
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

u'''Classes L{Hausdorff}, L{HausdorffDegrees}, L{HausdorffRadians},
L{HausdorffEquirectangular}, L{HausdorffEuclidean}, L{HausdorffHaversine},
L{HausdorffKarney} and L{HausdorffVincentys} to compute the U{Hausdorff
<https://WikiPedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_distance>} distances between two
sets of C{LatLon}, C{NumPy}, C{tuples} or other types of points.

Only L{HausdorffKarney} depends on an external package, Charles Karney's
U{geographiclib<https://PyPI.org/project/geographiclib>}.

Typical usage is as follows.  First, create a C{Hausdorff} calculator
from a given set of C{LatLon} points, called the C{model} or C{template}
points.

C{h = HausdorffXyz(points1, ...)}

Get the C{directed} or C{symmetric} Hausdorff distance to a second set
of C{LatLon} points, named the C{target} points, by using

C{t6 = h.directed(points2)}

respectively

C{t6 = h.symmetric(points2)}.

Or, use function C{hausdorff_} with a proper C{distance} function and
optionally a C{point} function passed as keyword arguments as follows

C{t6 = hausdorff_(points1, points2, ..., distance=..., point=...)}.

In all cases, the returned result C{t6} is a L{Hausdorff6Tuple}.

For C{(lat, lon, ...)} points in a C{NumPy} array or plain C{tuples},
wrap the points in a L{Numpy2LatLon} respectively L{Tuple2LatLon}
instance, more details in the documentation thereof.

For other points, create a L{Hausdorff} sub-class with the appropriate
C{distance} method overloading L{Hausdorff.distance} and optionally a
C{point} method overriding L{Hausdorff.point} as the next example.

    >>> from pygeodesy import Hausdorff, hypot_
    >>>
    >>> class H3D(Hausdorff):
    >>>     """Custom Hausdorff example.
    >>>     """
    >>>     def distance(self, p1, p2):
    >>>         return hypot_(p1.x - p2.x, p1.y - p2.y, p1.z - p2.z)
    >>>
    >>> h3D = H3D(xyz1, ..., units="...")
    >>> d6 = h3D.directed(xyz2)

Transcribed from the original SciPy U{Directed Hausdorff Code
<https://GitHub.com/scipy/scipy/blob/master/scipy/spatial/_hausdorff.pyx>}
version 0.19.0, Copyright (C) Tyler Reddy, Richard Gowers, and Max Linke,
2016, distributed under the same BSD license as SciPy, including C{early
breaking} and C{random sampling} as in: Abdel Aziz Taha, Allan Hanbury:
U{"An Efficient Algorithm for Calculating the Exact Hausdorff Distance"
<https://Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}, IEEE Trans.
Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence (PAMI), vol 37, no 11, pp 2153-2163,
Nov 2015.
'''

from pygeodesy.datum import Datum
from pygeodesy.fmath import INF
from pygeodesy.formy import euclidean_, haversine_, _scaler, vincentys_
from pygeodesy.lazily import _ALL_LAZY, _ALL_DOCS
from pygeodesy.named import _Named, _NamedTuple
from pygeodesy.utily import points2, property_RO, unroll180, unrollPI

from math import radians
from random import Random

__all__ = _ALL_LAZY.hausdorff + _ALL_DOCS('Hausdorff6Tuple')
__version__ = '19.08.14'


class _LLab2Tuple(_NamedTuple):
    '''2-Tuple C{(a, b)} with C{lat} and C{lon} in C{radians}.
    '''
    _Names_ = ('a', 'b')


class HausdorffError(ValueError):
    '''Hausdorff issue.
    '''
    pass


class Hausdorff6Tuple(_NamedTuple):
    '''6-Tuple C{(hd, i, j, mn, md, units)} with the U{Hausdorff
       <https://WikiPedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_distance>} distance C{hd},
       indices C{i} and C{j}, the total count C{mn}, the C{I{mean}
       Hausdorff} distance C{md} and the name of the distance C{units}.

