK' and with the interface index
        (arrived in msg['index']) get it from IPDB::

            index = msg['index']
            interface = ipdb.interfaces[index]
        '''
        lock = threading.Lock()

        def safe(*argv, **kwarg):
            with lock:
                callback(*argv, **kwarg)

        safe.hook = callback
        safe.lock = lock
        safe.uuid = uuid32()

        if mode == 'post':
            self._post_callbacks[safe.uuid] = safe
        elif mode == 'pre':
            self._pre_callbacks[safe.uuid] = safe
        return safe.uuid

    def unregister_callback(self, cuid, mode='post'):
        if mode == 'post':
            cbchain = self._post_callbacks
        elif mode == 'pre':
            cbchain = self._pre_callbacks
        else:
            raise KeyError('Unknown callback mode')
        safe = cbchain[cuid]
        with safe.lock:
            cbchain.pop(cuid)
        for t in tuple(self._cb_threads.get(cuid, ())):
            t.join(3)
        ret = self._cb_threads.get(cuid, ())
        return ret

    def release(self):
        '''
        Shutdown IPDB instance and sync the state. Since
        IPDB is asyncronous, some operations continue in the
        background, e.g. callbacks. So, prior to exit the
        script, it is required to properly shutdown IPDB.

        The shutdown sequence is not forced in an interactive
        python session, since it is easier for users and there
        is enough time to sync the state. But for the scripts
        the `release()` call is required.
        '''
        with self.exclusive:
            with self._shutdown_lock:
                if self._stop:
                    return

                self._stop = True
                # collect all the callbacks
                for cuid in tuple(self._cb_threads):
                    for t in tuple(self._cb_threads[cuid]):
                        t.join()
                # terminate the main loop
                try:
                    for t in range(3):
                        self.nl.put({'index': 1}, RTM_GETLINK)
                        self._mthread.join(t)
                        if not self._mthread.is_alive():
                            break
                except Exception:
                    # Just give up.
                    # We can not handle this case
                    pass
                self.nl.close()
                self.nl = None

                # flush all the objects
                # -- interfaces
                for (key, dev) in self.by_name.items():
                    self.detach(key, dev['index'], dev.nlmsg)
                # -- routes
                for key in tuple(self.routes.tables.keys()):
                    del self.routes.tables[key]
                self.routes.tables[254] = None
                # -- ipaddr
                for key in tuple(self.ipaddr.keys()):
                    del self.ipaddr[key]
                # -- neighbours
                for key in tuple(self.neighbours.keys()):
                    del self.neighbours[key]

    def create(self, kind, ifname, reuse=False, **kwarg):
        '''
        Create an interface. Arguments 'kind' and 'ifname' are
        required.

            - kind — interface type, can be of:
                - bridge
                - bond
                - vlan
                - tun
                - dummy
                - veth
                - macvlan
                - macvtap
                - gre
                - team
            - ifname — interface name
            - reuse — if such interface exists, return it anyway

        Different interface kinds can require different
        arguments for creation.

        ► **veth**

        To properly create `veth` interface, one should specify
        `peer` also, since `veth` interfaces are created in pairs::

            with ip.create(ifname='v1p0', kind='veth', peer='v1p1') as i:
                i.add_ip('10.0.0.1/24')
                i.add_ip('10.0.0.2/24')

        The code above creates two interfaces, `v1p0` and `v1p1`, and
        adds two addresses to `v1p0`.

        ► **macvlan**

        Macvlan interfaces act like VLANs within OS. The macvlan driver
        provides an ability to add several MAC addresses on one interface,
        where every MAC address is reflected with a virtual interface in
        the system.

        In some setups macvlan interfaces can replace bridge interfaces,
        providing more simple and at the same time high-performance
        solution::

            ip.create(ifname='mvlan0',
                      kind='macvlan',
                      link=ip.interfaces.em1,
                      macvlan_mode='private').commit()

        Several macvlan modes are available: 'private', 'vepa', 'bridge',
        'passthru'. Ususally the default is 'vepa'.

