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[ Module Hierarchy | Class Hierarchy ]

# Class Hierarchy

- object: The most base type
  - exceptions.BaseException: Common base class for all exceptions
    - exceptions.Exception: Common base class for all non-exit exceptions.
      - exceptions.StandardError: Base class for all standard Python exceptions that do not represent interpreter exiting.
        - exceptions.ImportError: Import can't find module, or can't find name in module.
          - pygeodesy.lazily.LazyImportError: Raised if `lazy import` is not supported, disabled or failed some other way.
        - exceptions.ValueError: Inappropriate argument value (of correct type).
          - pygeodesy.errors._ValueError: (INTERNAL) Format a `ValueError` without exception chaining.
            - pygeodesy.albers.AlbersError: An AlbersEqualArea, AlbersEqualArea2, AlbersEqualArea4, AlbersEqualAreaCylindrical, AlbersEqualAreaNorth, AlbersEqualAreaSouth or Albers7Tuple issue.
            - pygeodesy.ltp.AttitudeError: An Attitude or Attitude4Tuple issue.
            - pygeodesy.azimuthal.AzimuthalError: An azimuthal Equidistant, EquidistantKarney, Gnomonic, LambertEqualArea, Orthographic, Stereographic or Azimuthal7Tuple issue.
            - pygeodesy.css.CSSError: Cassini-Soldner (CSS) conversion or other Css issue.
            - pygeodesy.clipy.ClipError: Clip box or clip region issue.
            - pygeodesy.errors.CrossError: Error raised for zero or near-zero vectorial cross products, occurring for coincident or colinear points, paths or bearings.
            - pygeodesy.epsg.EPSGError: EPSG encode, decode or other Epsg issue.
            - pygeodesy.ecef.EcefError: An ECEF or `Ecef*` related issue.
            - pygeodesy.elliptic.EllipticError: Elliptic integral, function, convergence or other Elliptic issue.
            - pygeodesy.gars.GARSError: Global Area Reference System (GARS) encode, decode or other Garef issue.
            - pygeodesy.karney.GeodesicError: Error raised for pygeodesy.geodesicx lack of convergence or other pygeodesy.geodesicx or pygeodesy.karney issues.
            - pygeodesy.geohash.GeohashError: Geohash encode, decode or other Geohash issue.
            - pygeodesy.errors.IntersectionError: Error raised for path or circle intersection issues.
            - pygeodesy.ktm.KTMError: Error raised for KTransverseMercator and KTransverseMercator.forward issues.
            - pygeodesy.lcc.LCCError: Lambert Conformal Conic `LCC` or other Lcc issue.
            - pygeodesy.errors.LenError: Error raised for mis-matching `len` values.
            - pygeodesy.errors.LimitError: Error raised for lat- or longitudinal deltas exceeding the `limit` in functions pygeodesy.equirectangular and pygeodesy.equirectangular_ and several `nearestOn*` and `simplify*` functions or methods.
            - pygeodesy.ltp.LocalError: A LocalCartesian or Ltp related issue.
            - pygeodesy.errors.MGRSError: Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) parse or other Mgrs issue.
            - pygeodesy.errors.NumPyError: Error raised for `NumPy` issues.
            - pygeodesy.osgr.OSGRError: Error raised for a parseOSGR, Osgr or other OSGR issue.
            - pygeodesy.errors.ParseError: Error parsing degrees, radians or several other formats.
            - pygeodesy.errors.PointsError: Error for an insufficient number of points.
              - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetError: Fréchet issue.
              - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffError: Hausdorff issue.
              - pygeodesy.heights.HeightError: Height interpolator `Height...` or interpolation issue.
                - pygeodesy.geoids.GeoidError: Geoid interpolator `Geoid...` or interpolation issue.
                  - pygeodesy.geoids.PGMError: Issue parsing or cropping an `egm*.pgm` geoid dataset.
              - pygeodesy.errors.SciPyError: Error raised for `SciPy` issues.
              - pygeodesy.errors.SciPyWarning: Error thrown for `SciPy` warnings.
            - pygeodesy.errors.RangeError: Error raised for lat- or longitude values outside the `clip`, `clipLat`, `clipLon` or `limit` range in function pygeodesy.clipDegrees, pygeodesy.clipRadians, pygeodesy.parse3llh, pygeodesy.parseDMS, pygeodesy.parseDMS2 or pygeodesy.parseRad.
            - pygeodesy.resections.ResectionError: Error raised for issues in pygeodesy.resections.
            - pygeodesy.fsums.ResidualError: Error raised for an operation involving a pygeodesy.sums.Fsum instance with a non-zero `residual`, integer or otherwise.
            - pygeodesy.rhumbx.RhumbError: Raised for an Rhumb or RhumbLine issue.
            - pygeodesy.errors.TRFError: Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF), Epoch, RefFrame or RefFrame conversion issue.
            - pygeodesy.errors.TriangleError: Error raised for triangle, inter- or resection issues.
            - pygeodesy.ups.UPSError: Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) parse or other Ups issue.
            - pygeodesy.utm.UTMError: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM parse or other Utm issue.
              - pygeodesy.etm.ETMError: Exact Transverse Mercator (ETM) parse, projection or other Etm issue or ExactTransverseMercator conversion failure.
            - pygeodesy.utmups.UTMUPSError: Universal Transverse Mercator/Universal Polar Stereographic (UTM/UPS) parse, validate or other issue.
            - pygeodesy.errors.UnitError: Default exception for units issues.
            - pygeodesy.errors.VectorError: Vector3d, `Cartesian*` or `*Nvector` issues.
            - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalVincenty.VincentyError: Error raised from Vincenty's `direct` and `inverse` methods for coincident points or lack of convergence.
            - pygeodesy.wgrs.WGRSError: World Geographic Reference System (WGRS) encode, decode or other Georef issue.
            - pygeodesy.webmercator.WebMercatorError: Web Mercator (WM) parser or Wm issue.
  - _abcoll.Container
    - _abcoll.Sequence: All the operations on a read-only sequence.
      - pygeodesy.points._Basequence: (INTERNAL) Base class.
        - pygeodesy.points.LatLon2psxy: Wrapper for `LatLon` points as "on-the-fly" pseudo-xy coordinates.
        - pygeodesy.points._Array2LatLon: (INTERNAL) Base class for Numpy2LatLon or Tuple2LatLon.
          - pygeodesy.points.Numpy2LatLon: Wrapper for `NumPy` arrays as "on-the-fly" `LatLon` points.
          - pygeodesy.points.Tuple2LatLon: Wrapper for tuple sequences as "on-the-fly" `LatLon` points.
  - _abcoll.Iterable
    - _abcoll.Sequence: All the operations on a read-only sequence.
      - pygeodesy.points._Basequence: (INTERNAL) Base class.
        - pygeodesy.points.LatLon2psxy: Wrapper for `LatLon` points as "on-the-fly" pseudo-xy coordinates.
        - pygeodesy.points._Array2LatLon: (INTERNAL) Base class for Numpy2LatLon or Tuple2LatLon.
          - pygeodesy.points.Numpy2LatLon: Wrapper for `NumPy` arrays as "on-the-fly" `LatLon` points.
          - pygeodesy.points.Tuple2LatLon: Wrapper for tuple sequences as "on-the-fly" `LatLon` points.
  - pygeodesy.points.LatLon_: Low-overhead `LatLon` class for Numpy2LatLon and Tuple2LatLon.
  - _abcoll.Sized
    - _abcoll.Sequence: All the operations on a read-only sequence.
      - pygeodesy.points._Basequence: (INTERNAL) Base class.
        - pygeodesy.points.LatLon2psxy: Wrapper for `LatLon` points as "on-the-fly" pseudo-xy coordinates.
        - pygeodesy.points._Array2LatLon: (INTERNAL) Base class for Numpy2LatLon or Tuple2LatLon.
          - pygeodesy.points.Numpy2LatLon: Wrapper for `NumPy` arrays as "on-the-fly" `LatLon` points.
          - pygeodesy.points.Tuple2LatLon: Wrapper for tuple sequences as "on-the-fly" `LatLon` points.
  - pygeodesy.named._Named: (INTERNAL) Root class for named objects.
    - pygeodesy.elliptic.Elliptic: Elliptic integrals and functions.
    - pygeodesy.frechet.Frechet: Frechet base class, requires method Frechet.distance to be overloaded.
      - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetDegrees: Frechet base class for distances in `degrees` from `LatLon` points in `degrees`.
        - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetExact: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the angular distance in `degrees` from method GeodesicExact`.Inverse`.
          - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetKarney: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the angular distance in `degrees` from Karney's geographiclib Geodesic Inverse method.
      - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetDistanceTo: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the distance from the points' `LatLon.distanceTo` method, conventionally in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetRadians: Frechet base class for distances in `radians` or `radians squared` from `LatLon` points converted from `degrees` to `radians`.
        - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetCosineAndoyerLambert: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.cosineAndoyerLambert_.
        - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetCosineForsytheAndoyerLambert: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.cosineForsytheAndoyerLambert_.
        - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetCosineLaw: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.cosineLaw_.
        - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetEquirectangular: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the equirectangular distance in `radians squared` like function pygeodesy.equirectangular_.
        - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetEuclidean: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the Euclidean distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.euclidean_.
        - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetFlatLocal: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the angular distance in `radians squared` like function pygeodesy.flatLocal_/pygeodesy.hubeny_.
          - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetHubeny: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the angular distance in `radians squared` like function pygeodesy.flatLocal_/pygeodesy.hubeny_.
        - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetFlatPolar: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function flatPolar_.
        - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetHaversine: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.haversine_.
        - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetThomas: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.thomas_.
        - pygeodesy.frechet.FrechetVincentys: Compute the `Frechet` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.vincentys_.
    - pygeodesy.fsums.Fsum: Precision floating point running summation similar to standard Python's `math.fsum`.
      - pygeodesy.fmath.Fdot: Precision dot product.
      - pygeodesy.fmath.Fhorner: Precision polynomial evaluation using the Horner form.