       For C{directed Hausdorff} distances, count C{mn} is the number
       of model points considered. For C{symmetric Hausdorff} distances
       count C{mn} twice that.

       Indices C{i} and C{j} are the C{model} respectively C{target}
       point with the C{hd} distance.

       Mean distance C{md} is C{None} if an C{early break} occurred and
       U{early breaking<https://Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}
       was enabled by keyword argument C{early=True}.
    '''
    _Names_ = ('hd', 'i', 'j', 'mn', 'md', 'units')


class Hausdorff(_Named):
    '''Hausdorff base class, requires method L{Hausdorff.distance} to
       be overloaded.
    '''
    _model = ()
    _seed  = None
    _units = ''

    def __init__(self, points, seed=None, name='', units=''):
        '''New L{Hausdorff} interpolator.

           @param points: Initial set of points, aka the C{model} or
                          C{template} (C{LatLon}[], C{Numpy2LatLon}[],
                          C{Tuple2LatLon}[] or C{other}[]).
           @keyword seed: Random sampling seed (C{any}) or C{None}, C{0}
                          or C{False} for no U{random sampling<https://
                          Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}.
           @keyword name: Optional calculator name (C{str}).
           @keyword units: Optional, distance units (C{str}).

           @raise HausdorffError: Insufficient number of B{C{points}} or
                                  invalid B{C{seed}}.
        '''
        _, self._model = points2(points, closed=False, Error=HausdorffError)
        if seed:
            self.seed = seed
        if name:
            self.name = name
        if units:
            self.units = units

    def directed(self, points, early=True):
        '''Compute only the C{forward Hausdorff} distance.

           @param points: Second set of points, aka the C{target} (C{LatLon}[],
                          C{Numpy2LatLon}[], C{Tuple2LatLon}[] or C{other}[]).
           @keyword early: Enable or disable U{early breaking<https://
                           Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}
                           (C{bool}).

           @return: A L{Hausdorff6Tuple}C{(hd, i, j, mn, md, units)}.

           @raise HausdorffError: Insufficient number of B{C{points}}.
        '''
        _, ps2 = points2(points, closed=False, Error=HausdorffError)
        return _hausdorff_(self._model, ps2, False, early, self.seed,
                           self.units, self.distance, self.point)

    def distance(self, point1, point2):  # PYCHOK unused
        '''Distance between 2 points from C{.point}.

           @note: This method I{must be overloaded}.

           @raise AssertionError: Not overloaded.
        '''
        raise AssertionError('method %s.%s not overloaded' % (self.named, 'distance'))

    def point(self, point):
        '''Convert a C{model} or C{target} point for the C{.distance} method.
        '''
        return point  # pass thru

    @property
    def seed(self):
        '''Get the random sampling seed (C{any} or C{None}).
        '''
        return self._seed

    @seed.setter  # PYCHOK setter!
    def seed(self, seed):
        '''Set the random sampling seed.

           @param seed: Valid L{Random(seed)} or C{None}, C{0} or
                        C{False} for no U{random sampling<https://
                        Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}.

           @raise HausdorffError: Invalid B{C{seed}}.
        '''
        if seed:
            try:
                Random(seed)
            except (TypeError, ValueError):
                raise HausdorffError('%s invalid: %r' % ('seed', seed))
            self._seed = seed
        else:
            self._seed = None

    def symmetric(self, points, early=True):
        '''Compute the combined C{forward and reverse Hausdorff} distance.

           @param points: Second set of points, aka the C{target} (C{LatLon}[],
                          C{Numpy2LatLon}[], C{Tuple2LatLon}[] or C{other}[]).
           @keyword early: Enable or disable U{early breaking<https://
                           Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}
                           (C{bool}).

           @return: A L{Hausdorff6Tuple}C{(hd, i, j, mn, md, units)}.

