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# Source code for pydna.primer_design

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    #
    # Copyright 2013 by Björn Johansson.  All rights reserved.
    # This code is part of the Python-dna distribution and governed by its
    # license.  Please see the LICENSE.txt file that should have been included
    # as part of this package.

    '''
    This module contain functions for primer design.

    '''
    from operator import itemgetter
    from Bio.SeqUtils import GC
    from Bio.Seq import Seq
    from Bio.SeqRecord import SeqRecord
    from pydna.amplify import Anneal, tmbresluc, basictm, tmstaluc98, tmbreslauer86

    def cloning_primers(template,
                        minlength=16,
                        maxlength=29,
                        fp=None,
                        rp=None,
                        fp_tail='',
                        rp_tail='',
                        target_tm=55.0,
                        primerc = 1000.0,
                        saltc=50.0,
                        formula = tmbresluc ):

        '''This function can design primers for PCR amplification of a given sequence.
        This function accepts a Dseqrecord object containing the template sequence and
        returns a tuple cntaining two ::mod`Bio.SeqRecord.SeqRecord` objects describing
        the primers.

        Primer tails can optionally be given in the form of strings.

        An predesigned primer can be given, either the forward or reverse primers. In this
        case this function tries to design a primer with a Tm to match the given primer.

        Parameters
        ----------

        template : Dseqrecord
            a Dseqrecord object.

        minlength : int, optional
            Minimum length of the annealing part of the primer

        maxlength : int, optional
            Maximum length (including tail) for designed primers.

        fp, rp : SeqRecord, optional
            optional Biopython SeqRecord objects containing one primer each.

        fp_tail, rp_tail : string, optional
            optional tails to be added to the forwars or reverse primers

        target_tm : float, optional
            target tm for the primers

        primerc : float, optional
            Concentration of each primer in nM, set to 1000.0 nM by default

        saltc  : float, optional
            Salt concentration (monovalet cations) :mod:`tmbresluc` set to 50.0 mM by default

        formula : function
            formula used for tm calculation
            this is the name of a function.
            built in options are:

            1. :func:`pydna.amplify.tmbresluc` (default)
            2. :func:`pydna.amplify.basictm`
            3. :func:`pydna.amplify.tmstaluc98`
            4. :func:`pydna.amplify.tmbreslauer86`

            These functions are imported from the :mod:`pydna.amplify` module, but can be
            substituted for some other custom made function.

        Returns
        -------
        fp, rp : tuple
            fp is a :mod:Bio.SeqRecord object describing the forward primer
            rp is a :mod:Bio.SeqRecord object describing the reverse primer

