# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Copyright (c) 2016-2022 by University of Kassel and Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics
# and Energy System Technology (IEE), Kassel. All rights reserved.


from operator import itemgetter

import pandas as pd
from numpy import nan, isnan, arange, dtype, isin, any as np_any, zeros, array, bool_, \
    all as np_all, float64, intersect1d
from packaging import version

from pandapower import __version__
from pandapower.auxiliary import pandapowerNet, get_free_id, _preserve_dtypes
from pandapower.results import reset_results
from pandapower.std_types import add_basic_std_types, load_std_type, check_entry_in_std_type
import numpy as np

try:
    import pandaplan.core.pplog as logging
except ImportError:
    import logging

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def create_empty_network(name="", f_hz=50., sn_mva=1, add_stdtypes=True):
    """
    This function initializes the pandapower datastructure.

    OPTIONAL:
        **f_hz** (float, 50.) - power system frequency in hertz

        **name** (string, None) - name for the network

        **sn_mva** (float, 1e3) - reference apparent power for per unit system

        **add_stdtypes** (boolean, True) - Includes standard types to net

    OUTPUT:
        **net** (attrdict) - PANDAPOWER attrdict with empty tables:

    EXAMPLE:
        net = create_empty_network()

    """
    net = pandapowerNet({
        # structure data
        "bus": [('name', dtype(object)),
                ('vn_kv', 'f8'),
                ('type', dtype(object)),
                ('zone', dtype(object)),
                ('in_service', 'bool'), ],
        "load": [("name", dtype(object)),
                 ("bus", "u4"),
                 ("p_mw", "f8"),
                 ("q_mvar", "f8"),
                 ("const_z_percent", "f8"),
                 ("const_i_percent", "f8"),
                 ("sn_mva", "f8"),
                 ("scaling", "f8"),
                 ("in_service", 'bool'),
                 ("type", dtype(object))],
        "sgen": [("name", dtype(object)),
                 ("bus", "i8"),
                 ("p_mw", "f8"),
                 ("q_mvar", "f8"),
                 ("sn_mva", "f8"),
                 ("scaling", "f8"),
                 ("in_service", 'bool'),
                 ("type", dtype(object)),
                 ("current_source", "bool")],
        "motor": [("name", dtype(object)),
                  ("bus", "i8"),
                  ("pn_mech_mw", "f8"),
                  ("loading_percent", "f8"),
                  ("cos_phi", "f8"),
                  ("cos_phi_n", "f8"),
                  ("efficiency_percent", "f8"),
                  ("efficiency_n_percent", "f8"),
                  ("lrc_pu", "f8"),
                  ("vn_kv", "f8"),
                  ("scaling", "f8"),
                  ("in_service", 'bool'),
                  ("rx", 'f8')
                  ],
        "asymmetric_load": [("name", dtype(object)),
                            ("bus", "u4"),
                            ("p_a_mw", "f8"),
                            ("q_a_mvar", "f8"),
                            ("p_b_mw", "f8"),
                            ("q_b_mvar", "f8"),
                            ("p_c_mw", "f8"),
                            ("q_c_mvar", "f8"),
                            ("sn_mva", "f8"),
                            ("scaling", "f8"),
                            ("in_service", 'bool'),
                            ("type", dtype(object))],