      - pygeodesy.fmath.Fhypot: Precision hypotenuse of summation.
      - pygeodesy.fmath.Fn_rt: Precision n-th root of summation.
        - pygeodesy.fmath.Fcbrt: Precision cubic root of summation.
        - pygeodesy.fmath.Fsqrt: Precision square root of summation.
      - pygeodesy.fmath.Fpolynomial: Precision polynomial evaluation.
      - pygeodesy.fmath.Fpowers: Precision summation or powers, optimized for `power=2`.
    - pygeodesy.hausdorff.Hausdorff: Hausdorff base class, requires method Hausdorff.distance to be overloaded.
      - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffDegrees: Hausdorff base class for distances from `LatLon` points in `degrees`.
        - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffExact: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the angular distance in `degrees` from method GeodesicExact`.Inverse`.
          - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffKarney: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the angular distance in `degrees` from Karney's geographiclib Geodesic Inverse method.
      - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffDistanceTo: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the distance from the points' `LatLon.distanceTo` method, conventionally in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffRadians: Hausdorff base class for distances from `LatLon` points converted from `degrees` to `radians`.
        - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffCosineAndoyerLambert: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.cosineAndoyerLambert_.
        - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffCosineForsytheAndoyerLambert: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.cosineForsytheAndoyerLambert_.
        - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffCosineLaw: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.cosineLaw_.
        - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffEquirectangular: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the `equirectangular` distance in `radians squared` like function pygeodesy.equirectangular_.
        - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffEuclidean: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the `Euclidean` distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.euclidean_.
        - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffFlatLocal: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the angular distance in `radians squared` like function pygeodesy.flatLocal_/pygeodesy.hubeny_.
          - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffHubeny: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the angular distance in `radians squared` like function pygeodesy.flatLocal_/pygeodesy.hubeny_.
        - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffFlatPolar: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.flatPolar_.
        - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffHaversine: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.haversine_.
        - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffThomas: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.thomas_.
        - pygeodesy.hausdorff.HausdorffVincentys: Compute the `Hausdorff` distance based on the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.vincentys_.
    - pygeodesy.iters._BaseIter: (INTERNAL) Iterator over items with loop-back and de-duplication.
      - pygeodesy.iters.PointsIter: Iterator for `points` with optional loop-back and copies.
        - pygeodesy.iters.LatLon2PsxyIter: Iterate and convert for `points` with optional loop-back and copies.
    - pygeodesy.fstats._FstatsNamed: (INTERNAL) Base class.
      - pygeodesy.fstats.Flinear: Cook's `RunningRegression` computing the running slope, intercept and correlation of a linear regression.
      - pygeodesy.fstats._FstatsBase: (INTERNAL) Base running stats class.
        - pygeodesy.fstats.Fcook: Cook's `RunningStats` computing the running mean, median and (sample) kurtosis, skewness, variance, standard deviation and Jarque-Bera normality.
        - pygeodesy.fstats.Fwelford: Welford's accumulator computing the running mean, (sample) variance and standard deviation.
    - pygeodesy.heights._HeightBase: (INTERNAL) Interpolator base class.
      - pygeodesy.heights.HeightCubic: Height interpolator based on `SciPy` interp2d `kind='cubic'`.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightLinear: Height interpolator based on `SciPy` interp2d `kind='linear'`.
      - pygeodesy.heights.HeightLSQBiSpline: Height interpolator using `SciPy` LSQSphereBivariateSpline.
      - pygeodesy.heights.HeightSmoothBiSpline: Height interpolator using `SciPy` SmoothSphereBivariateSpline.
      - pygeodesy.geoids._GeoidBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for `Geoid...`s.
        - pygeodesy.geoids.GeoidG2012B: Geoid height interpolator for GEOID12B Model grids CONUS, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam and Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands and American Samoa based on `SciPy` RectBivariateSpline or interp2d interpolation.
        - pygeodesy.geoids.GeoidKarney: Geoid height interpolator for Karney's GeographicLib Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) geoid egm*.pgm datasets using bilinear or cubic interpolation and caching in pure Python, transcoded from Karney's C++ class Geoid.
        - pygeodesy.geoids.GeoidPGM: Geoid height interpolator for Karney's GeographicLib Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) geoid egm*.pgm datasets but based on `SciPy` RectBivariateSpline or interp2d interpolation.
      - pygeodesy.heights._HeightIDW: (INTERNAL) Base class for Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) height interpolators.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWcosineAndoyerLambert: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.cosineAndoyerLambert_.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWcosineForsytheAndoyerLambert: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.cosineForsytheAndoyerLambert_.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWcosineLaw: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.cosineLaw_.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWdistanceTo: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the distance from the points' `LatLon.distanceTo` method, conventionally in `meter`.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWequirectangular: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the angular distance in `radians squared` like function pygeodesy.equirectangular_.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWeuclidean: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.euclidean_.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWflatLocal: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the angular distance in `radians squared` like function pygeodesy.flatLocal_/pygeodesy.hubeny_.
          - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWhubeny: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the angular distance in `radians squared` like function pygeodesy.flatLocal_/pygeodesy.hubeny_.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWflatPolar: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.flatPolar_.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWhaversine: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.haversine_.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWkarney: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the angular distance in `degrees` from Karney's geographiclib Geodesic Inverse method.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWthomas: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.thomas_.
        - pygeodesy.heights.HeightIDWvincentys: Height interpolator using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and the angular distance in `radians` from function pygeodesy.vincentys_.
    - pygeodesy.named._NamedBase: (INTERNAL) Base class with name.
      - pygeodesy.ltp.Attitude: The orientation of a plane or camera in space.
      - pygeodesy.css.CassiniSoldner: Cassini-Soldner projection, a Python version of Karney's C++ class CassiniSoldner.
      - pygeodesy.css.Css: Cassini-Soldner East-/Northing location.
      - pygeodesy.etm.ExactTransverseMercator: A Python version of Karney's TransverseMercatorExact C++ class, a numerically exact transverse Mercator projection, here referred to as `TMExact`.
      - pygeodesy.ltp.Frustum: A rectangular pyramid, typically representing a camera's field-of-view (fov) and the intersection with (or projection to) a local tangent plane.
      - pygeodesy.geodesicx.gxarea.GeodesicAreaExact: Area and perimeter of a geodesic polygon, an enhanced version of Karney's Python class PolygonArea using the more accurate surface area.
        - pygeodesy.geodesicx.gxarea.PolygonArea: For `geographiclib` compatibility, sub-class of GeodesicAreaExact.
      - pygeodesy.ktm.KTransverseMercator: Transverse Mercator projection based on Krüger's method which evaluates the projection and its inverse in terms of a series.
      - pygeodesy.latlonBase.LatLonBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for `LatLon` points on spherical or ellipsoidal earth models.
        - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalBase.LatLonEllipsoidalBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for ellipsoidal `LatLon`s.
          - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalNvector.LatLon: An n-vector-based, ellipsoidal LatLon point.
          - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalBaseDI.LatLonEllipsoidalBaseDI: (INTERNAL) Base class for `ellipsoidal*.LatLon` classes with overloaded `Direct` and `Inverse` methods.
            - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalExact.LatLon: An ellipsoidal LatLon like ellipsoidalKarney.LatLon but using exact geodesic classes GeodesicExact and GeodesicLineExact to compute the geodesic distance, initial and final bearing (azimuths) between two given points or the destination point given a start point and an (initial) bearing.
            - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalGeodSolve.LatLon: An ellipsoidal LatLon like ellipsoidalKarney.LatLon but using (exact) geodesic wrapper GeodesicSolve to compute the geodesic distance, initial and final bearing (azimuths) between two given points or the destination point given a start point and an (initial) bearing.
            - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalVincenty.LatLon: Using the formulae devised by Thaddeus Vincenty (1975) for an (oblate) ellipsoidal model of the earth to compute the geodesic distance and bearings between two given points or the destination point given an start point and (initial) bearing.
            - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalKarney.LatLon: An ellipsoidal LatLon similar to ellipsoidalVincenty.LatLon but using Charles F. F. Karney's Python geographiclib to compute the geodesic distance, initial and final bearing (azimuths) between two given points or the destination point given a start point and an (initial) bearing.
        - pygeodesy.nvectorBase.LatLonNvectorBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for n-vector-based ellipsoidal and spherical `LatLon` classes.
          - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalNvector.LatLon: An n-vector-based, ellipsoidal LatLon point.
          - pygeodesy.sphericalNvector.LatLon: New n-vector based point on a spherical earth model.
        - pygeodesy.sphericalBase.LatLonSphericalBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for spherical `LatLon`s.
          - pygeodesy.sphericalNvector.LatLon: New n-vector based point on a spherical earth model.
          - pygeodesy.sphericalTrigonometry.LatLon: New point on spherical model earth model.
      - pygeodesy.lcc.Lcc: Lambert conformal conic East-/Northing location.
      - pygeodesy.ltp.LocalCartesian: Conversion between geodetic `(lat, lon, height)` and local cartesian `(x, y, z)` coordinates with geodetic origin `(lat0, lon0, height0)`, transcoded from Karney's C++ class LocalCartesian.
        - pygeodesy.ltp.Ltp: A local tangent plan LTP, a sub-class of `LocalCartesian` with configurable ECEF converter and without optional rotation matrix.
      - pygeodesy.mgrs.Mgrs: Military Grid Reference System (MGRS/NATO) references, with method to convert to UTM coordinates.
      - pygeodesy.osgr.Osgr: Ordnance Survey Grid References (OSGR) coordinates on the National Grid.
      - pygeodesy.utmupsBase.UtmUpsBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for Utm and Ups coordinates.
        - pygeodesy.ups.Ups: Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) coordinate.
        - pygeodesy.utm.Utm: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate.
          - pygeodesy.etm.Etm: Exact Transverse Mercator (ETM) coordinate, a sub-class of Utm, a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate using the ExactTransverseMercator projection for highest accuracy.
      - pygeodesy.vector3dBase.Vector3dBase: (INTERNAL) Generic 3-D vector base class.