        Examples
        --------

        >>> import pydna
        >>> t=pydna.Dseqrecord("atgactgctaacccttccttggtgttgaacaagatcgacgacatttcgttcgaaacttacgatg")
        >>> t
        Dseqrecord(-64)
        >>> pf,pr = pydna.cloning_primers(t)
        >>> pf
        SeqRecord(seq=Seq('atgactgctaacccttc', Alphabet()), id='pfw64', name='pfw64', description='pfw64', dbxrefs=[])
        >>> pr
        SeqRecord(seq=Seq('catcgtaagtttcgaac', Alphabet()), id='prv64', name='prv64', description='prv64', dbxrefs=[])
        >>> pcr_prod = pydna.pcr(pf, pr, t)
        >>> pcr_prod
        Amplicon(64)
        >>>
        >>> print pcr_prod.figure()
        5atgactgctaacccttc...gttcgaaacttacgatg3
                             ||||||||||||||||| tm 42.4 (dbd) 52.9
                            3caagctttgaatgctac5
        5atgactgctaacccttc3
         ||||||||||||||||| tm 44.5 (dbd) 54.0
        3tactgacgattgggaag...caagctttgaatgctac5
        >>> pf,pr = pydna.cloning_primers(t, fp_tail="GGATCC", rp_tail="GAATTC")
        >>> pf
        SeqRecord(seq=Seq('GGATCCatgactgctaacccttc', Alphabet()), id='pfw64', name='pfw64', description='pfw64', dbxrefs=[])
        >>> pr
        SeqRecord(seq=Seq('GAATTCcatcgtaagtttcgaac', Alphabet()), id='prv64', name='prv64', description='prv64', dbxrefs=[])
        >>> pcr_prod = pydna.pcr(pf, pr, t)
        >>> print pcr_prod.figure()
              5atgactgctaacccttc...gttcgaaacttacgatg3
                                   ||||||||||||||||| tm 42.4 (dbd) 52.9
                                  3caagctttgaatgctacCTTAAG5
        5GGATCCatgactgctaacccttc3
               ||||||||||||||||| tm 44.5 (dbd) 54.0
              3tactgacgattgggaag...caagctttgaatgctac5
        >>> print pcr_prod.seq
        GGATCCatgactgctaacccttccttggtgttgaacaagatcgacgacatttcgttcgaaacttacgatgGAATTC
        >>>
        >>> from Bio.Seq import Seq
        >>> from Bio.SeqRecord import SeqRecord
        >>> pf = SeqRecord(Seq("atgactgctaacccttccttggtgttg"))
        >>> pf,pr = pydna.cloning_primers(t, fp = pf, fp_tail="GGATCC", rp_tail="GAATTC")
        >>> pf
        SeqRecord(seq=Seq('GGATCCatgactgctaacccttccttggtgttg', Alphabet()), id='pfw64', name='pfw64', description='pfw64', dbxrefs=[])
        >>> pr
        SeqRecord(seq=Seq('GAATTCcatcgtaagtttcgaacgaaatgtcgtc', Alphabet()), id='prv64', name='prv64', description='prv64', dbxrefs=[])
        >>> ampl = pydna.pcr(pf,pr,t)
        >>> print ampl.figure()
              5atgactgctaacccttccttggtgttg...gacgacatttcgttcgaaacttacgatg3
                                             |||||||||||||||||||||||||||| tm 57.5 (dbd) 72.2
                                            3ctgctgtaaagcaagctttgaatgctacCTTAAG5
        5GGATCCatgactgctaacccttccttggtgttg3
               ||||||||||||||||||||||||||| tm 59.0 (dbd) 72.3
              3tactgacgattgggaaggaaccacaac...ctgctgtaaagcaagctttgaatgctac5
        >>>

        '''

        if fp and not rp:
            fp = SeqRecord(Seq(fp_tail)) + fp
            p  = Anneal([fp], template).fwd_primers.pop()
            fp = SeqRecord(p.footprint)
            fp_tail = SeqRecord(p.tail)
            rp = SeqRecord(Seq(str(template[-(maxlength*3-len(rp_tail)):].reverse_complement().seq)))
            target_tm = formula(fp.seq.tostring().upper(), primerc=primerc, saltc=saltc)
        elif not fp and rp:
            rp = SeqRecord(Seq(rp_tail)) + rp
            p =  Anneal([rp], template).rev_primers.pop()
            rp = SeqRecord(p.footprint)
            rp_tail = SeqRecord(p.tail)
            fp = SeqRecord(Seq(str(template[:maxlength*3-len(fp_tail)].seq)))
            target_tm = formula(rp.seq.tostring().upper(), primerc=primerc, saltc=saltc)
        elif not fp and not rp:
            fp = SeqRecord(Seq(str(template[:maxlength].seq)))
            rp = SeqRecord(Seq(str(template[-maxlength:].reverse_complement().seq)))
        else:
            raise Exception("Specify one or none of the primers, not both.")