        ► **macvtap**

        Almost the same as macvlan, but creates also a character tap device::

            ip.create(ifname='mvtap0',
                      kind='macvtap',
                      link=ip.interfaces.em1,
                      macvtap_mode='vepa').commit()

        Will create a device file `"/dev/tap%s" % ip.interfaces.mvtap0.index`

        ► **gre**

        Create GRE tunnel::

            with ip.create(ifname='grex',
                           kind='gre',
                           gre_local='172.16.0.1',
                           gre_remote='172.16.0.101',
                           gre_ttl=16) as i:
                i.add_ip('192.168.0.1/24')
                i.up()

        The keyed GRE requires explicit iflags/oflags specification::

            ip.create(ifname='grex',
                      kind='gre',
                      gre_local='172.16.0.1',
                      gre_remote='172.16.0.101',
                      gre_ttl=16,
                      gre_ikey=10,
                      gre_okey=10,
                      gre_iflags=32,
                      gre_oflags=32).commit()

        ► **vlan**

        VLAN interfaces require additional parameters, `vlan_id` and
        `link`, where `link` is a master interface to create VLAN on::

            ip.create(ifname='v100',
                      kind='vlan',
                      link=ip.interfaces.eth0,
                      vlan_id=100)

            ip.create(ifname='v100',
                      kind='vlan',
                      link=1,
                      vlan_id=100)

        The `link` parameter should be either integer, interface id, or
        an interface object. VLAN id must be integer.

        ► **vxlan**

        VXLAN interfaces are like VLAN ones, but require a bit more
        parameters::

            ip.create(ifname='vx101',
                      kind='vxlan',
                      vxlan_link=ip.interfaces.eth0,
                      vxlan_id=101,
                      vxlan_group='239.1.1.1',
                      vxlan_ttl=16)

        All possible vxlan parameters are listed in the module
        `pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.ifinfmsg:... vxlan_data`.

        ► **tuntap**

        Possible `tuntap` keywords:

            - `mode` — "tun" or "tap"
            - `uid` — integer
            - `gid` — integer
            - `ifr` — dict of tuntap flags (see tuntapmsg.py)
        '''
        with self.exclusive:
            # check for existing interface
            if ifname in self.interfaces:
                if (self.interfaces[ifname]['ipdb_scope'] == 'shadow') \
                        or reuse:
                    device = self.interfaces[ifname]
                    kwarg['kind'] = kind
                    device.load_dict(kwarg)
                    device.set_item('ipdb_scope', 'create')
                else:
                    raise CreateException("interface %s exists" %
                                          ifname)
            else:
                device = \
                    self.interfaces[ifname] = \
                    self.iclass(ipdb=self, mode='snapshot')
                device.update(kwarg)
                if isinstance(kwarg.get('link', None), Interface):
                    device['link'] = kwarg['link']['index']
                if isinstance(kwarg.get('vxlan_link', None), Interface):
                    device['vxlan_link'] = kwarg['vxlan_link']['index']
                device['kind'] = kind
                device['index'] = kwarg.get('index', 0)
                device['ifname'] = ifname
                device['ipdb_scope'] = 'create'
                device._mode = self.mode
            tid = device.begin()
        #
        # All the device methods are handled via `transactional.update()`
        # except of the very creation.
        #
        # Commit the changes in the 'direct' mode, since this call is not
        # decorated.
        if self.mode == 'direct':
            device.commit(tid)
        return device

    def commit(self, transactions=None, rollback=False):
        # what to commit: either from transactions argument, or from
        # started transactions on existing objects
        if transactions is None:
            # collect interface transactions
            txlist = [(x, x.last()) for x in self.by_name.values() if x._tids]
            # collect route transactions
            for table in self.routes.tables.keys():
                txlist.extend([(x, x.last()) for x in
                               self.routes.tables[table]
                               if x._tids])
            txlist = sorted(txlist,
                            key=lambda x: x[1]['ipdb_priority'],
                            reverse=True)
            transactions = txlist

        snapshots = []
        removed = []

        try:
            for (target, tx) in transactions:
                if target['ipdb_scope'] == 'detached':
                    continue
                if tx['ipdb_scope'] == 'remove':
                    tx['ipdb_scope'] = 'shadow'
                    removed.append((target, tx))
                if not rollback:
                    s = (target, target.pick(detached=True))
                    snapshots.append(s)
                target.commit(transaction=tx, rollback=rollback)
        except Exception:
            if not rollback:
                self.fallen = transactions
                self.commit(transactions=snapshots, rollback=True)
            raise
        else:
            if not rollback:
                for (target, tx) in removed:
                    target['ipdb_scope'] = 'detached'
                    target.detach()
        finally:
            if not rollback:
                for (target, tx) in transactions:
                    target.drop(tx)

    def device_del(self, msg):
        target = self.interfaces.get(msg['index'])
        if target is None:
            return
        target.nlmsg = msg
        # check for freezed devices
        if getattr(target, '_freeze', None):
            self.interfaces[msg['index']].set_item('ipdb_scope', 'shadow')
            return
        # check for locked devices
        if target.get('ipdb_scope') in ('locked', 'shadow'):
            self.interfaces[msg['index']].sync()
            return
        self.detach(None, msg['index'], msg)