           @raise HausdorffError: Insufficient number of B{C{points}}.
        '''
        _, ps2 = points2(points, closed=False, Error=HausdorffError)
        return _hausdorff_(self._model, ps2, True, early, self.seed,
                           self.units, self.distance, self.point)

    @property
    def units(self):
        '''Get the distance units (C{str} or C{""}).
        '''
        return self._units

    @units.setter  # PYCHOK setter!
    def units(self, units):
        '''Set the distance units.

           @param units: New units name (C{str}).
        '''
        self._units = str(units or "")


class HausdorffDegrees(Hausdorff):
    '''L{Hausdorff} base class for distances in C{degrees} from
       C{LatLon} points in C{degrees}.
    '''
    _units    = 'degrees'

    directed  = Hausdorff.directed   # for __doc__
    symmetric = Hausdorff.symmetric  # for __doc__


class HausdorffRadians(Hausdorff):
    '''L{Hausdorff} base class for distances in C{radians} from
       C{LatLon} points converted from C{degrees} to C{radians}.
    '''
    _units    = 'radians'

    directed  = Hausdorff.directed   # for __doc__
    symmetric = Hausdorff.symmetric  # for __doc__

    def point(self, point):
        '''Convert C{(lat, lon)} point in degrees to C{(a, b)}
           in radians.

           @return: An L{_LLab2Tuple}C{(a, b)}.
        '''
        return _LLab2Tuple(radians(point.lat), radians(point.lon))


class HausdorffEquirectangular(HausdorffRadians):
    '''Compute the C{Hausdorff} distance based on the C{equirectangular}
       distance (in radians squared) like function L{equirectangular_}.

       @see: L{HausdorffEuclidean}, L{HausdorffHaversine},
             L{HausdorffKarney} and L{HausdorffVincentys}.
    '''
    _adjust = True
    _wrap   = False

    def __init__(self, points, adjust=True, wrap=False, seed=None, name=''):
        '''New L{HausdorffEquirectangular} calculator.

           @param points: Initial set of points, aka the C{model} or
                          C{template} (C{LatLon}[], C{Numpy2LatLon}[],
                          C{Tuple2LatLon}[] or C{other}[]).
           @keyword adjust: Adjust the wrapped, unrolled longitudinal
                            delta by the cosine of the mean latitude (C{bool}).
           @keyword wrap: Wrap and L{unroll180} longitudes (C{bool}).
           @keyword seed: Random seed (C{any}) or C{None}, C{0} or
                          C{False} for no U{random sampling<https://
                          Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}.
           @keyword name: Optional calculator name (C{str}).

           @raise HausdorffError: Insufficient number of B{C{points}} or
                                  invalid B{C{adjust}} or B{C{seed}}.
        '''
        if not adjust:
            self._adjust = False
        if wrap:
            self._wrap = True
        super(HausdorffRadians, self).__init__(points, seed=seed, name=name)  # distance**2

    def distance(self, p1, p2):
        '''Return the L{equirectangular_} distance in C{radians squared}.
        '''
        d, _ = unrollPI(p1.b, p2.b, wrap=self._wrap)
        if self._adjust:
            d *= _scaler(p1.a, p2.a)
        return d**2 + (p2.a - p1.a)**2  # like equirectangular_ d2

    directed  = Hausdorff.directed   # for __doc__
    symmetric = Hausdorff.symmetric  # for __doc__


class HausdorffEuclidean(HausdorffRadians):
    '''Compute the C{Hausdorff} distance based on the C{Euclidean}
       distance (in radians) from function L{euclidean_}.

       @see: L{HausdorffEquirectangular}, L{HausdorffHaversine},
             L{HausdorffKarney} and L{HausdorffVincentys}.
    '''
    _adjust = True

    def __init__(self, points, adjust=True, seed=None, name=''):
        '''New L{HausdorffEuclidean} calculator.