        lowtm, hightm = sorted( [( formula(fp.seq.tostring(), primerc, saltc), fp, "f" ),
                                 ( formula(rp.seq.tostring(), primerc, saltc), rp, "r" ) ] )

        while lowtm[0] > target_tm and len(lowtm[1])>minlength:
            shorter = lowtm[1][:-1]
            tm      = formula(shorter.seq.tostring().upper(), primerc=primerc, saltc=saltc)
            lowtm   = (tm, shorter, lowtm[2])

        while hightm[0] > lowtm[0] + 2.0 and len(hightm[1])>minlength:
            shorter = hightm[1][:-1]
            tm = formula(shorter.seq.tostring().upper(), primerc = primerc, saltc = saltc)
            hightm = (tm, shorter, hightm[2])

        fp, rp = sorted((lowtm, hightm), key=itemgetter(2))

        fp = fp_tail + fp[1]
        rp = rp_tail + rp[1]

        fp.description = "pfw{}".format(len(template))
        rp.description = "prv{}".format(len(template))

        fp.name = fp.description[:15]
        rp.name = rp.description[:15]

        fp.id = fp.name
        rp.id = rp.name

        return fp, rp

    def assembly_primers(templates,
                         minlength  = 16,
                         maxlength  = 29,
                         tot_length = 40,
                         target_tm  = 55.0,
                         primerc    = 1000.0,
                         saltc      = 50.0,
                         formula    = tmbresluc ):
        '''This function return primer pairs that are useful for fusion of DNA sequences given in template.
        Given two sequences that we wish to fuse (a and b) to form fragment c.

        ::

           _________ a _________           __________ b ________
          /                     \\         /                     \\
          agcctatcatcttggtctctgca   <-->  TTTATATCGCATGACTCTTCTTT
          |||||||||||||||||||||||         |||||||||||||||||||||||
          tcggatagtagaaccagagacgt   <-->  AAATATAGCGTACTGAGAAGAAA

               agcctatcatcttggtctctgcaTTTATATCGCATGACTCTTCTTT
               ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
               tcggatagtagaaccagagacgtAAATATAGCGTACTGAGAAGAAA
               \\___________________ c ______________________/

        We can design tailed primers to fuse a and b by fusion PCR, Gibson assembly or
        in-vivo homologous recombination. The basic requirements for the primers for
        the three techniques are the same.

        Design tailed primers incorporating a part of the next or previous fragment to be assembled.

        ::

          agcctatcatcttggtctctgca
          |||||||||||||||||||||||
                          gagacgtAAATATA

          |||||||||||||||||||||||
          tcggatagtagaaccagagacgt

                                 TTTATATCGCATGACTCTTCTTT
                                 |||||||||||||||||||||||

                          ctctgcaTTTATAT
                                 |||||||||||||||||||||||
                                 AAATATAGCGTACTGAGAAGAAA

        PCR products with flanking sequences are formed in the PCR process.

        ::

          agcctatcatcttggtctctgcaTTTATAT
          ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
          tcggatagtagaaccagagacgtAAATATA
                          \\____________/

                             identical
                             sequences
                           ____________
                          /            \\
                          ctctgcaTTTATATCGCATGACTCTTCTTT
                          ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
                          gagacgtAAATATAGCGTACTGAGAAGAAA

        The fragments can be fused by any of the techniques mentioned earlier.

        ::

          agcctatcatcttggtctctgcaTTTATATCGCATGACTCTTCTTT
          ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
          tcggatagtagaaccagagacgtAAATATAGCGTACTGAGAAGAAA

        Parameters
        ----------

        templates : list of Dseqrecord
            list Dseqrecord object for which fusion primers should be constructed.

        minlength : int, optional
            Minimum length of the annealing part of the primer.

        maxlength : int, optional
            Maximum length (including tail) for designed primers.

        tot_length : int, optional
            Maximum total length of a the primers

        target_tm : float, optional
            target tm for the primers

        primerc : float, optional
            Concentration of each primer in nM, set to 1000.0 nM by default

        saltc  : float, optional
            Salt concentration (monovalet cations) :mod:`tmbresluc` set to 50.0 mM by default

        formula : function
            formula used for tm calculation
            this is the name of a function.
            built in options are:

            1. :func:`pydna.amplify.tmbresluc` (default)
            2. :func:`pydna.amplify.basictm`
            3. :func:`pydna.amplify.tmstaluc98`
            4. :func:`pydna.amplify.tmbreslauer86`

            These functions are imported from the :mod:`pydna.amplify` module, but can be
            substituted for some other custom made function.