    def device_put(self, msg, skip_slaves=False):
        # check, if a record exists
        index = msg.get('index', None)
        ifname = msg.get_attr('IFLA_IFNAME', None)
        # scenario #1: no matches for both: new interface
        # scenario #2: ifname exists, index doesn't: index changed
        # scenario #3: index exists, ifname doesn't: name changed
        # scenario #4: both exist: assume simple update and
        # an optional name change
        if ((index not in self.interfaces) and
                (ifname not in self.interfaces)):
            # scenario #1, new interface
            device = \
                self.interfaces[index] = \
                self.interfaces[ifname] = self.iclass(ipdb=self)
        elif ((index not in self.interfaces) and
                (ifname in self.interfaces)):
            # scenario #2, index change
            old_index = self.interfaces[ifname]['index']
            device = self.interfaces[index] = self.interfaces[ifname]
            if old_index in self.interfaces:
                del self.interfaces[old_index]
            if old_index in self.ipaddr:
                self.ipaddr[index] = self.ipaddr[old_index]
                del self.ipaddr[old_index]
            if old_index in self.neighbours:
                self.neighbours[index] = self.neighbours[old_index]
                del self.neighbours[old_index]
        else:
            # scenario #3, interface rename
            # scenario #4, assume rename
            old_name = self.interfaces[index]['ifname']
            if old_name != ifname:
                # unlink old name
                del self.interfaces[old_name]
            device = self.interfaces[ifname] = self.interfaces[index]

        if index not in self.ipaddr:
            # for interfaces, created by IPDB
            self.ipaddr[index] = IPaddrSet()

        if index not in self.neighbours:
            self.neighbours[index] = LinkedSet()

        device.load_netlink(msg)

        if not skip_slaves:
            self.update_slaves(msg)

    def detach(self, name, idx, msg=None):
        with self.exclusive:
            if msg is not None:
                try:
                    self.update_slaves(msg)
                except KeyError:
                    pass
                if msg['event'] == 'RTM_DELLINK' and \
                        msg['change'] != 0xffffffff:
                    return
            if idx is None or idx < 1:
                target = self.interfaces[name]
                idx = target['index']
            else:
                target = self.interfaces[idx]
                name = target['ifname']
            target.sync()
            self.interfaces.pop(name, None)
            self.interfaces.pop(idx, None)
            self.ipaddr.pop(idx, None)
            self.neighbours.pop(idx, None)
            target.set_item('ipdb_scope', 'detached')

    def watchdog(self, action='RTM_NEWLINK', **kwarg):
        return Watchdog(self, action, kwarg)

    def update_dev(self, dev):
        # ignore non-system updates on devices not
        # registered in the DB
        if (dev['index'] not in self.interfaces) and \
                (dev['change'] != 0xffffffff):
            return
        if dev['event'] == 'RTM_NEWLINK':
            self.device_put(dev)
        else:
            self.device_del(dev)

    def update_routes(self, routes):
        for msg in routes:
            self.routes.load_netlink(msg)

    def update_slaves(self, msg):
        # Update slaves list -- only after update IPDB!

        index = msg['index']
        master_index = msg.get_attr('IFLA_MASTER')
        if index == master_index:
            # one special case: links() call with AF_BRIDGE
            # returns IFLA_MASTER == index
            return
        master = self.interfaces.get(master_index, None)
        # there IS a master for the interface
        if master is not None:
            if msg['event'] == 'RTM_NEWLINK':
                # TODO tags: ipdb
                # The code serves one particular case, when
                # an enslaved interface is set to belong to
                # another master. In this case there will be
                # no 'RTM_DELLINK', only 'RTM_NEWLINK', and
                # we can end up in a broken state, when two
                # masters refers to the same slave
                for device in self.by_index:
                    if index in self.interfaces[device]['ports']:
                        try:
                            self.interfaces[device].del_port(
                                index, direct=True)
                        except KeyError:
                            pass
                master.add_port(index, direct=True)
            elif msg['event'] == 'RTM_DELLINK':
                if index in master['ports']:
                    master.del_port(index, direct=True)
        # there is NO masters for the interface, clean them if any
        else:
            device = self.interfaces[msg['index']]
            # clean vlan list from the port
            for vlan in tuple(device['vlans']):
                device.del_vlan(vlan, direct=True)
            # clean device from ports
            for master in self.by_index:
                if index in self.interfaces[master]['ports']:
                    try:
                        self.interfaces[master].del_port(
                            index, direct=True)
                    except KeyError:
                        pass
            master = device.if_master
            if master is not None:
                if 'master' in device:
                    device.set_item('master', None)
                if (master in self.interfaces) and \
                        (msg['index'] in self.interfaces[master].ports):
                    try:
                        self.interfaces[master].del_port(
                            msg['index'], direct=True)
                    except KeyError:
                        pass

    def update_addr(self, addrs, action='add'):
        # Update address list of an interface.