           @param points: Initial set of points, aka the C{model} or
                          C{template} (C{LatLon}[], C{Numpy2LatLon}[],
                          C{Tuple2LatLon}[] or C{other}[]).
           @keyword adjust: Adjust the wrapped, unrolled longitudinal
                            delta by the cosine of the mean latitude (C{bool}).
           @keyword seed: Random sampling seed (C{any}) or C{None}, C{0}
                          or C{False} for no U{random sampling<https://
                          Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}.
           @keyword name: Optional calculator name (C{str}).

           @raise HausdorffError: Insufficient number of B{C{points}} or
                                  invalid B{C{seed}}.
        '''
        if not adjust:
            self._adjust = False
        super(HausdorffRadians, self).__init__(points, seed=seed, name=name)

    def distance(self, p1, p2):
        '''Return the L{euclidean_} distance in C{radians}.
        '''
        return euclidean_(p2.a, p1.a, p2.b - p1.b, adjust=self._adjust)

    directed  = Hausdorff.directed   # for __doc__
    symmetric = Hausdorff.symmetric  # for __doc__


class HausdorffHaversine(HausdorffRadians):
    '''Compute the C{Hausdorff} distance based on the I{angular}
       C{Haversine} distance (in radians) from function L{haversine_}.

       @note: See note under L{HausdorffVincentys}.

       @see: L{HausdorffEquirectangular}, L{HausdorffEuclidean},
             L{HausdorffKarney} and L{HausdorffVincentys}.
    '''
    _wrap = False

    def __init__(self, points, wrap=False, seed=None, name=''):
        '''New L{HausdorffHaversine} calculator.

           @param points: Initial set of points, aka the C{model} or
                          C{template} (C{LatLon}[], C{Numpy2LatLon}[],
                          C{Tuple2LatLon}[] or C{other}[]).
           @keyword wrap: Wrap and L{unroll180} longitudes (C{bool}).
           @keyword seed: Random sampling seed (C{any}) or C{None}, C{0}
                          or C{False} for no U{random sampling<https://
                          Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}.
           @keyword name: Optional calculator name (C{str}).

           @raise HausdorffError: Insufficient number of B{C{points}} or
                                  invalid B{C{seed}}.
        '''
        if wrap:
            self._warp = True
        super(HausdorffRadians, self).__init__(points, seed=seed, name=name)

    def distance(self, p1, p2):
        '''Return the L{haversine_} distance in C{radians}.
        '''
        d, _ = unrollPI(p1.b, p2.b, wrap=self._wrap)
        return haversine_(p2.a, p1.a, d)

    directed  = Hausdorff.directed   # for __doc__
    symmetric = Hausdorff.symmetric  # for __doc__


class HausdorffKarney(HausdorffDegrees):
    '''Compute the C{Hausdorff} distance based on the I{angular}
       distance (in degrees) from I{Charles Karney's} U{GeographicLib
       <https://PyPI.org/project/geographiclib>} U{Geodesic
       <https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io/1.49/python/code.html>}
       Inverse method.

       @see: L{HausdorffEquirectangular}, L{HausdorffEuclidean},
             L{HausdorffHaversine} and L{HausdorffVincentys}.
    '''
    _datum   = None
    _Inverse = None
    _wrap    = False

    def __init__(self, points, datum=None, wrap=False, seed=None, name=''):
        '''New L{HausdorffKarney} calculator.

           @param points: Initial set of points, aka the C{model} or
                          C{template} (C{LatLon}[], C{Numpy2LatLon}[],
                          C{Tuple2LatLon}[] or C{other}[]).
           @keyword datum: Optional datum (L{Datum} to use, overriding
                           the default C{I{model} points[0].datum}.
           @keyword wrap: Wrap and L{unroll180} longitudes (C{bool}).
           @keyword seed: Random sampling seed (C{any}) or C{None}, C{0}
                          or C{False} for no U{random sampling<https://
                          Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}.
           @keyword name: Optional calculator name (C{str}).

           @raise HausdorffError: Insufficient number of B{C{points}} or
                                  invalid B{C{seed}}.

           @raise ImportError: Package U{GeographicLib
                  <https://PyPI.org/project/geographiclib>} missing.