        "asymmetric_sgen": [("name", dtype(object)),
                            ("bus", "i8"),
                            ("p_a_mw", "f8"),
                            ("q_a_mvar", "f8"),
                            ("p_b_mw", "f8"),
                            ("q_b_mvar", "f8"),
                            ("p_c_mw", "f8"),
                            ("q_c_mvar", "f8"),
                            ("sn_mva", "f8"),
                            ("scaling", "f8"),
                            ("in_service", 'bool'),
                            ("type", dtype(object)),
                            ("current_source", "bool")],
        "storage": [("name", dtype(object)),
                    ("bus", "i8"),
                    ("p_mw", "f8"),
                    ("q_mvar", "f8"),
                    ("sn_mva", "f8"),
                    ("soc_percent", "f8"),
                    ("min_e_mwh", "f8"),
                    ("max_e_mwh", "f8"),
                    ("scaling", "f8"),
                    ("in_service", 'bool'),
                    ("type", dtype(object))],
        "gen": [("name", dtype(object)),
                ("bus", "u4"),
                ("p_mw", "f8"),
                ("vm_pu", "f8"),
                ("sn_mva", "f8"),
                ("min_q_mvar", "f8"),
                ("max_q_mvar", "f8"),
                ("scaling", "f8"),
                ("slack", "bool"),
                ("in_service", 'bool'),
                ("slack_weight", 'f8'),
                ("type", dtype(object))],
        "switch": [("bus", "i8"),
                   ("element", "i8"),
                   ("et", dtype(object)),
                   ("type", dtype(object)),
                   ("closed", "bool"),
                   ("name", dtype(object)),
                   ("z_ohm", "f8")],
        "shunt": [("bus", "u4"),
                  ("name", dtype(object)),
                  ("q_mvar", "f8"),
                  ("p_mw", "f8"),
                  ("vn_kv", "f8"),
                  ("step", "u4"),
                  ("max_step", "u4"),
                  ("in_service", "bool")],
        "ext_grid": [("name", dtype(object)),
                     ("bus", "u4"),
                     ("vm_pu", "f8"),
                     ("va_degree", "f8"),
                     ("slack_weight", 'f8'),
                     ("in_service", 'bool')],
        "line": [("name", dtype(object)),
                 ("std_type", dtype(object)),
                 ("from_bus", "u4"),
                 ("to_bus", "u4"),
                 ("length_km", "f8"),
                 ("r_ohm_per_km", "f8"),
                 ("x_ohm_per_km", "f8"),
                 ("c_nf_per_km", "f8"),
                 ("g_us_per_km", "f8"),
                 ("max_i_ka", "f8"),
                 ("df", "f8"),
                 ("parallel", "u4"),
                 ("type", dtype(object)),
                 ("in_service", 'bool')],
        "trafo": [("name", dtype(object)),
                  ("std_type", dtype(object)),
                  ("hv_bus", "u4"),
                  ("lv_bus", "u4"),
                  ("sn_mva", "f8"),
                  ("vn_hv_kv", "f8"),
                  ("vn_lv_kv", "f8"),
                  ("vk_percent", "f8"),
                  ("vkr_percent", "f8"),
                  ("pfe_kw", "f8"),
                  ("i0_percent", "f8"),
                  ("shift_degree", "f8"),
                  ("tap_side", dtype(object)),
                  ("tap_neutral", "i4"),
                  ("tap_min", "i4"),
                  ("tap_max", "i4"),
                  ("tap_step_percent", "f8"),
                  ("tap_step_degree", "f8"),
                  ("tap_pos", "i4"),
                  ("tap_phase_shifter", 'bool'),
                  ("parallel", "u4"),
                  ("df", "f8"),
                  ("in_service", 'bool')],
        "trafo3w": [("name", dtype(object)),
                    ("std_type", dtype(object)),
                    ("hv_bus", "u4"),
                    ("mv_bus", "u4"),
                    ("lv_bus", "u4"),
                    ("sn_hv_mva", "f8"),
                    ("sn_mv_mva", "f8"),
                    ("sn_lv_mva", "f8"),
                    ("vn_hv_kv", "f8"),
                    ("vn_mv_kv", "f8"),
                    ("vn_lv_kv", "f8"),
                    ("vk_hv_percent", "f8"),
                    ("vk_mv_percent", "f8"),
                    ("vk_lv_percent", "f8"),
                    ("vkr_hv_percent", "f8"),
                    ("vkr_mv_percent", "f8"),
                    ("vkr_lv_percent", "f8"),
                    ("pfe_kw", "f8"),
                    ("i0_percent", "f8"),
                    ("shift_mv_degree", "f8"),
                    ("shift_lv_degree", "f8"),
                    ("tap_side", dtype(object)),
                    ("tap_neutral", "i4"),
                    ("tap_min", "i4"),
                    ("tap_max", "i4"),
                    ("tap_step_percent", "f8"),
                    ("tap_step_degree", "f8"),
                    ("tap_pos", "i4"),
                    ("tap_at_star_point", 'bool'),
                    ("in_service", 'bool')],
        "impedance": [("name", dtype(object)),
                      ("from_bus", "u4"),
                      ("to_bus", "u4"),
                      ("rft_pu", "f8"),
                      ("xft_pu", "f8"),
                      ("rtf_pu", "f8"),
                      ("xtf_pu", "f8"),
                      ("sn_mva", "f8"),
                      ("in_service", 'bool')],
        "dcline": [("name", dtype(object)),
                   ("from_bus", "u4"),
                   ("to_bus", "u4"),
                   ("p_mw", "f8"),
                   ("loss_percent", 'f8'),
                   ("loss_mw", 'f8'),
                   ("vm_from_pu", "f8"),
                   ("vm_to_pu", "f8"),
                   ("max_p_mw", "f8"),
                   ("min_q_from_mvar", "f8"),
                   ("min_q_to_mvar", "f8"),
                   ("max_q_from_mvar", "f8"),
                   ("max_q_to_mvar", "f8"),
                   ("in_service", 'bool')],
        "ward": [("name", dtype(object)),
                 ("bus", "u4"),
                 ("ps_mw", "f8"),
                 ("qs_mvar", "f8"),
                 ("qz_mvar", "f8"),
                 ("pz_mw", "f8"),
                 ("in_service", "bool")],
        "xward": [("name", dtype(object)),
                  ("bus", "u4"),
                  ("ps_mw", "f8"),
                  ("qs_mvar", "f8"),
                  ("qz_mvar", "f8"),
                  ("pz_mw", "f8"),
                  ("r_ohm", "f8"),
                  ("x_ohm", "f8"),
                  ("vm_pu", "f8"),
                  ("slack_weight", 'f8'),
                  ("in_service", "bool")],
        "measurement": [("name", dtype(object)),
                        ("measurement_type", dtype(object)),
                        ("element_type", dtype(object)),
                        ("element", "uint32"),
                        ("value", "float64"),
                        ("std_dev", "float64"),
                        ("side", dtype(object))],
        "pwl_cost": [("power_type", dtype(object)),
                     ("element", "u4"),
                     ("et", dtype(object)),
                     ("points", dtype(object))],
        "poly_cost": [("element", "u4"),
                      ("et", dtype(object)),
                      ("cp0_eur", dtype("f8")),
                      ("cp1_eur_per_mw", dtype("f8")),
                      ("cp2_eur_per_mw2", dtype("f8")),
                      ("cq0_eur", dtype("f8")),
                      ("cq1_eur_per_mvar", dtype("f8")),
                      ("cq2_eur_per_mvar2", dtype("f8"))
                      ],
        'characteristic': [
            ('object', dtype(object))
        ],
        'controller': [
            ('object', dtype(object)),
            ('in_service', "bool"),
            ('order', "float64"),
            ('level', dtype(object)),
            ('initial_run', "bool"),
            ("recycle", dtype(object))
        ],
        # geodata
        "line_geodata": [("coords", dtype(object))],
        "bus_geodata": [("x", "f8"), ("y", "f8"), ("coords", dtype(object))],