        - pygeodesy.vector3d.Vector3d: Extended 3-D vector.
          - pygeodesy.cartesianBase.CartesianBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for ellipsoidal and spherical `Cartesian`.
            - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalBase.CartesianEllipsoidalBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for ellipsoidal `Cartesian`s.
              - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalExact.Cartesian: Extended to convert exact Cartesian to exact LatLon points.
              - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalGeodSolve.Cartesian: Extended to convert exact Cartesian to exact LatLon points.
              - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalNvector.Cartesian: Extended to convert geocentric, Cartesian points to Nvector and n-vector-based, geodetic LatLon.
              - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalKarney.Cartesian: Extended to convert `Karney`-based Cartesian to `Karney`-based LatLon points.
              - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalVincenty.Cartesian: Extended to convert geocentric, Cartesian points to Vincenty-based, ellipsoidal, geodetic LatLon.
            - pygeodesy.sphericalBase.CartesianSphericalBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for spherical `Cartesian`s.
              - pygeodesy.sphericalNvector.Cartesian: Extended to convert geocentric, Cartesian points to Nvector and n-vector-based, spherical LatLon.
              - pygeodesy.sphericalTrigonometry.Cartesian: Extended to convert geocentric, Cartesian points to spherical, geodetic LatLon.
          - pygeodesy.nvectorBase.NvectorBase: Base class for ellipsoidal and spherical `Nvector`s.
            - pygeodesy.deprecated.nvector.Nvector: DEPRECATED, see class NvectorBase.
            - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalNvector.Nvector: An n-vector is a position representation using a (unit) vector normal to the earth ellipsoid.
            - pygeodesy.sphericalNvector.Nvector: An n-vector is a position representation using a (unit) vector normal to the earth's surface.
          - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.XyzLocal: Local `(x, y, z)` in a local tangent plane (LTP) and base class for local Enu, Ned and Aer.
            - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Enu: Local `Eeast-North-Up` (ENU) location in a local tangent plane.
      - pygeodesy.webmercator.Wm: Web Mercator (WM) coordinate.
      - pygeodesy.albers._AlbersBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for `AlbersEqualArea...` projections.
        - pygeodesy.albers.AlbersEqualArea: An Albers equal-area (authalic) projection with a single standard parallel.
        - pygeodesy.albers.AlbersEqualArea2: An Albers equal-area (authalic) projection with two standard parallels.
        - pygeodesy.albers.AlbersEqualArea4: An Albers equal-area (authalic) projection specified by the `sin` and `cos` of both standard parallels.
        - pygeodesy.albers.AlbersEqualAreaCylindrical: An AlbersEqualArea projection at `lat=0` and `k0=1` degenerating to the cylindrical-equal-area projection.
        - pygeodesy.albers.AlbersEqualAreaNorth: An azimuthal AlbersEqualArea projection at `lat=90` and `k0=1` degenerating to the azimuthal LambertEqualArea projection.
        - pygeodesy.albers.AlbersEqualAreaSouth: An azimuthal AlbersEqualArea projection at `lat=-90` and `k0=1` degenerating to the azimuthal LambertEqualArea projection.
      - pygeodesy.azimuthal._AzimuthalBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for azimuthal projections.
        - pygeodesy.azimuthal.Equidistant: Azimuthal equidistant projection for the sphere***, see Snyder, pp 195-197 and MathWorld-Wolfram.
        - pygeodesy.azimuthal.Gnomonic: Azimuthal gnomonic projection for the sphere***, see Snyder, pp 164-168 and MathWorld-Wolfram.
        - pygeodesy.azimuthal.LambertEqualArea: Lambert-equal-area projection for the sphere*** (aka Lambert zenithal equal-area projection, see Snyder, pp 185-187 and MathWorld-Wolfram.
        - pygeodesy.azimuthal.Orthographic: Orthographic projection for the sphere***, see Snyder, pp 148-153 and MathWorld-Wolfram.
        - pygeodesy.azimuthal.Stereographic: Stereographic projection for the sphere***, see Snyder, pp 157-160 and MathWorld-Wolfram.
        - pygeodesy.azimuthal._AzimuthalGeodesic: (INTERNAL) Base class for azimuthal projections using Karney Geodesic or exact geodesic classes GeodesicExact and GeodesicLineExact.
          - pygeodesy.azimuthal._EquidistantBase: (INTERNAL) Base for classes EquidistantExact, EquidistantGeodSolve and EquidistantKarney.
            - pygeodesy.azimuthal.EquidistantExact: Azimuthal equidistant projection, a Python version of Karney's C++ class AzimuthalEquidistant, based on exact geodesic classes GeodesicExact and GeodesicLineExact.
            - pygeodesy.azimuthal.EquidistantGeodSolve: Azimuthal equidistant projection, a Python version of Karney's C++ class AzimuthalEquidistant, based on (exact) geodesic wrappers GeodesicSolve and GeodesicLineSolve and intended for testing purposes only.
            - pygeodesy.azimuthal.EquidistantKarney: Azimuthal equidistant projection, a Python version of Karney's C++ class AzimuthalEquidistant, requiring package geographiclib to be installed.
          - pygeodesy.azimuthal._GnomonicBase: (INTERNAL) Base for classes GnomonicExact, GnomonicGeodSolve and GnomonicKarney.
            - pygeodesy.azimuthal.GnomonicExact: Azimuthal gnomonic projection, a Python version of Karney's C++ class Gnomonic, based on exact geodesic classes GeodesicExact and GeodesicLineExact.
            - pygeodesy.azimuthal.GnomonicGeodSolve: Azimuthal gnomonic projection, a Python version of Karney's C++ class Gnomonic, based on (exact) geodesic wrappers GeodesicSolve and GeodesicLineSolve and intended for testing purposes only.
            - pygeodesy.azimuthal.GnomonicKarney: Azimuthal gnomonic projection, a Python version of Karney's C++ class Gnomonic, requiring package geographiclib to be installed.
      - pygeodesy.karney._CapsBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for `[_]Geodesic*Exact`.
        - pygeodesy.rhumbx.Rhumb: Class to solve of the direct and inverse rhumb problems, accurately.
        - pygeodesy.geodesicx.gxbases._GeodesicBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for `[_]Geodesic*Exact`.
          - pygeodesy.geodesicx.gx.GeodesicExact: A pure Python version of Karney's C++ class GeodesicExact, modeled after Karney's Python class Geodesic.
          - pygeodesy.geodesicx.gxline._GeodesicLineExact: (INTERNAL) Base class for GeodesicLineExact.
            - pygeodesy.geodesicx.gx.GeodesicLineExact: A pure Python version of Karney's C++ class GeodesicLineExact, modeled after Karney's Python class GeodesicLine.
        - pygeodesy.rhumbx._RhumbLine: (INTERNAL) Class RhumbLine
          - pygeodesy.rhumbx.RhumbLine: Compute one or several points on a single rhumb line.
        - pygeodesy.solveBase._SolveLineSolveBase: (NTERNAL) Base class for `_Solve` and `_LineSolve`.
          - pygeodesy.solveBase._LineSolveBase: (NTERNAL) Base class for `GeodesicLineSolve` and `RhumbLineSolve`.
            - pygeodesy.geodsolve.GeodesicLineSolve: Wrapper to invoke Karney's GeodSolve as an `Exact` version of Karney's Python class GeodesicLine.
            - pygeodesy.rhumbsolve.RhumbLineSolve: Wrapper to invoke Karney's RhumbSolve, the `Exact` version of class pygeodesy.RhumbLine.
          - pygeodesy.solveBase._SolveBase: (NTERNAL) Base class for `_GeodesicSolveBase` and `_RhumbSolveBase`.
            - pygeodesy.geodsolve._GeodesicSolveBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for GeodesicSolve and GeodesicLineSolve.
              - pygeodesy.geodsolve.GeodesicLineSolve: Wrapper to invoke Karney's GeodSolve as an `Exact` version of Karney's Python class GeodesicLine.
              - pygeodesy.geodsolve.GeodesicSolve: Wrapper to invoke Karney's GeodSolve as an `Exact` version of Karney's Python class Geodesic.
            - pygeodesy.rhumbsolve._RhumbSolveBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for RhumbSolve and RhumbLineSolve.
              - pygeodesy.rhumbsolve.RhumbLineSolve: Wrapper to invoke Karney's RhumbSolve, the `Exact` version of class pygeodesy.RhumbLine.
              - pygeodesy.rhumbsolve.RhumbSolve: Wrapper to invoke Karney's RhumbSolve, the `Exact` version of class pygeodesy.Rhumb.
      - pygeodesy.ecef._EcefBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for EcefKarney, EcefVeness and EcefYou.
        - pygeodesy.ecef.EcefFarrell21: Conversion between geodetic and geocentric, aka Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates based on Jay A. Farrell's Table 2.1, page 29.
        - pygeodesy.ecef.EcefFarrell22: Conversion between geodetic and geocentric, aka Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates based on Jay A. Farrell's Table 2.2, page 30.
        - pygeodesy.ecef.EcefKarney: Conversion between geodetic and geocentric, aka Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates transcoded from Karney's C++ Geocentric methods.
        - pygeodesy.ecef.EcefSudano: Conversion between geodetic and geocentric, aka Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates based on John J. Sudano's paper.
        - pygeodesy.ecef.EcefVeness: Conversion between geodetic and geocentric, aka Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates transcoded from Chris Veness' JavaScript classes LatLonEllipsoidal, Cartesian.
        - pygeodesy.ecef.EcefYou: Conversion between geodetic and geocentric, aka Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates using Rey-Jer You's transformation.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples._NamedAerNed: (INTERNAL) Base class for classes `Aer` and `Ned`.
        - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Aer: Local `Azimuth-Elevation-Range` (AER) in a local tangent plane.
        - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Ned: Local `North-Eeast-Down` (NED) location in a local tangent plane.
          - pygeodesy.ellipsoidalNvector.Ned: DEPRECATED, use class pygeodesy.Ned.
      - pygeodesy.named._NamedEnumItem: (INTERNAL) Base class for items in a `_NamedEnum` registery.