        for addr in addrs:
            nla = get_addr_nla(addr)
            if self.debug:
                raw = addr
            else:
                raw = {'local': addr.get_attr('IFA_LOCAL'),
                       'broadcast': addr.get_attr('IFA_BROADCAST'),
                       'address': addr.get_attr('IFA_ADDRESS'),
                       'flags': addr.get_attr('IFA_FLAGS'),
                       'prefixlen': addr.get('prefixlen')}
            if nla is not None:
                try:
                    method = getattr(self.ipaddr[addr['index']], action)
                    method(key=(nla, addr['prefixlen']), raw=raw)
                except:
                    pass

    def update_neighbours(self, neighs, action='add'):

        for neigh in neighs:
            if neigh['family'] == AF_BRIDGE:
                # skip FDB records for now -- should be tracked separately
                continue
            nla = neigh.get_attr('NDA_DST')
            if self.debug:
                raw = neigh
            else:
                raw = {'lladdr': neigh.get_attr('NDA_LLADDR')}
            if nla is not None:
                try:
                    method = getattr(self.neighbours[neigh['ifindex']], action)
                    method(key=nla, raw=raw)
                except:
                    pass

    def serve_forever(self):
        '''
        Main monitoring cycle. It gets messages from the
        default iproute queue and updates objects in the
        database.

        .. note::
            Should not be called manually.
        '''
        while not self._stop:
            try:
                messages = self.nl.get()
                ##
                # Check it again
                #
                # NOTE: one should not run callbacks or
                # anything like that after setting the
                # _stop flag, since IPDB is not valid
                # anymore
                if self._stop:
                    break
            except:
                logging.error('Restarting IPDB instance after '
                              'error:\n%s', traceback.format_exc())
                if self.restart_on_error:
                    try:
                        self.initdb()
                    except:
                        logging.error('Error restarting DB:\n%s',
                                      traceback.format_exc())
                        return
                    continue
                else:
                    raise RuntimeError('Emergency shutdown')
            for msg in messages:
                # Run pre-callbacks
                # NOTE: pre-callbacks are synchronous
                for (cuid, cb) in tuple(self._pre_callbacks.items()):
                    try:
                        cb(self, msg, msg['event'])
                    except:
                        pass

                with self.exclusive:
                    # FIXME: refactor it to a dict
                    if msg.get('event', None) in ('RTM_NEWLINK',
                                                  'RTM_DELLINK'):
                        self.update_dev(msg)
                        self._links_event.set()
                    elif msg.get('event', None) == 'RTM_NEWADDR':
                        self.update_addr([msg], 'add')
                    elif msg.get('event', None) == 'RTM_DELADDR':
                        self.update_addr([msg], 'remove')
                    elif msg.get('event', None) == 'RTM_NEWNEIGH':
                        self.update_neighbours([msg], 'add')
                    elif msg.get('event', None) == 'RTM_DELNEIGH':
                        self.update_neighbours([msg], 'remove')
                    elif msg.get('event', None) in ('RTM_NEWROUTE',
                                                    'RTM_DELROUTE'):
                        self.update_routes([msg])

                # run post-callbacks
                # NOTE: post-callbacks are asynchronous
                for (cuid, cb) in tuple(self._post_callbacks.items()):
                    t = threading.Thread(name="callback %s" % (id(cb)),
                                         target=cb,
                                         args=(self, msg, msg['event']))
                    t.start()
                    if cuid not in self._cb_threads:
                        self._cb_threads[cuid] = set()
                    self._cb_threads[cuid].add(t)

                # occasionally join cb threads
                for cuid in tuple(self._cb_threads):
                    for t in tuple(self._cb_threads.get(cuid, ())):
                        t.join(0)
                        if not t.is_alive():
                            try:
                                self._cb_threads[cuid].remove(t)
                            except KeyError:
                                pass
                            if len(self._cb_threads.get(cuid, ())) == 0:
                                del self._cb_threads[cuid]