        # result tables
        "_empty_res_bus": [("vm_pu", "f8"),
                           ("va_degree", "f8"),
                           ("p_mw", "f8"),
                           ("q_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_ext_grid": [("p_mw", "f8"),
                                ("q_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_line": [("p_from_mw", "f8"),
                            ("q_from_mvar", "f8"),
                            ("p_to_mw", "f8"),
                            ("q_to_mvar", "f8"),
                            ("pl_mw", "f8"),
                            ("ql_mvar", "f8"),
                            ("i_from_ka", "f8"),
                            ("i_to_ka", "f8"),
                            ("i_ka", "f8"),
                            ("vm_from_pu", "f8"),
                            ("va_from_degree", "f8"),
                            ("vm_to_pu", "f8"),
                            ("va_to_degree", "f8"),
                            ("loading_percent", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_trafo": [("p_hv_mw", "f8"),
                             ("q_hv_mvar", "f8"),
                             ("p_lv_mw", "f8"),
                             ("q_lv_mvar", "f8"),
                             ("pl_mw", "f8"),
                             ("ql_mvar", "f8"),
                             ("i_hv_ka", "f8"),
                             ("i_lv_ka", "f8"),
                             ("vm_hv_pu", "f8"),
                             ("va_hv_degree", "f8"),
                             ("vm_lv_pu", "f8"),
                             ("va_lv_degree", "f8"),
                             ("loading_percent", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_load": [("p_mw", "f8"),
                            ("q_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_asymmetric_load": [("p_mw", "f8"),
                                       ("q_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_asymmetric_sgen": [("p_mw", "f8"),
                                       ("q_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_motor": [("p_mw", "f8"),
                             ("q_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_sgen": [("p_mw", "f8"),
                            ("q_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_shunt": [("p_mw", "f8"),
                             ("q_mvar", "f8"),
                             ("vm_pu", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_impedance": [("p_from_mw", "f8"),
                                 ("q_from_mvar", "f8"),
                                 ("p_to_mw", "f8"),
                                 ("q_to_mvar", "f8"),
                                 ("pl_mw", "f8"),
                                 ("ql_mvar", "f8"),
                                 ("i_from_ka", "f8"),
                                 ("i_to_ka", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_dcline": [("p_from_mw", "f8"),
                              ("q_from_mvar", "f8"),
                              ("p_to_mw", "f8"),
                              ("q_to_mvar", "f8"),
                              ("pl_mw", "f8"),
                              ("vm_from_pu", "f8"),
                              ("va_from_degree", "f8"),
                              ("vm_to_pu", "f8"),
                              ("va_to_degree", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_ward": [("p_mw", "f8"),
                            ("q_mvar", "f8"),
                            ("vm_pu", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_xward": [("p_mw", "f8"),
                             ("q_mvar", "f8"),
                             ("vm_pu", "f8"),
                             ("va_internal_degree", "f8"),
                             ("vm_internal_pu", "f8")],