        - pygeodesy.lcc.Conic: Lambert conformal conic projection (1- or 2-SP).
        - pygeodesy.datums.Datum: Ellipsoid and transform parameters for an earth model.
        - pygeodesy.ellipsoids.Ellipsoid: Ellipsoid with equatorial and polar radii, flattening, inverse flattening and other, often used, cached attributes, supporting oblate and prolate ellipsoidal and spherical earth models.
          - pygeodesy.ellipsoids.Ellipsoid2: An Ellipsoid specified by equatorial radius and flattening.
        - pygeodesy.trf.RefFrame: Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) parameters.
        - pygeodesy.datums.Transform: Helmert transformation.
    - pygeodesy.named._NamedDict: (INTERNAL) Named `dict` with key and attribute access to the items.
      - pygeodesy.geohash.Neighbors8Dict: 8-Dict `(N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW)` of Geohashes, providing key and attribute access to the items.
      - pygeodesy.named._NamedEnum: (INTERNAL) Enum-like `_NamedDict` with attribute access restricted to valid keys.
    - pygeodesy.named._NamedTuple: (INTERNAL) Base for named `tuple`s with both index and attribute name access to the items.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Aer4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(azimuth, elevation, slantrange, ltp)`, all in `meter` except `ltp`.
      - pygeodesy.albers.Albers7Tuple: 7-Tuple `(x, y, lat, lon, gamma, scale, datum)`, in `meter`, `meter`, `degrees90`, `degrees180`, `degrees360`, `scalar` and `Datum` where `(x, y)` is the projected, `(lat, lon)` the geodetic location, `gamma` the meridian convergence at point, the bearing of the y-axis measured clockwise from true North and `scale` is the azimuthal scale of the projection at point.
      - pygeodesy.karney.Area3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(number, perimeter, area)` with the `number` of points on the polygon or polyline, the `perimeter` in `meter` and the `area` in `meter` squared.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Attitude4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(alt, tilt, yaw, roll)` with `altitude` in (positive) `meter` and `tilt`, `yaw` and `roll` in `degrees` representing the attitude of a plane or camera.
      - pygeodesy.azimuthal.Azimuthal7Tuple: 7-Tuple `(x, y, lat, lon, azimuth, scale, datum)`, in `meter`, `meter`, `degrees90`, `degrees180`, compass `degrees`, `scalar` and `Datum` where `(x, y)` is the easting and northing of a projected point, `(lat, lon)` the geodetic location, `azimuth` the azimuth, clockwise from true North and `scale` is the projection scale, either `1 / reciprocal` or `1` or `-1` in the Equidistant case.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Bearing2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(initial, final)` bearings, both in compass `degrees360`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Bounds2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(latlonSW, latlonNE)` with the bounds' lower-left and upper-right corner as `LatLon` instance.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Bounds4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(latS, lonW, latN, lonE)` with the bounds' lower-left `(LatS, LowW)` and upper-right `(latN, lonE)` corner lat- and longitudes.
      - pygeodesy.vector2d.Circin6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(radius, center, deltas, cA, cB, cC)` with the `radius`, the trilaterated `center` and contact points of the inscribed aka In- circle of a triangle.
      - pygeodesy.ellipsoids.Circle4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(radius, height, lat, beta)` of the `radius` and `height`, both conventionally in `meter` of a parallel circle of latitude at (geodetic) latitude `lat` and the parametric (or reduced) auxiliary latitude `beta`, both in `degrees90`.
      - pygeodesy.vector2d.Circum3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(radius, center, deltas)` with the `circumradius` and trilaterated `circumcenter` of the `circumcircle` through 3 points (aka {Meeus}' Type II circle) or the `radius` and `center` of the smallest Meeus' Type I circle.
      - pygeodesy.vector2d.Circum4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(radius, center, rank, residuals)` with `radius` and `center` of a sphere least-squares fitted through given points and the `rank` and `residuals` -if any- from numpy.linalg.lstsq.
      - pygeodesy.clipy.ClipCS4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(start, end, i, j)` for each edge of a clipped path with the `start` and `end` points (`LatLon`) of the portion of the edge inside or on the clip box and the indices `i` and `j` (`int`) of the edge start and end points in the original path.
      - pygeodesy.clipy.ClipLB6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(start, end, i, fi, fj, j)` for each edge of the clipped path with the `start` and `end` points (`LatLon`) of the portion of the edge inside or on the clip box, indices `i` and `j` (both `int`) of the original path edge start and end points and fractional indices `fi` and `fj` (both FIx) of the `start` and `end` points along the edge of the original path.
      - pygeodesy.clipy.ClipSH3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(start, end, original)` for each edge of a clipped polygon, the `start` and `end` points (`LatLon`) of the portion of the edge inside or on the clip region and `original` indicates whether the edge is part of the original polygon or part of the clip region (`bool`).
      - pygeodesy.resections.Collins5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(pointP, pointH, a, b, c)` with survey `pointP`, auxiliary `pointH`, each an instance of `pointA`'s (sub-)class and triangle sides `a`, `b` and `c` in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.ellipsoids.Curvature2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(meridional, prime_vertical)` of radii of curvature, both in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Destination2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(destination, final)`, `destination` in `LatLon` and `final` bearing in compass `degrees360`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Destination3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(lat, lon, final)`, destination `lat`, `lon` in `degrees90` respectively `degrees180` and `final` bearing in compass `degrees360`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Distance2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(distance, initial)`, `distance` in `meter` and `initial` bearing in compass `degrees360`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Distance3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(distance, initial, final)`, `distance` in `meter` and `initial` and `final` bearing, both in compass `degrees360`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Distance4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(distance2, delta_lat, delta_lon, unroll_lon2)` with the distance in `degrees squared`, the latitudinal `delta_lat = lat2 - lat1`, the wrapped, unrolled and adjusted longitudinal `delta_lon = lon2 - lon1` and `unroll_lon2`, the unrolled or original `lon2`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.EasNor2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(easting, northing)`, both in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.EasNor3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(easting, northing, height)`, all in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.css.EasNorAziRk4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(easting, northing, azimuth, reciprocal)` for the Cassini-Soldner location with `easting` and `northing` in `meters` and the `azimuth` of easting direction and `reciprocal` of azimuthal northing scale, both in `degrees`.
      - pygeodesy.css.EasNorAziRkEqu6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(easting, northing, azimuth, reciprocal, equatorarc, equatorazimuth)` for the Cassini-Soldner location with `easting` and `northing` in `meters` and the `azimuth` of easting direction, `reciprocal` of azimuthal northing scale, `equatorarc` and `equatorazimuth`, all in `degrees`.
      - pygeodesy.webmercator.EasNorRadius3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(easting, northing, radius)`, all in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.ecef.Ecef9Tuple: 9-Tuple `(x, y, z, lat, lon, height, C, M, datum)` with geocentric `x`, `y` and `z` plus geodetic `lat`, `lon` and `height`, case `C` (see the `Ecef*.reverse` methods) and optionally, the rotation matrix `M` (EcefMatrix) and `datum`, with `lat` and `lon` in `degrees` and `x`, `y`, `z` and `height` in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.ecef.EcefMatrix: A rotation matrix.
      - pygeodesy.elevations.Elevation2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(elevation, data_source)` in `meter` and `str`.
      - pygeodesy.elliptic.Elliptic3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(sn, cn, dn)` all `scalar`.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Enu4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(east, north, up, ltp)`, in `meter` except `ltp`.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Footprint5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(center, upperleft, upperight, loweright, lowerleft)` with the `center` and 4 corners of the local projection of a `Frustum`, each an Xyz4Tuple, XyzLocal, `LatLon`, etc.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Forward4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(easting, northing, convergence, scale)` in `meter`, `meter`, `degrees` and `scalar`.
      - pygeodesy.frechet.Frechet6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(fd, fi1, fi2, r, n, units)` with the discrete Fréchet distance `fd`, fractional indices `fi1` and `fi2` as `FIx`, the recursion depth `r`, the number of distances computed `n` and the units class or class or name of the distance `units`.
      - pygeodesy.fsums.Fsum2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(fsum, residual)` with the precision running `fsum` and the `residual`, the sum of the remaining partials.
      - pygeodesy.elevations.GeoidHeight2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(height, model_name)`, geoid `height` in `meter` and `model_name` as `str`.
      - pygeodesy.geoids.GeoidHeight5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(lat, lon, egm84, egm96, egm2008)` for GeoidHeights.dat tests with the heights for 3 different EGM grids at `degrees90` and `degrees180` degrees (after converting `lon` from original `0 <= EasterLon <= 360`).
      - pygeodesy.hausdorff.Hausdorff6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(hd, i, j, mn, md, units)` with the Hausdorff distance `hd`, indices `i` and `j`, the total count `mn`, the `mean Hausdorff` distance `md` and the class or name of both distance `units`.
      - pygeodesy.trf.Helmert7Tuple: 7-Tuple `(tx, ty, tz, s, sx, sy, sz)` of Helmert transform parameters with translations `tx`, `ty` and `tz` in `millimeter`, scale `s` in `ppb` and rotations `sx`, `sy` and `sz` in `milliarcseconds`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Intersection3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(point, outside1, outside2)` of an intersection `point` and `outside1`, the position of the `point`, `-1` if before the start, `+1` if after the end and `0` if on or between the start and end point of the first line.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLon2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(lat, lon)` in `degrees90` and `degrees180`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLon3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(lat, lon, height)` in `degrees90`, `degrees180` and `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLon4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(lat, lon, height, datum)` in `degrees90`, `degrees180`, `meter` and Datum.
      - pygeodesy.css.LatLonAziRk4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(lat, lon, azimuth, reciprocal)`, all in `degrees` where `azimuth` is the azimuth of easting direction and `reciprocal` the reciprocal of azimuthal northing scale.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLonDatum3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(lat, lon, datum)` in `degrees90`, `degrees180` and Datum.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLonDatum5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(lat, lon, datum, convergence, scale)` in `degrees90`, `degrees180`, Datum, `degrees` and `float`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLonPrec3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(lat, lon, precision)` in `degrees`, `degrees` and `int`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLonPrec5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(lat, lon, precision, height, radius)` in `degrees`, `degrees`, `int` and `height` or `radius` in `meter` (or `None` if missing).