           @raise TypeError: Invalid B{C{datum}}.
        '''
        if wrap:
            self._warp = True
        super(HausdorffDegrees, self).__init__(points, seed=seed, name=name)
        try:
            self._datum = self._model[0].datum if datum is None else datum
            if not isinstance(self.datum, Datum):
                raise TypeError
        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
            raise TypeError('%s invalid: %r' % ('datum', self.datum or datum))
        self._Inverse = self.datum.ellipsoid.geodesic.Inverse

    @property_RO
    def datum(self):
        '''Get the datum of this calculator (L{Datum}).
        '''
        return self._datum

    def distance(self, p1, p2):
        '''Return the non-negative I{angular} distance in C{degrees}.
        '''
        # see .ellipsoidalKarney.LatLon._inverse
        _, lon2 = unroll180(p1.lon, p2.lon, wrap=self._wrap)  # g.LONG_UNROLL
        # XXX g.DISTANCE needed for 's12', distance in meters?
        return abs(self._Inverse(p1.lat, p1.lon, p2.lat, lon2)['a12'])

    directed  = Hausdorff.directed   # for __doc__
    symmetric = Hausdorff.symmetric  # for __doc__


class HausdorffVincentys(HausdorffRadians):
    '''Compute the C{Hausdorff} distance based on the I{angular}
       C{Vincenty} distance (in radians) from function L{vincentys_}.

       @note: See note under L{vincentys_}.

       @see: L{HausdorffEquirectangular}, L{HausdorffEuclidean},
             L{HausdorffHaversine} and L{HausdorffKarney}.
    '''
    _wrap = False

    def __init__(self, points, wrap=False, seed=None, name=''):
        '''New L{HausdorffVincentys} calculator.

           @param points: Initial set of points, aka the C{model} or
                          C{template} (C{LatLon}[], C{Numpy2LatLon}[],
                          C{Tuple2LatLon}[] or C{other}[]).
           @keyword wrap: Wrap and L{unroll180} longitudes (C{bool}).
           @keyword seed: Random sampling seed (C{any}) or C{None}, C{0}
                          or C{False} for no U{random sampling<https://
                          Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}.
           @keyword name: Optional calculator name (C{str}).

           @raise HausdorffError: Insufficient number of B{C{points}} or
                                  invalid B{C{seed}}.
        '''
        if wrap:
            self._warp = True
        super(HausdorffRadians, self).__init__(points, seed=seed, name=name)

    def distance(self, p1, p2):
        '''Return the L{vincentys_} distance in C{radians}.
        '''
        d, _ = unrollPI(p1.b, p2.b, wrap=self._wrap)
        return vincentys_(p2.a, p1.a, d)

    directed  = Hausdorff.directed   # for __doc__
    symmetric = Hausdorff.symmetric  # for __doc__


def _hausdorff_(ps1, ps2, both, early, seed, units, distance, point):
    '''(INTERNAL) Core of function L{hausdorff.hausdorff} and methods
       C{directed} and C{symmetric} of classes C{hausdorff.Hausdorff...}.
    '''
    # shuffling the points generally increases the
    # chance of an early break in the inner j loop
    rr = randomrangenerator(seed) if seed else range

    hd = -INF
    hi = hj = mn = nm = 0
    md = 0.0

    # forward and/or backward
    for fb in range(2 if both else 1):
        n = len(ps2)
        for i in rr(len(ps1)):
            p1 = point(ps1[i])
            dh, dj = INF, 0
            for j in rr(n):
                p2 = point(ps2[j])
                d = distance(p1, p2)
                if early and d < hd:
                    break  # early
                elif d < dh:
                    dh, dj = d, j
            else:  # no early break
                if hd < dh:
                    hd = dh
                    if fb:
                        hi, hj = dj, i
                    else:
                        hi, hj = i, dj
                md += dh
                mn += 1
            nm += 1
        # swap model and target
        ps1, ps2 = ps2, ps1

    md = None if mn < nm else (md / float(mn))
    return Hausdorff6Tuple(hd, hi, hj, nm, md, units)


def _point(p):
    '''Default B{C{point}} callable for function L{hausdorff.hausdorff}.