        "_empty_res_trafo_3ph": [("p_a_hv_mw", "f8"),
                                 ("q_a_hv_mvar", "f8"),
                                 ("p_b_hv_mw", "f8"),
                                 ("q_b_hv_mvar", "f8"),
                                 ("p_c_hv_mw", "f8"),
                                 ("q_c_hv_mvar", "f8"),
                                 ("p_a_lv_mw", "f8"),
                                 ("q_a_lv_mvar", "f8"),
                                 ("p_b_lv_mw", "f8"),
                                 ("q_b_lv_mvar", "f8"),
                                 ("p_c_lv_mw", "f8"),
                                 ("q_c_lv_mvar", "f8"),
                                 ("p_a_l_mw", "f8"),
                                 ("q_a_l_mvar", "f8"),
                                 ("p_b_l_mw", "f8"),
                                 ("q_b_l_mvar", "f8"),
                                 ("p_c_l_mw", "f8"),
                                 ("q_c_l_mvar", "f8"),
                                 ("i_a_hv_ka", "f8"),
                                 ("i_a_lv_ka", "f8"),
                                 ("i_b_hv_ka", "f8"),
                                 ("i_b_lv_ka", "f8"),
                                 ("i_c_hv_ka", "f8"),
                                 ("i_c_lv_ka", "f8"),
                                 # ("i_n_hv_ka", "f8"),
                                 # ("i_n_lv_ka", "f8"),
                                 ("loading_a_percent", "f8"),
                                 ("loading_b_percent", "f8"),
                                 ("loading_c_percent", "f8"),
                                 ("loading_percent", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_trafo3w": [("p_hv_mw", "f8"),
                               ("q_hv_mvar", "f8"),
                               ("p_mv_mw", "f8"),
                               ("q_mv_mvar", "f8"),
                               ("p_lv_mw", "f8"),
                               ("q_lv_mvar", "f8"),
                               ("pl_mw", "f8"),
                               ("ql_mvar", "f8"),
                               ("i_hv_ka", "f8"),
                               ("i_mv_ka", "f8"),
                               ("i_lv_ka", "f8"),
                               ("vm_hv_pu", "f8"),
                               ("va_hv_degree", "f8"),
                               ("vm_mv_pu", "f8"),
                               ("va_mv_degree", "f8"),
                               ("vm_lv_pu", "f8"),
                               ("va_lv_degree", "f8"),
                               ("va_internal_degree", "f8"),
                               ("vm_internal_pu", "f8"),
                               ("loading_percent", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_bus_3ph": [("vm_a_pu", "f8"),
                               ("va_a_degree", "f8"),
                               ("vm_b_pu", "f8"),
                               ("va_b_degree", "f8"),
                               ("vm_c_pu", "f8"),
                               ("va_c_degree", "f8"),
                               ("p_a_mw", "f8"),
                               ("q_a_mvar", "f8"),
                               ("p_b_mw", "f8"),
                               ("q_b_mvar", "f8"),
                               ("p_c_mw", "f8"),
                               ("q_c_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_ext_grid_3ph": [("p_a_mw", "f8"),
                                    ("q_a_mvar", "f8"),
                                    ("p_b_mw", "f8"),
                                    ("q_b_mvar", "f8"),
                                    ("p_c_mw", "f8"),
                                    ("q_c_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_line_3ph": [("p_a_from_mw", "f8"),
                                ("q_a_from_mvar", "f8"),
                                ("p_b_from_mw", "f8"),
                                ("q_b_from_mvar", "f8"),
                                ("q_c_from_mvar", "f8"),
                                ("p_a_to_mw", "f8"),
                                ("q_a_to_mvar", "f8"),
                                ("p_b_to_mw", "f8"),
                                ("q_b_to_mvar", "f8"),
                                ("p_c_to_mw", "f8"),
                                ("q_c_to_mvar", "f8"),
                                ("p_a_l_mw", "f8"),
                                ("q_a_l_mvar", "f8"),
                                ("p_b_l_mw", "f8"),
                                ("q_b_l_mvar", "f8"),
                                ("p_c_l_mw", "f8"),
                                ("q_c_l_mvar", "f8"),
                                ("i_a_from_ka", "f8"),
                                ("i_a_to_ka", "f8"),
                                ("i_b_from_ka", "f8"),
                                ("i_b_to_ka", "f8"),
                                ("i_c_from_ka", "f8"),
                                ("i_c_to_ka", "f8"),
                                ("i_a_ka", "f8"),
                                ("i_b_ka", "f8"),
                                ("i_c_ka", "f8"),
                                ("i_n_from_ka", "f8"),
                                ("i_n_to_ka", "f8"),
                                ("i_n_ka", "f8"),
                                ("loading_a_percent", "f8"),
                                ("loading_b_percent", "f8"),
                                ("loading_c_percent", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_asymmetric_load_3ph": [("p_a_mw", "f8"),
                                           ("q_a_mvar", "f8"),
                                           ("p_b_mw", "f8"),
                                           ("q_b_mvar", "f8"),
                                           ("p_c_mw", "f8"),
                                           ("q_c_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_asymmetric_sgen_3ph": [("p_a_mw", "f8"),
                                           ("q_a_mvar", "f8"),
                                           ("p_b_mw", "f8"),
                                           ("q_b_mvar", "f8"),
                                           ("p_c_mw", "f8"),
                                           ("q_c_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_storage": [("p_mw", "f8"),
                               ("q_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_storage_3ph": [("p_a_mw", "f8"), ("p_b_mw", "f8"), ("p_c_mw", "f8"),
                                   ("q_a_mvar", "f8"), ("q_b_mvar", "f8"), ("q_c_mvar", "f8")],
        "_empty_res_gen": [("p_mw", "f8"),
                           ("q_mvar", "f8"),
                           ("va_degree", "f8"),
                           ("vm_pu", "f8")],