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Local9Tuple: 9-Tuple `(x, y, z, lat, lon, height, ltp, ecef, M)` with local `x`, `y`, `z` all in `meter`, geodetic `lat`, `lon`, `height`, local tangent plane `ltp` (Ltp), `ecef` (Ecef9Tuple) with geocentric `x`, `y`, `z`, geodetic `lat`, `lon`, `height` and concatenated rotation matrix `M` (EcefMatrix) or `None`.
      - pygeodesy.vector2d.Meeus2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(radius, Type)` with `radius` and Meeus' `Type` of the smallest circle containing 3 points.
      - pygeodesy.mgrs.Mgrs4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(zone, EN, easting, northing)`, `zone` and grid tile `EN` as `str`, `easting` and `northing` in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.mgrs.Mgrs6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(zone, EN, easting, northing, band, datum)`, with `zone`, grid tile `EN` and `band` as `str`, `easting` and `northing` in `meter` and `datum` a Datum.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.NearestOn2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(closest, fraction)` of the `closest` point on and `fraction` along a line (segment) between two points.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.NearestOn3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(closest, distance, angle)` of the `closest` point on the polygon, either a `LatLon` instance or a LatLon3Tuple`(lat, lon, height)` and the `distance` and `angle` to the `closest` point are in `meter` respectively compass `degrees360`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.NearestOn4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(lat, lon, distance, normal)` with the `lat`- and `lon`gitude of the nearest point, the `distance` in `meter` and the azimuth of the `normal`, perpendicular line.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.NearestOn5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(lat, lon, distance, angle, height)` all in `degrees`, except `height`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.NearestOn6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(closest, distance, fi, j, start, end)` with the `closest` point, the `distance` in `meter`, conventionally and the `start` and `end` point of the path or polygon edge.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.NearestOn8Tuple: 8-Tuple `(closest, distance, fi, j, start, end, initial, final)`, like NearestOn6Tuple but extended with the `initial` and the `final` bearing at the reference respectively the `closest` point, both in compass `degrees`.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Ned4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(north, east, down, ltp)`, all in `meter` except `ltp`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.PhiLam2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(phi, lam)` with latitude `phi` in `radians[PI_2]` and longitude `lam` in `radians[PI]`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.PhiLam3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(phi, lam, height)` with latitude `phi` in `radians[PI_2]`, longitude `lam` in `radians[PI]` and `height` in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.PhiLam4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(phi, lam, height, datum)` with latitude `phi` in `radians[PI_2]`, longitude `lam` in `radians[PI]`, `height` in `meter` and Datum.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Point3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(x, y, ll)` in `meter`, `meter` and `LatLon`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Points2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(number, points)` with the `number` of points and -possible reduced- `list` or `tuple` of `points`.
      - pygeodesy.formy.Radical2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(ratio, xline)` of the radical `ratio` and radical `xline`, both `scalar` and `0.0 <= ratio <= 1.0`
      - pygeodesy.vector2d.Radii11Tuple: 11-Tuple `(rA, rB, rC, cR, rIn, riS, roS, a, b, c, s)` with the `Tangent` circle radii `rA`, `rB` and `rC`, the `circumradius` `cR`, the `Incircle` radius `rIn` aka `inradius`, the inner and outer Soddy circle radii `riS` and `roS` and the sides `a`, `b` and `c` and semi-perimeter `s` of a triangle, all in `meter` conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.geohash.Resolutions2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(res1, res2)` with the primary (longitudinal) and secondary (latitudinal) resolution, both in `degrees`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Reverse4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(lat, lon, convergence, scale)` with `lat`- and `lon`gitude in `degrees`, gamma meridian `convergence` at point in `degrees180` and k `scale` of projection at point `scalar`.
      - pygeodesy.points.Shape2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(nrows, ncols)`, the number of rows and columns, both `int`.
      - pygeodesy.vector2d.Soddy4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(radius, center, deltas, outer)` with `radius` and trilaterated `center` of the inner Soddy circle and the radius of the `outer` Soddy circle.
      - pygeodesy.resections.Survey3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(PA, PB, PC)` with distance from survey point `P` to each of the triangle corners `A`, `B` and `C` in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.resections.Tienstra7Tuple: 7-Tuple `(pointP, A, B, C, a, b, c)` with survey `pointP`, interior triangle angles `A`, `B` and `C` in `degrees` and triangle sides `a`, `b` and `c` in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.resections.TriAngle4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(radA, radB, radC, rIn)` with the interior angles at triangle corners `A`, `B` and `C` in `radians` and the `InCircle` radius `rIn` aka `inradius` in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.resections.TriSide2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(a, radA)` with triangle side `a` in `meter`, conventionally and angle `radA` at the opposite triangle corner in `radians`.
      - pygeodesy.resections.TriSide4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(a, b, radC, d)` with interior angle `radC` at triangle corner `C` in `radians`with the length of triangle sides `a` and `b` and with triangle height `d` perpendicular to triangle side `c`, in the same units as triangle sides `a` and `b`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Triangle7Tuple: 7-Tuple `(A, a, B, b, C, c, area)` with interior angles `A`, `B` and `C` in `degrees`, spherical sides `a`, `b` and `c` in `meter` and the `area` of a spherical triangle in square `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Triangle8Tuple: 8-Tuple `(A, a, B, b, C, c, D, E)` with interior angles `A`, `B` and `C`, spherical sides `a`, `b` and `c`, spherical deficit `D` and spherical excess `E` of a spherical triangle, all in `radians`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Trilaterate5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(min, minPoint, max, maxPoint, n)` with `min` and `max` in `meter`, the corresponding trilaterated `minPoint` and `maxPoint` as `LatLon` and the number `n`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.UtmUps2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(zone, hemipole)` as `int` and `str`, where `zone` is `1..60` for UTM or `0` for UPS and `hemipole` `'N'|'S'` is the UTM hemisphere or the UPS pole.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.UtmUps5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(zone, hemipole, easting, northing, band)` as `int`, `str`, `meter`, `meter` and `band` letter, where `zone` is `1..60` for UTM or `0` for UPS, `hemipole` `'N'|'S'` is the UTM hemisphere or the UPS pole and `band` is `""` or the longitudinal UTM band `'C'|'D'|..|'W'|'X'` or polar UPS band `'A'|'B'|'Y'|'Z'`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.UtmUps8Tuple: 8-Tuple `(zone, hemipole, easting, northing, band, datum, convergence, scale)` as `int`, `str`, `meter`, `meter`, `band` letter, `Datum`, `degrees` and `scalar`, where `zone` is `1..60` for UTM or `0` for UPS, `hemipole` `'N'|'S'` is the UTM hemisphere or the UPS pole and `band` is `""` or the longitudinal UTM band `'C'|'D'|..|'W'|'X'` or polar UPS band `'A'|'B'|'Y'|'Z'`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.UtmUpsLatLon5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(zone, band, hemipole, lat, lon)` as `int`, `str`, `str`, `degrees90` and `degrees180`, where `zone` is `1..60` for UTM or `0` for UPS, `band` is `""` or the longitudinal UTM band `'C'|'D'|..|'W'|'X'` or polar UPS band `'A'|'B'|'Y'|'Z'` and `hemipole` `'N'|'S'` is the UTM hemisphere or the UPS pole.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Vector2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(x, y)` of (geocentric) components, each in `meter` or the same `units`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Vector3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(x, y, z)` of (geocentric) components, all in `meter` or the same `units`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Vector4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(x, y, z, h)` of (geocentric) components, all in `meter` or the same `units`.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Xyz4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(x, y, z, ltp)`, all in `meter` except `ltp`.
      - pygeodesy.deprecated._DeprecatedNamedTuple: (INTERNAL) Base class for DEPRECATED `_NamedTuple` classes.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.ClipCS3Tuple: DEPRECATED, see function pygeodesy.clipCS3.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.EasNorExact4Tuple: DEPRECATED, use class Forward4Tuple.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.LatLonExact4Tuple: DEPRECATED, used class Reverse4Tuple.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.Ned3Tuple: DEPRECATED, use class pygeodesy.Ned4Tuple.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.Rhumb7Tuple: DEPRECATED, use class Rhumb8Tuple ignoring item `a12`.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.Transform7Tuple: DEPRECATED, use class Helmert7Tuple without keyword arguments.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.UtmUps4Tuple: DEPRECATED and OBSOLETE, expect a UtmUps5Tuple from method `Mgrs.toUtm(utm=None)`.
      - pygeodesy.karney._GTuple: (INTERNAL) Helper.
        - pygeodesy.karney.Direct9Tuple: 9-Tuple `(a12, lat2, lon2, azi2, s12, m12, M12, M21, S12)` with arc length `a12`, angles `lat2`, `lon2` and azimuth `azi2` in `degrees`, distance `s12` and reduced length `m12` in `meter` and area `S12` in `meter` squared.
        - pygeodesy.geodsolve.GeodSolve12Tuple: 12-Tuple `(lat1, lon1, azi1, lat2, lon2, azi2, s12, a12, m12, M12, M21, S12)` with angles `lat1`, `lon1`, `azi1`, `lat2`, `lon2` and `azi2` and arc `a12` all in `degrees`, initial `azi1` and final `azi2` forward azimuths, distance `s12` and reduced length `m12` in `meter`, area `S12` in `meter` squared and geodesic scale factors `M12` and `M21`, both `scalar`, see GeodSolve.
        - pygeodesy.karney.Inverse10Tuple: 10-Tuple `(a12, s12, salp1, calp1, salp2, calp2, m12, M12, M21, S12)` with arc length `a12` in `degrees`, distance `s12` and reduced length `m12` in `meter`, area `S12` in `meter` squared and the sines `salp1`, `salp2` and cosines `calp1`, `calp2` of the initial `1` and final `2` foward azimuths.