        Returns
        -------
        primer_pairs : list of tuples of :mod:`Bio.Seqrecord` objects

            ::

              [(forward_primer_1, reverse_primer_1),
               (forward_primer_2, reverse_primer_2), ...]

        Examples
        --------

        >>> import pydna
        >>> a=pydna.Dseqrecord("atgactgctaacccttccttggtgttgaacaagatcgacgacatttcgttcgaaacttacgatg")
        >>> b=pydna.Dseqrecord("ccaaacccaccaggtaccttatgtaagtacttcaagtcgccagaagacttcttggtcaagttgcc")
        >>> c=pydna.Dseqrecord("tgtactggtgctgaaccttgtatcaagttgggtgttgacgccattgccccaggtggtcgtttcgtt")
        >>> primer_pairs = pydna.assembly_primers([a,b,c])
        >>> p=[]
        >>> for t, (f,r) in zip([a,b,c], primer_pairs): p.append(pydna.pcr(f,r,t))
        >>> p
        [Amplicon(87), Amplicon(110), Amplicon(90)]
        >>> assemblyobj = pydna.Assembly(p)
        >>> assemblyobj
        Assembly object:
        Sequences........................: 87, 110, 90
        Sequences with shared homologies.: No analyzed sequences
        Homology limit (bp)..............: 25
        Number of overlaps...............: No overlaps
        Nodes in graph...................: No graph
        Assembly protocol................: No protocol
        Circular products................: No circular products
        Linear products..................: No linear products
        >>>
        >>> assemblyobj.assemble_gibson_linear()
        '5 linear products were formed with the following sizes (bp): 195, 155, 150, 47, 45'
        >>> assemblyobj.linear_products
        [Dseqrecord(-195), Dseqrecord(-155), Dseqrecord(-150), Dseqrecord(-47), Dseqrecord(-45)]
        >>> assemblyobj.linear_products[0].seguid()
        '1eNv3d/1PqDPP8qJZIVoA45Www8'
        >>> (a+b+c).seguid()
        '1eNv3d/1PqDPP8qJZIVoA45Www8'
        >>> pydna.eq(a+b+c, assemblyobj.linear_products[0])
        True
        >>>
        >>> print assemblyobj.linear_products[0].small_fig()
        87bp_PCR_prod|47
                      \\/
                      /\\
                      47|110bp_PCR_prod|45
                                        \\/
                                        /\\
                                        45|90bp_PCR_prod
        >>>

        '''

        if not hasattr(templates, '__iter__'):
            raise Exception("argument has to be iterable")

        tails = [("", templates[1].seq[:tot_length].rc().tostring())]

        for i in range(1, len(templates)-1):
            tails.append(((templates[i-1].seq.tostring()[-tot_length:],
                           templates[i+1].seq[:tot_length].rc().tostring())))

        tails.append((templates[-2].seq.tostring()[-tot_length:], ""))

        primer_pairs = []

        for template, (fp_tail, rp_tail) in zip(templates, tails):
            fp, rp = cloning_primers(   template,
                                        minlength  = minlength,
                                        maxlength  = maxlength,
                                        fp_tail    = fp_tail,
                                        rp_tail    = rp_tail,
                                        target_tm  = target_tm,
                                        primerc    = primerc,
                                        saltc      = saltc,
                                        formula    = formula)
            primer_pairs.append((fp[-tot_length:], rp[-tot_length:]))
        return primer_pairs

    if __name__=="__main__":
        import doctest
        doctest.testmod()

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