        # internal
        "_ppc": None,
        "_ppc0": None,
        "_ppc1": None,
        "_ppc2": None,
        "_is_elements": None,
        "_pd2ppc_lookups": {"bus": None,
                            "ext_grid": None,
                            "gen": None,
                            "branch": None},
        "version": __version__,
        "converged": False,
        "name": name,
        "f_hz": f_hz,
        "sn_mva": sn_mva
    })

    net._empty_res_load_3ph = net._empty_res_load
    net._empty_res_sgen_3ph = net._empty_res_sgen
    net._empty_res_storage_3ph = net._empty_res_storage

    for s in net:
        if isinstance(net[s], list):
            net[s] = pd.DataFrame(zeros(0, dtype=net[s]), index=pd.Index([], dtype=np.int64))
    if add_stdtypes:
        add_basic_std_types(net)
    else:
        net.std_types = {"line": {}, "trafo": {}, "trafo3w": {}}
    for mode in ["pf", "se", "sc", "pf_3ph"]:
        reset_results(net, mode)
    net['user_pf_options'] = dict()
    return net


def create_bus(net, vn_kv, name=None, index=None, geodata=None, type="b", zone=None,
               in_service=True, max_vm_pu=nan, min_vm_pu=nan, coords=None, **kwargs):
    """
    Adds one bus in table net["bus"].

    Busses are the nodes of the network that all other elements connect to.

    INPUT:
        **net** (pandapowerNet) - The pandapower network in which the element is created

    OPTIONAL:
        **name** (string, default None) - the name for this bus

        **index** (int, default None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the \
            index one higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **vn_kv** (float) - The grid voltage level.

        **geodata** ((x,y)-tuple, default None) - coordinates used for plotting

        **type** (string, default "b") - Type of the bus. "n" - node,
        "b" - busbar, "m" - muff

        **zone** (string, None) - grid region

        **in_service** (boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **max_vm_pu** (float, NAN) - Maximum bus voltage in p.u. - necessary for OPF

        **min_vm_pu** (float, NAN) - Minimum bus voltage in p.u. - necessary for OPF

        **coords** (list (len=2) of tuples (len=2), default None) - busbar coordinates to plot
        the bus with multiple points. coords is typically a list of tuples (start and endpoint of
        the busbar) - Example: [(x1, y1), (x2, y2)]

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created element

    EXAMPLE:
        create_bus(net, name = "bus1")
    """
    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "bus", index)

    entries = dict(zip(["name", "vn_kv", "type", "zone", "in_service"],
                       [name, vn_kv, type, zone, bool(in_service)]))

    _set_entries(net, "bus", index, True, **entries, **kwargs)

    if geodata is not None:
        if len(geodata) != 2:
            raise UserWarning("geodata must be given as (x, y) tuple")
        net["bus_geodata"].loc[index, ["x", "y"]] = geodata

    if coords is not None:
        net["bus_geodata"].at[index, "coords"] = coords

    # column needed by OPF. 0. and 2. are the default maximum / minimum voltages
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, min_vm_pu, "min_vm_pu", "bus", default_val=0.)
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_vm_pu, "max_vm_pu", "bus", default_val=2.)

    return index


def create_buses(net, nr_buses, vn_kv, index=None, name=None, type="b", geodata=None,
                 zone=None, in_service=True, max_vm_pu=None, min_vm_pu=None, coords=None, **kwargs):
    """
    Adds several buses in table net["bus"] at once.