        - pygeodesy.rhumbx.Rhumb8Tuple: 8-Tuple `(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, azi12, s12, S12, a12)` with lat- `lat1`, `lat2` and longitudes `lon1`, `lon2` of both points, the azimuth of the rhumb line `azi12`, the distance `s12`, the area `S12` under the rhumb line and the angular distance `a12` between both points.
          - pygeodesy.rhumbsolve.RhumbSolve7Tuple: 7-Tuple `(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, azi12, s12, S12)` with lat- `lat1`, `lat2` and longitudes `lon1`, `lon2` of both points, the azimuth of the rhumb line `azi12`, the distance `s12` and the area `S12` under the rhumb line between both points.
        - pygeodesy.rhumbx.RhumbOrder2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(RAorder, TMorder)` with a Rhumb Area and Transverse Mercator order, both `int`.
      - pygeodesy.ellipsoids.a_f2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(a, f)` specifying an ellipsoid by equatorial radius `a` in `meter` and scalar flattening `f`.
    - pygeodesy.unitsBase._NamedUnit: (INTERNAL) Base class for `units`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Bool: Named `bool`, a sub-class of `int` like Python's `bool`.
      - pygeodesy.unitsBase.Float: Named `float`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Degrees: Named `float` representing a coordinate in `degrees`, optionally clipped.
          - pygeodesy.units.Bearing: Named `float` representing a bearing in compass `degrees` from (true) North.
          - pygeodesy.units.Degrees_: Named `Degrees` representing a coordinate in `degrees` with optional limits `low` and `high`.
            - pygeodesy.units.Lat_: Named `float` representing a latitude in `degrees` within limits `low` and `high`.
            - pygeodesy.units.Lon_: Named `float` representing a longitude in `degrees` within limits `low` and `high`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Lat: Named `float` representing a latitude in `degrees`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Lon: Named `float` representing a longitude in `degrees`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Degrees2: Named `float` representing a distance in `degrees squared`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Distance: Named `float` representing a distance, conventionally in `meter`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Easting: Named `float` representing an easting, conventionally in `meter`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Feet: Named `float` representing a distance or length in `feet`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Float_: Named `float` with optional `low` and `high` limit.
          - pygeodesy.units.Distance_: Named `float` with optional `low` and `high` limits representing a distance, conventionally in `meter`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Epoch: Named `epoch` with optional `low` and `high` limits representing a fractional calendar year.
          - pygeodesy.units.FIx: A named Fractional Index, an `int` or `float` index into a `list` or `tuple` of `points`, typically.
          - pygeodesy.units.Meter2: Named `float` representing an area in `meter squared`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Meter3: Named `float` representing a volume in `meter cubed`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Meter_: Named `float` representing a distance or length in `meter`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Radians2: Named `float` representing a distance in `radians squared`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Radius_: Named `float` with optional `low` and `high` limits representing a radius, conventionally in `meter`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Scalar_: Named `float` with optional `low` and `high` limits representing a factor, fraction, scale, etc.
        - pygeodesy.units.Height: Named `float` representing a height, conventionally in `meter`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Meter: Named `float` representing a distance or length in `meter`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Northing: Named `float` representing a northing, conventionally in `meter`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Radians: Named `float` representing a coordinate in `radians`, optionally clipped.
          - pygeodesy.units.Bearing_: Named `float` representing a bearing in `radians` from compass `degrees` from (true) North.
          - pygeodesy.units.Lam: Named `float` representing a longitude in `radians`.
            - pygeodesy.units.Lam_: Named `float` representing a longitude in `radians` converted from `degrees`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Phi: Named `float` representing a latitude in `radians`.
            - pygeodesy.units.Phi_: Named `float` representing a latitude in `radians` converted from `degrees`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Radians_: Named `float` representing a coordinate in `radians` with optional limits `low` and `high`.
        - pygeodesy.unitsBase.Radius: Named `float` representing a radius, conventionally in `meter`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Scalar: Named `float` representing a factor, fraction, scale, etc.
      - pygeodesy.unitsBase.Int: Named `int`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Bool: Named `bool`, a sub-class of `int` like Python's `bool`.
        - pygeodesy.epsg.Epsg: EPSG class, a named `int`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Int_: Named `int` with optional limits `low` and `high`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Number_: Named `int` representing a non-negative number.
          - pygeodesy.units.Precision_: Named `int` with optional `low` and `high` limits representing a precision.
        - pygeodesy.units.Zone: Named `int` representing a UTM/UPS zone number.
      - pygeodesy.unitsBase.Str: Named, callable `str`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Band: Named `str` representing a UTM/UPS band letter, unchecked.
        - pygeodesy.gars.Garef: Garef class, a named `str`.
        - pygeodesy.geohash.Geohash: Geohash class, a named `str`.
        - pygeodesy.wgrs.Georef: Georef class, a named `str`.
  - basestring: Type basestring cannot be instantiated; it is the base for str and unicode.
    - str: str(object='') -> string
      - pygeodesy.unitsBase.Str: Named, callable `str`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Band: Named `str` representing a UTM/UPS band letter, unchecked.
        - pygeodesy.gars.Garef: Garef class, a named `str`.
        - pygeodesy.geohash.Geohash: Geohash class, a named `str`.
        - pygeodesy.wgrs.Georef: Georef class, a named `str`.
      - pygeodesy.interns.Str_: Extended, callable `str` class, not nameable.
  - dict: dict() -> new empty dictionary dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's (key, value) pairs dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: d = {} for k, v in iterable: d[k] = v dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs in the keyword argument list.
    - pygeodesy.named._Dict: (INTERNAL) An `dict` with both key and attribute access to the `dict` items.
      - pygeodesy.karney.GDict: Basic `dict` with both key and attribute access to the `dict` items.
      - pygeodesy.named._NamedDict: (INTERNAL) Named `dict` with key and attribute access to the items.
        - pygeodesy.geohash.Neighbors8Dict: 8-Dict `(N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW)` of Geohashes, providing key and attribute access to the items.
        - pygeodesy.named._NamedEnum: (INTERNAL) Enum-like `_NamedDict` with attribute access restricted to valid keys.
  - float: float(x) -> floating point number
    - pygeodesy.unitsBase.Float: Named `float`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Degrees: Named `float` representing a coordinate in `degrees`, optionally clipped.
        - pygeodesy.units.Bearing: Named `float` representing a bearing in compass `degrees` from (true) North.
        - pygeodesy.units.Degrees_: Named `Degrees` representing a coordinate in `degrees` with optional limits `low` and `high`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Lat_: Named `float` representing a latitude in `degrees` within limits `low` and `high`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Lon_: Named `float` representing a longitude in `degrees` within limits `low` and `high`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Lat: Named `float` representing a latitude in `degrees`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Lon: Named `float` representing a longitude in `degrees`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Degrees2: Named `float` representing a distance in `degrees squared`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Distance: Named `float` representing a distance, conventionally in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Easting: Named `float` representing an easting, conventionally in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Feet: Named `float` representing a distance or length in `feet`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Float_: Named `float` with optional `low` and `high` limit.
        - pygeodesy.units.Distance_: Named `float` with optional `low` and `high` limits representing a distance, conventionally in `meter`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Epoch: Named `epoch` with optional `low` and `high` limits representing a fractional calendar year.
        - pygeodesy.units.FIx: A named Fractional Index, an `int` or `float` index into a `list` or `tuple` of `points`, typically.
        - pygeodesy.units.Meter2: Named `float` representing an area in `meter squared`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Meter3: Named `float` representing a volume in `meter cubed`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Meter_: Named `float` representing a distance or length in `meter`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Radians2: Named `float` representing a distance in `radians squared`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Radius_: Named `float` with optional `low` and `high` limits representing a radius, conventionally in `meter`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Scalar_: Named `float` with optional `low` and `high` limits representing a factor, fraction, scale, etc.
      - pygeodesy.units.Height: Named `float` representing a height, conventionally in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Meter: Named `float` representing a distance or length in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Northing: Named `float` representing a northing, conventionally in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Radians: Named `float` representing a coordinate in `radians`, optionally clipped.
        - pygeodesy.units.Bearing_: Named `float` representing a bearing in `radians` from compass `degrees` from (true) North.
        - pygeodesy.units.Lam: Named `float` representing a longitude in `radians`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Lam_: Named `float` representing a longitude in `radians` converted from `degrees`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Phi: Named `float` representing a latitude in `radians`.
          - pygeodesy.units.Phi_: Named `float` representing a latitude in `radians` converted from `degrees`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Radians_: Named `float` representing a coordinate in `radians` with optional limits `low` and `high`.
      - pygeodesy.unitsBase.Radius: Named `float` representing a radius, conventionally in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Scalar: Named `float` representing a factor, fraction, scale, etc.
  - int: int(x=0) -> int or long int(x, base=10) -> int or long
    - pygeodesy.unitsBase.Int: Named `int`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Bool: Named `bool`, a sub-class of `int` like Python's `bool`.
      - pygeodesy.epsg.Epsg: EPSG class, a named `int`.
      - pygeodesy.units.Int_: Named `int` with optional limits `low` and `high`.
        - pygeodesy.units.Number_: Named `int` representing a non-negative number.
        - pygeodesy.units.Precision_: Named `int` with optional `low` and `high` limits representing a precision.
      - pygeodesy.units.Zone: Named `int` representing a UTM/UPS zone number.
  - property: property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None) -> property attribute
    - pygeodesy.props._PropertyBase: (INTERNAL) Base class for `P/property/_RO`.
      - pygeodesy.props.Property_RO
        - pygeodesy.props.Property
      - pygeodesy.props.property_RO
  - tuple: tuple() -> empty tuple tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
    - pygeodesy.named._NamedTuple: (INTERNAL) Base for named `tuple`s with both index and attribute name access to the items.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Aer4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(azimuth, elevation, slantrange, ltp)`, all in `meter` except `ltp`.