       @param p: The original C{model} or C{target} point (C{any}).

       @return: The point, suitable for the L{hausdorff.hausdorff}
                B{C{distance}} callable.
    '''
    return p


def hausdorff_(model, target, both=False, early=True, seed=None, units='',
                              distance=None, point=_point):
    '''Compute the C{directed} or C{symmetric} U{Hausdorff distance<https://
       WikiPedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff_distance>} between 2 sets of points with or
       without U{early breaking<https://Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}
       and U{random sampling<https://Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}.

       @param model: First set of points (C{LatLon}[], C{Numpy2LatLon}[],
                     C{Tuple2LatLon}[] or C{other}[]).
       @param target: Second set of points (C{LatLon}[], C{Numpy2LatLon}[],
                      C{Tuple2LatLon}[] or C{other}[]).
       @keyword both: Return the C{directed} (forward only) or the C{symmetric}
                      (combined forward and reverse) C{Hausdorff} distance (C{bool}).
       @keyword early: Enable or disable U{early breaking<https://
                       Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>} (C{bool}).
       @keyword seed: Random sampling seed (C{any}) or C{None}, C{0} or
                      C{False} for no U{random sampling<https://
                      Publik.TUWien.ac.AT/files/PubDat_247739.pdf>}.
       @keyword units: Optional, name of the distance units (C{str}).
       @keyword distance: Callable returning the distance between a B{C{model}}
                          and B{C{target}} point (signature C{(point1, point2)}).
       @Keyword point: Callable returning the B{C{model}} or B{C{target}} point
                       suitable for B{C{distance}} (signature C{(point)}).

       @return: A L{Hausdorff6Tuple}C{(hd, i, j, mn, md, units)}.

       @raise HausdorffError: Insufficient number of B{C{model}} or
                              B{C{target}} points.

       @raise TypeError: If B{C{distance}} or B{C{point}} is not callable.
    '''
    if not callable(distance):
        raise TypeError('%s not callable: %r' % ('distance', distance))
    if not callable(point):
        raise TypeError('%s not callable: %r' % ('point', point))

    _, ps1 = points2(model,  closed=False, Error=HausdorffError)
    _, ps2 = points2(target, closed=False, Error=HausdorffError)
    return _hausdorff_(ps1, ps2, both, early, seed, units, distance, point)


def randomrangenerator(seed):
    '''Return a C{seed}ed random range function generator.

       @param seed: Initial, internal L{Random} state (C{hashable}).

       @note: L{Random} B{C{seed}} C{None} seeds from the
              current time or from a platform-specific
              randomness source, if available.

       @return: A generator of random range functions.

       @example:

       >>> rrange = randomrangenerator('R')
       >>> for r in rrange(n):
       >>>    ...  # r is random in 0..n-1
    '''
    R = Random(seed)

    def _range(n, *stop_step):
        '''Like standard L{range}C{start, stop=..., step=...)},
           except the returned values are in random order.

           @note: Especially C{range(n)} behaves like standard
                  L{Random.sample}C{(range(n), n)} but avoids
                  creating a tuple with the entire C{population}
                  and a list containing all sample values (for
                  large C{n}).
        '''
        if stop_step:
            s = range(n, *stop_step)

        elif n > 32:
            r = R.randrange  # Random._randbelow
            s = set()
            for _ in range(n - 32):
                i = r(n)
                while i in s:
                    i = r(n)
                s.add(i)
                yield i
            s = set(range(n)) - s  # [i for i in range(n) if i not in s]
        else:
            s = range(n)

        s = list(s)
        R.shuffle(s)
        while s:
            yield s.pop(0)

    return _range

# **) MIT License
#
# Copyright (C) 2016-2019 -- mrJean1 at Gmail dot com
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
# copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
# to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
# the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
# and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
# in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
# OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
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# OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
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