    Busses are the nodal points of the network that all other elements connect to.

    Input:
        **net** (pandapowerNet) - The pandapower network in which the element is created

        **nr_buses** (int) - The number of buses that is created

    OPTIONAL:
        **name** (string, default None) - the name for this bus

        **index** (int, default None) - Force specified IDs if available. If None, the indices \
            higher than the highest already existing index are selected.

        **vn_kv** (float) - The grid voltage level.

        **geodata** ((x,y)-tuple or list of tuples with length == nr_buses, default None) -
        coordinates used for plotting

        **type** (string, default "b") - Type of the bus. "n" - auxilary node,
        "b" - busbar, "m" - muff

        **zone** (string, None) - grid region

        **in_service** (boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **max_vm_pu** (float, NAN) - Maximum bus voltage in p.u. - necessary for OPF

        **min_vm_pu** (float, NAN) - Minimum bus voltage in p.u. - necessary for OPF

        **coords** (list (len=nr_buses) of list (len=2) of tuples (len=2), default None) - busbar
        coordinates to plot the bus with multiple points. coords is typically a list of tuples
        (start and endpoint of the busbar) - Example for 3 buses:
        [[(x11, y11), (x12, y12)], [(x21, y21), (x22, y22)], [(x31, y31), (x32, y32)]]


    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique indices ID of the created elements

    EXAMPLE:
        create_bus(net, name = "bus1")
    """
    index = _get_multiple_index_with_check(net, "bus", index, nr_buses)

    entries = {"vn_kv": vn_kv, "type": type, "zone": zone, "in_service": in_service, "name": name}
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "min_vm_pu", min_vm_pu)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "max_vm_pu", max_vm_pu)
    _set_multiple_entries(net, "bus", index, **entries, **kwargs)

    if geodata is not None:
        # works with a 2-tuple or a matching array
        net.bus_geodata = pd.concat([net.bus_geodata,
                                     pd.DataFrame(zeros((len(index), len(net.bus_geodata.columns)), dtype=int),
                                                  index=index, columns=net.bus_geodata.columns)])
        net.bus_geodata.loc[index, :] = nan
        net.bus_geodata.loc[index, ["x", "y"]] = geodata
    if coords is not None:
        net.bus_geodata = pd.concat([net.bus_geodata, pd.DataFrame(index=index, columns=net.bus_geodata.columns)])
        net["bus_geodata"].loc[index, "coords"] = coords
    return index


def create_load(net, bus, p_mw, q_mvar=0, const_z_percent=0, const_i_percent=0, sn_mva=nan,
                name=None, scaling=1., index=None, in_service=True, type='wye', max_p_mw=nan,
                min_p_mw=nan, max_q_mvar=nan, min_q_mvar=nan, controllable=nan):
    """
    Adds one load in table net["load"].

    All loads are modelled in the consumer system, meaning load is positive and generation is
    negative active power. Please pay attention to the correct signing of the reactive power as
    well.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this load should be created

        **bus** (int) - The bus id to which the load is connected

    OPTIONAL:
        **p_mw** (float, default 0) - The active power of the load

        - postive value   -> load
        - negative value  -> generation

        **q_mvar** (float, default 0) - The reactive power of the load

        **const_z_percent** (float, default 0) - percentage of p_mw and q_mvar that will be \
            associated to constant impedance load at rated voltage

        **const_i_percent** (float, default 0) - percentage of p_mw and q_mvar that will be \
            associated to constant current load at rated voltage

        **sn_mva** (float, default None) - Nominal power of the load

        **name** (string, default None) - The name for this load

        **scaling** (float, default 1.) - An OPTIONAL scaling factor to be set customly.
        Multiplys with p_mw and q_mvar.

        **type** (string, 'wye') -  type variable to classify the load: wye/delta

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **in_service** (boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **max_p_mw** (float, default NaN) - Maximum active power load - necessary for controllable \
            loads in for OPF

        **min_p_mw** (float, default NaN) - Minimum active power load - necessary for controllable \
            loads in for OPF

        **max_q_mvar** (float, default NaN) - Maximum reactive power load - necessary for \
            controllable loads in for OPF

        **min_q_mvar** (float, default NaN) - Minimum reactive power load - necessary for \
            controllable loads in OPF

        **controllable** (boolean, default NaN) - States, whether a load is controllable or not. \
            Only respected for OPF; defaults to False if "controllable" column exists in DataFrame

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created element

    EXAMPLE:
        create_load(net, bus=0, p_mw=10., q_mvar=2.)