      - pygeodesy.albers.Albers7Tuple: 7-Tuple `(x, y, lat, lon, gamma, scale, datum)`, in `meter`, `meter`, `degrees90`, `degrees180`, `degrees360`, `scalar` and `Datum` where `(x, y)` is the projected, `(lat, lon)` the geodetic location, `gamma` the meridian convergence at point, the bearing of the y-axis measured clockwise from true North and `scale` is the azimuthal scale of the projection at point.
      - pygeodesy.karney.Area3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(number, perimeter, area)` with the `number` of points on the polygon or polyline, the `perimeter` in `meter` and the `area` in `meter` squared.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Attitude4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(alt, tilt, yaw, roll)` with `altitude` in (positive) `meter` and `tilt`, `yaw` and `roll` in `degrees` representing the attitude of a plane or camera.
      - pygeodesy.azimuthal.Azimuthal7Tuple: 7-Tuple `(x, y, lat, lon, azimuth, scale, datum)`, in `meter`, `meter`, `degrees90`, `degrees180`, compass `degrees`, `scalar` and `Datum` where `(x, y)` is the easting and northing of a projected point, `(lat, lon)` the geodetic location, `azimuth` the azimuth, clockwise from true North and `scale` is the projection scale, either `1 / reciprocal` or `1` or `-1` in the Equidistant case.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Bearing2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(initial, final)` bearings, both in compass `degrees360`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Bounds2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(latlonSW, latlonNE)` with the bounds' lower-left and upper-right corner as `LatLon` instance.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Bounds4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(latS, lonW, latN, lonE)` with the bounds' lower-left `(LatS, LowW)` and upper-right `(latN, lonE)` corner lat- and longitudes.
      - pygeodesy.vector2d.Circin6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(radius, center, deltas, cA, cB, cC)` with the `radius`, the trilaterated `center` and contact points of the inscribed aka In- circle of a triangle.
      - pygeodesy.ellipsoids.Circle4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(radius, height, lat, beta)` of the `radius` and `height`, both conventionally in `meter` of a parallel circle of latitude at (geodetic) latitude `lat` and the parametric (or reduced) auxiliary latitude `beta`, both in `degrees90`.
      - pygeodesy.vector2d.Circum3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(radius, center, deltas)` with the `circumradius` and trilaterated `circumcenter` of the `circumcircle` through 3 points (aka {Meeus}' Type II circle) or the `radius` and `center` of the smallest Meeus' Type I circle.
      - pygeodesy.vector2d.Circum4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(radius, center, rank, residuals)` with `radius` and `center` of a sphere least-squares fitted through given points and the `rank` and `residuals` -if any- from numpy.linalg.lstsq.
      - pygeodesy.clipy.ClipCS4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(start, end, i, j)` for each edge of a clipped path with the `start` and `end` points (`LatLon`) of the portion of the edge inside or on the clip box and the indices `i` and `j` (`int`) of the edge start and end points in the original path.
      - pygeodesy.clipy.ClipLB6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(start, end, i, fi, fj, j)` for each edge of the clipped path with the `start` and `end` points (`LatLon`) of the portion of the edge inside or on the clip box, indices `i` and `j` (both `int`) of the original path edge start and end points and fractional indices `fi` and `fj` (both FIx) of the `start` and `end` points along the edge of the original path.
      - pygeodesy.clipy.ClipSH3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(start, end, original)` for each edge of a clipped polygon, the `start` and `end` points (`LatLon`) of the portion of the edge inside or on the clip region and `original` indicates whether the edge is part of the original polygon or part of the clip region (`bool`).
      - pygeodesy.resections.Collins5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(pointP, pointH, a, b, c)` with survey `pointP`, auxiliary `pointH`, each an instance of `pointA`'s (sub-)class and triangle sides `a`, `b` and `c` in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.ellipsoids.Curvature2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(meridional, prime_vertical)` of radii of curvature, both in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Destination2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(destination, final)`, `destination` in `LatLon` and `final` bearing in compass `degrees360`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Destination3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(lat, lon, final)`, destination `lat`, `lon` in `degrees90` respectively `degrees180` and `final` bearing in compass `degrees360`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Distance2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(distance, initial)`, `distance` in `meter` and `initial` bearing in compass `degrees360`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Distance3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(distance, initial, final)`, `distance` in `meter` and `initial` and `final` bearing, both in compass `degrees360`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Distance4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(distance2, delta_lat, delta_lon, unroll_lon2)` with the distance in `degrees squared`, the latitudinal `delta_lat = lat2 - lat1`, the wrapped, unrolled and adjusted longitudinal `delta_lon = lon2 - lon1` and `unroll_lon2`, the unrolled or original `lon2`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.EasNor2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(easting, northing)`, both in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.EasNor3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(easting, northing, height)`, all in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.css.EasNorAziRk4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(easting, northing, azimuth, reciprocal)` for the Cassini-Soldner location with `easting` and `northing` in `meters` and the `azimuth` of easting direction and `reciprocal` of azimuthal northing scale, both in `degrees`.
      - pygeodesy.css.EasNorAziRkEqu6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(easting, northing, azimuth, reciprocal, equatorarc, equatorazimuth)` for the Cassini-Soldner location with `easting` and `northing` in `meters` and the `azimuth` of easting direction, `reciprocal` of azimuthal northing scale, `equatorarc` and `equatorazimuth`, all in `degrees`.
      - pygeodesy.webmercator.EasNorRadius3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(easting, northing, radius)`, all in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.ecef.Ecef9Tuple: 9-Tuple `(x, y, z, lat, lon, height, C, M, datum)` with geocentric `x`, `y` and `z` plus geodetic `lat`, `lon` and `height`, case `C` (see the `Ecef*.reverse` methods) and optionally, the rotation matrix `M` (EcefMatrix) and `datum`, with `lat` and `lon` in `degrees` and `x`, `y`, `z` and `height` in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.ecef.EcefMatrix: A rotation matrix.
      - pygeodesy.elevations.Elevation2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(elevation, data_source)` in `meter` and `str`.
      - pygeodesy.elliptic.Elliptic3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(sn, cn, dn)` all `scalar`.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Enu4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(east, north, up, ltp)`, in `meter` except `ltp`.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Footprint5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(center, upperleft, upperight, loweright, lowerleft)` with the `center` and 4 corners of the local projection of a `Frustum`, each an Xyz4Tuple, XyzLocal, `LatLon`, etc.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Forward4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(easting, northing, convergence, scale)` in `meter`, `meter`, `degrees` and `scalar`.
      - pygeodesy.frechet.Frechet6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(fd, fi1, fi2, r, n, units)` with the discrete Fréchet distance `fd`, fractional indices `fi1` and `fi2` as `FIx`, the recursion depth `r`, the number of distances computed `n` and the units class or class or name of the distance `units`.
      - pygeodesy.fsums.Fsum2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(fsum, residual)` with the precision running `fsum` and the `residual`, the sum of the remaining partials.
      - pygeodesy.elevations.GeoidHeight2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(height, model_name)`, geoid `height` in `meter` and `model_name` as `str`.
      - pygeodesy.geoids.GeoidHeight5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(lat, lon, egm84, egm96, egm2008)` for GeoidHeights.dat tests with the heights for 3 different EGM grids at `degrees90` and `degrees180` degrees (after converting `lon` from original `0 <= EasterLon <= 360`).
      - pygeodesy.hausdorff.Hausdorff6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(hd, i, j, mn, md, units)` with the Hausdorff distance `hd`, indices `i` and `j`, the total count `mn`, the `mean Hausdorff` distance `md` and the class or name of both distance `units`.
      - pygeodesy.trf.Helmert7Tuple: 7-Tuple `(tx, ty, tz, s, sx, sy, sz)` of Helmert transform parameters with translations `tx`, `ty` and `tz` in `millimeter`, scale `s` in `ppb` and rotations `sx`, `sy` and `sz` in `milliarcseconds`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Intersection3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(point, outside1, outside2)` of an intersection `point` and `outside1`, the position of the `point`, `-1` if before the start, `+1` if after the end and `0` if on or between the start and end point of the first line.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLon2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(lat, lon)` in `degrees90` and `degrees180`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLon3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(lat, lon, height)` in `degrees90`, `degrees180` and `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLon4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(lat, lon, height, datum)` in `degrees90`, `degrees180`, `meter` and Datum.
      - pygeodesy.css.LatLonAziRk4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(lat, lon, azimuth, reciprocal)`, all in `degrees` where `azimuth` is the azimuth of easting direction and `reciprocal` the reciprocal of azimuthal northing scale.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLonDatum3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(lat, lon, datum)` in `degrees90`, `degrees180` and Datum.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLonDatum5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(lat, lon, datum, convergence, scale)` in `degrees90`, `degrees180`, Datum, `degrees` and `float`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLonPrec3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(lat, lon, precision)` in `degrees`, `degrees` and `int`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.LatLonPrec5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(lat, lon, precision, height, radius)` in `degrees`, `degrees`, `int` and `height` or `radius` in `meter` (or `None` if missing).
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Local9Tuple: 9-Tuple `(x, y, z, lat, lon, height, ltp, ecef, M)` with local `x`, `y`, `z` all in `meter`, geodetic `lat`, `lon`, `height`, local tangent plane `ltp` (Ltp), `ecef` (Ecef9Tuple) with geocentric `x`, `y`, `z`, geodetic `lat`, `lon`, `height` and concatenated rotation matrix `M` (EcefMatrix) or `None`.
      - pygeodesy.vector2d.Meeus2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(radius, Type)` with `radius` and Meeus' `Type` of the smallest circle containing 3 points.