    """
    _check_node_element(net, bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "load", index)

    entries = dict(zip(["name", "bus", "p_mw", "const_z_percent", "const_i_percent", "scaling",
                        "q_mvar", "sn_mva", "in_service", "type"],
                       [name, bus, p_mw, const_z_percent, const_i_percent, scaling, q_mvar, sn_mva,
                        bool(in_service), type]))

    _set_entries(net, "load", index, True, **entries)

    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, min_p_mw, "min_p_mw", "load")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_p_mw, "max_p_mw", "load")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, min_q_mvar, "min_q_mvar", "load")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_q_mvar, "max_q_mvar", "load")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, controllable, "controllable", "load", dtyp=bool_,
                                 default_val=False, default_for_nan=True)

    return index


def create_loads(net, buses, p_mw, q_mvar=0, const_z_percent=0, const_i_percent=0, sn_mva=nan,
                 name=None, scaling=1., index=None, in_service=True, type=None, max_p_mw=None,
                 min_p_mw=None, max_q_mvar=None, min_q_mvar=None, controllable=None, **kwargs):
    """
    Adds a number of loads in table net["load"].

    All loads are modelled in the consumer system, meaning load is positive and generation is
    negative active power. Please pay attention to the correct signing of the reactive power as
    well.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this load should be created

        **buses** (list of int) - A list of bus ids to which the loads are connected

    OPTIONAL:
        **p_mw** (list of floats) - The active power of the loads

        - postive value   -> load
        - negative value  -> generation

        **q_mvar** (list of floats, default 0) - The reactive power of the loads

        **const_z_percent** (list of floats, default 0) - percentage of p_mw and q_mvar that will \
            be associated to constant impedance loads at rated voltage

        **const_i_percent** (list of floats, default 0) - percentage of p_mw and q_mvar that will \
            be associated to constant current load at rated voltage

        **sn_mva** (list of floats, default None) - Nominal power of the loads

        **name** (list of strings, default None) - The name for this load

        **scaling** (list of floats, default 1.) - An OPTIONAL scaling factor to be set customly.
        Multiplys with p_mw and q_mvar.

        **type** (string, None) -  type variable to classify the load

        **index** (list of int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index\
            is set to a range between one higher than the highest already existing index and the \
            length of loads that shall be created.

        **in_service** (list of boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **max_p_mw** (list of floats, default NaN) - Maximum active power load - necessary for \
            controllable loads in for OPF

        **min_p_mw** (list of floats, default NaN) - Minimum active power load - necessary for \
            controllable loads in for OPF

        **max_q_mvar** (list of floats, default NaN) - Maximum reactive power load - necessary for \
            controllable loads in for OPF

        **min_q_mvar** (list of floats, default NaN) - Minimum reactive power load - necessary for \
            controllable loads in OPF

        **controllable** (list of boolean, default NaN) - States, whether a load is controllable \
            or not. Only respected for OPF
            Defaults to False if "controllable" column exists in DataFrame

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique IDs of the created elements

    EXAMPLE:
        create_loads(net, buses=[0, 2], p_mw=[10., 5.], q_mvar=[2., 0.])

    """
    _check_multiple_node_elements(net, buses)

    index = _get_multiple_index_with_check(net, "load", index, len(buses))

    entries = {"bus": buses, "p_mw": p_mw, "q_mvar": q_mvar, "sn_mva": sn_mva,
               "const_z_percent": const_z_percent, "const_i_percent": const_i_percent,
               "scaling": scaling, "in_service": in_service, "name": name, "type": type}

    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "min_p_mw", min_p_mw)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "max_p_mw", max_p_mw)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "min_q_mvar", min_q_mvar)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "max_q_mvar", max_q_mvar)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "controllable", controllable, dtyp=bool_,
                           default_val=False)

    _set_multiple_entries(net, "load", index, **entries, **kwargs)

    return index


def create_asymmetric_load(net, bus, p_a_mw=0, p_b_mw=0, p_c_mw=0, q_a_mvar=0, q_b_mvar=0,
                           q_c_mvar=0, sn_mva=nan, name=None, scaling=1., index=None,
                           in_service=True, type="wye"):
    """
    Adds one 3 phase load in table net["asymmetric_load"].