      - pygeodesy.mgrs.Mgrs4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(zone, EN, easting, northing)`, `zone` and grid tile `EN` as `str`, `easting` and `northing` in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.mgrs.Mgrs6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(zone, EN, easting, northing, band, datum)`, with `zone`, grid tile `EN` and `band` as `str`, `easting` and `northing` in `meter` and `datum` a Datum.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.NearestOn2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(closest, fraction)` of the `closest` point on and `fraction` along a line (segment) between two points.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.NearestOn3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(closest, distance, angle)` of the `closest` point on the polygon, either a `LatLon` instance or a LatLon3Tuple`(lat, lon, height)` and the `distance` and `angle` to the `closest` point are in `meter` respectively compass `degrees360`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.NearestOn4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(lat, lon, distance, normal)` with the `lat`- and `lon`gitude of the nearest point, the `distance` in `meter` and the azimuth of the `normal`, perpendicular line.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.NearestOn5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(lat, lon, distance, angle, height)` all in `degrees`, except `height`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.NearestOn6Tuple: 6-Tuple `(closest, distance, fi, j, start, end)` with the `closest` point, the `distance` in `meter`, conventionally and the `start` and `end` point of the path or polygon edge.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.NearestOn8Tuple: 8-Tuple `(closest, distance, fi, j, start, end, initial, final)`, like NearestOn6Tuple but extended with the `initial` and the `final` bearing at the reference respectively the `closest` point, both in compass `degrees`.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Ned4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(north, east, down, ltp)`, all in `meter` except `ltp`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.PhiLam2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(phi, lam)` with latitude `phi` in `radians[PI_2]` and longitude `lam` in `radians[PI]`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.PhiLam3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(phi, lam, height)` with latitude `phi` in `radians[PI_2]`, longitude `lam` in `radians[PI]` and `height` in `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.PhiLam4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(phi, lam, height, datum)` with latitude `phi` in `radians[PI_2]`, longitude `lam` in `radians[PI]`, `height` in `meter` and Datum.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Point3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(x, y, ll)` in `meter`, `meter` and `LatLon`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Points2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(number, points)` with the `number` of points and -possible reduced- `list` or `tuple` of `points`.
      - pygeodesy.formy.Radical2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(ratio, xline)` of the radical `ratio` and radical `xline`, both `scalar` and `0.0 <= ratio <= 1.0`
      - pygeodesy.vector2d.Radii11Tuple: 11-Tuple `(rA, rB, rC, cR, rIn, riS, roS, a, b, c, s)` with the `Tangent` circle radii `rA`, `rB` and `rC`, the `circumradius` `cR`, the `Incircle` radius `rIn` aka `inradius`, the inner and outer Soddy circle radii `riS` and `roS` and the sides `a`, `b` and `c` and semi-perimeter `s` of a triangle, all in `meter` conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.geohash.Resolutions2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(res1, res2)` with the primary (longitudinal) and secondary (latitudinal) resolution, both in `degrees`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Reverse4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(lat, lon, convergence, scale)` with `lat`- and `lon`gitude in `degrees`, gamma meridian `convergence` at point in `degrees180` and k `scale` of projection at point `scalar`.
      - pygeodesy.points.Shape2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(nrows, ncols)`, the number of rows and columns, both `int`.
      - pygeodesy.vector2d.Soddy4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(radius, center, deltas, outer)` with `radius` and trilaterated `center` of the inner Soddy circle and the radius of the `outer` Soddy circle.
      - pygeodesy.resections.Survey3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(PA, PB, PC)` with distance from survey point `P` to each of the triangle corners `A`, `B` and `C` in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.resections.Tienstra7Tuple: 7-Tuple `(pointP, A, B, C, a, b, c)` with survey `pointP`, interior triangle angles `A`, `B` and `C` in `degrees` and triangle sides `a`, `b` and `c` in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.resections.TriAngle4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(radA, radB, radC, rIn)` with the interior angles at triangle corners `A`, `B` and `C` in `radians` and the `InCircle` radius `rIn` aka `inradius` in `meter`, conventionally.
      - pygeodesy.resections.TriSide2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(a, radA)` with triangle side `a` in `meter`, conventionally and angle `radA` at the opposite triangle corner in `radians`.
      - pygeodesy.resections.TriSide4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(a, b, radC, d)` with interior angle `radC` at triangle corner `C` in `radians`with the length of triangle sides `a` and `b` and with triangle height `d` perpendicular to triangle side `c`, in the same units as triangle sides `a` and `b`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Triangle7Tuple: 7-Tuple `(A, a, B, b, C, c, area)` with interior angles `A`, `B` and `C` in `degrees`, spherical sides `a`, `b` and `c` in `meter` and the `area` of a spherical triangle in square `meter`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Triangle8Tuple: 8-Tuple `(A, a, B, b, C, c, D, E)` with interior angles `A`, `B` and `C`, spherical sides `a`, `b` and `c`, spherical deficit `D` and spherical excess `E` of a spherical triangle, all in `radians`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Trilaterate5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(min, minPoint, max, maxPoint, n)` with `min` and `max` in `meter`, the corresponding trilaterated `minPoint` and `maxPoint` as `LatLon` and the number `n`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.UtmUps2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(zone, hemipole)` as `int` and `str`, where `zone` is `1..60` for UTM or `0` for UPS and `hemipole` `'N'|'S'` is the UTM hemisphere or the UPS pole.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.UtmUps5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(zone, hemipole, easting, northing, band)` as `int`, `str`, `meter`, `meter` and `band` letter, where `zone` is `1..60` for UTM or `0` for UPS, `hemipole` `'N'|'S'` is the UTM hemisphere or the UPS pole and `band` is `""` or the longitudinal UTM band `'C'|'D'|..|'W'|'X'` or polar UPS band `'A'|'B'|'Y'|'Z'`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.UtmUps8Tuple: 8-Tuple `(zone, hemipole, easting, northing, band, datum, convergence, scale)` as `int`, `str`, `meter`, `meter`, `band` letter, `Datum`, `degrees` and `scalar`, where `zone` is `1..60` for UTM or `0` for UPS, `hemipole` `'N'|'S'` is the UTM hemisphere or the UPS pole and `band` is `""` or the longitudinal UTM band `'C'|'D'|..|'W'|'X'` or polar UPS band `'A'|'B'|'Y'|'Z'`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.UtmUpsLatLon5Tuple: 5-Tuple `(zone, band, hemipole, lat, lon)` as `int`, `str`, `str`, `degrees90` and `degrees180`, where `zone` is `1..60` for UTM or `0` for UPS, `band` is `""` or the longitudinal UTM band `'C'|'D'|..|'W'|'X'` or polar UPS band `'A'|'B'|'Y'|'Z'` and `hemipole` `'N'|'S'` is the UTM hemisphere or the UPS pole.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Vector2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(x, y)` of (geocentric) components, each in `meter` or the same `units`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Vector3Tuple: 3-Tuple `(x, y, z)` of (geocentric) components, all in `meter` or the same `units`.
      - pygeodesy.namedTuples.Vector4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(x, y, z, h)` of (geocentric) components, all in `meter` or the same `units`.
      - pygeodesy.ltpTuples.Xyz4Tuple: 4-Tuple `(x, y, z, ltp)`, all in `meter` except `ltp`.
      - pygeodesy.deprecated._DeprecatedNamedTuple: (INTERNAL) Base class for DEPRECATED `_NamedTuple` classes.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.ClipCS3Tuple: DEPRECATED, see function pygeodesy.clipCS3.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.EasNorExact4Tuple: DEPRECATED, use class Forward4Tuple.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.LatLonExact4Tuple: DEPRECATED, used class Reverse4Tuple.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.Ned3Tuple: DEPRECATED, use class pygeodesy.Ned4Tuple.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.Rhumb7Tuple: DEPRECATED, use class Rhumb8Tuple ignoring item `a12`.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.Transform7Tuple: DEPRECATED, use class Helmert7Tuple without keyword arguments.
        - pygeodesy.deprecated.UtmUps4Tuple: DEPRECATED and OBSOLETE, expect a UtmUps5Tuple from method `Mgrs.toUtm(utm=None)`.
      - pygeodesy.karney._GTuple: (INTERNAL) Helper.
        - pygeodesy.karney.Direct9Tuple: 9-Tuple `(a12, lat2, lon2, azi2, s12, m12, M12, M21, S12)` with arc length `a12`, angles `lat2`, `lon2` and azimuth `azi2` in `degrees`, distance `s12` and reduced length `m12` in `meter` and area `S12` in `meter` squared.
        - pygeodesy.geodsolve.GeodSolve12Tuple: 12-Tuple `(lat1, lon1, azi1, lat2, lon2, azi2, s12, a12, m12, M12, M21, S12)` with angles `lat1`, `lon1`, `azi1`, `lat2`, `lon2` and `azi2` and arc `a12` all in `degrees`, initial `azi1` and final `azi2` forward azimuths, distance `s12` and reduced length `m12` in `meter`, area `S12` in `meter` squared and geodesic scale factors `M12` and `M21`, both `scalar`, see GeodSolve.
        - pygeodesy.karney.Inverse10Tuple: 10-Tuple `(a12, s12, salp1, calp1, salp2, calp2, m12, M12, M21, S12)` with arc length `a12` in `degrees`, distance `s12` and reduced length `m12` in `meter`, area `S12` in `meter` squared and the sines `salp1`, `salp2` and cosines `calp1`, `calp2` of the initial `1` and final `2` foward azimuths.
        - pygeodesy.rhumbx.Rhumb8Tuple: 8-Tuple `(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, azi12, s12, S12, a12)` with lat- `lat1`, `lat2` and longitudes `lon1`, `lon2` of both points, the azimuth of the rhumb line `azi12`, the distance `s12`, the area `S12` under the rhumb line and the angular distance `a12` between both points.
          - pygeodesy.rhumbsolve.RhumbSolve7Tuple: 7-Tuple `(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, azi12, s12, S12)` with lat- `lat1`, `lat2` and longitudes `lon1`, `lon2` of both points, the azimuth of the rhumb line `azi12`, the distance `s12` and the area `S12` under the rhumb line between both points.
        - pygeodesy.rhumbx.RhumbOrder2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(RAorder, TMorder)` with a Rhumb Area and Transverse Mercator order, both `int`.
      - pygeodesy.ellipsoids.a_f2Tuple: 2-Tuple `(a, f)` specifying an ellipsoid by equatorial radius `a` in `meter` and scalar flattening `f`.
  - type: type(object) -> the object's type type(name, bases, dict) -> a new type
    - abc.ABCMeta: Metaclass for defining Abstract Base Classes (ABCs).