    All loads are modelled in the consumer system, meaning load is positive and generation is
    negative active power. Please pay attention to the correct signing of the reactive power as
    well.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this load should be created

        **bus** (int) - The bus id to which the load is connected

    OPTIONAL:
        **p_a_mw** (float, default 0) - The active power for Phase A load

        **p_b_mw** (float, default 0) - The active power for Phase B load

        **p_c_mw** (float, default 0) - The active power for Phase C load

        **q_a_mvar** float, default 0) - The reactive power for Phase A load

        **q_b_mvar** float, default 0) - The reactive power for Phase B load

        **q_c_mvar** (float, default 0) - The reactive power for Phase C load

        **sn_kva** (float, default: None) - Nominal power of the load

        **name** (string, default: None) - The name for this load

        **scaling** (float, default: 1.) - An OPTIONAL scaling factor to be set customly
        Multiplys with p_mw and q_mvar of all phases.

        **type** (string,default: wye) -  type variable to classify three ph load: delta/wye

        **index** (int,default: None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index\
            one higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **in_service** (boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created element

    EXAMPLE:
        **create_asymmetric_load(net, bus=0, p_c_mw = 9., q_c_mvar = 1.8)**

    """
    _check_node_element(net, bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "asymmetric_load", index, name="3 phase asymmetric_load")

    entries = dict(zip(["name", "bus", "p_a_mw", "p_b_mw", "p_c_mw", "scaling", "q_a_mvar",
                        "q_b_mvar", "q_c_mvar", "sn_mva", "in_service", "type"],
                       [name, bus, p_a_mw, p_b_mw, p_c_mw, scaling, q_a_mvar, q_b_mvar, q_c_mvar,
                        sn_mva, bool(in_service), type]))

    _set_entries(net, "asymmetric_load", index, True, **entries)

    return index


# =============================================================================
# def create_impedance_load(net, bus, r_A , r_B , r_C, x_A=0, x_B=0, x_C=0,
#                      sn_mva=nan, name=None, scaling=1.,
#                     index=None, in_service=True, type=None,
#                     ):
#     """
#     Creates a constant impedance load element ABC.
#
#     INPUT:
#         **net** - The net within this constant impedance load should be created
#
#         **bus** (int) - The bus id to which the load is connected
#
#         **sn_mva** (float) - rated power of the load
#
#         **r_A** (float) - Resistance in Phase A
#         **r_B** (float) - Resistance in Phase B
#         **r_C** (float) - Resistance in Phase C
#         **x_A** (float) - Reactance in Phase A
#         **x_B** (float) - Reactance in Phase B
#         **x_C** (float) - Reactance in Phase C
#
#
#         **kwargs are passed on to the create_load function
#
#     OUTPUT:
#         **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created load
#
#     Load elements are modeled from a consumer point of view. Active power will therefore always be
#     positive, reactive power will be positive for under-excited behavior (Q absorption, decreases voltage) and negative for over-excited behavior (Q injection, increases voltage)
#     """
#     if bus not in net["bus"].index.values:
#         raise UserWarning("Cannot attach to bus %s, bus does not exist" % bus)
#
#     if index is None:
#         index = get_free_id(net["asymmetric_load"])
#     if index in net["impedance_load"].index:
#         raise UserWarning("A 3 phase asymmetric_load with the id %s already exists" % index)
#
#     # store dtypes
#     dtypes = net.impedance_load.dtypes
#
#     net.impedance_load.loc[index, ["name", "bus", "r_A","r_B","r_C", "scaling",
#                       "x_A","x_B","x_C","sn_mva", "in_service", "type"]] = \
#     [name, bus, r_A,r_B,r_C, scaling,
#       x_A,x_B,x_C,sn_mva, bool(in_service), type]
#
#     # and preserve dtypes
#     _preserve_dtypes(net.impedance_load, dtypes)
#
#     return index
#
# =============================================================================


def create_load_from_cosphi(net, bus, sn_mva, cos_phi, mode, **kwargs):
    """
    Creates a load element from rated power and power factor cos(phi).

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this static generator should be created

        **bus** (int) - The bus id to which the load is connected

        **sn_mva** (float) - rated power of the load

        **cos_phi** (float) - power factor cos_phi

        **mode** (str) - "underexcited" (Q absorption, decreases voltage) or "overexcited" (Q injection, increases voltage)

    OPTIONAL:
        same as in create_load, keyword arguments are passed to the create_load function

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created load

    Load elements are modeled from a consumer point of view. Active power will therefore always be
    positive, reactive power will be positive for underexcited behavior (Q absorption, decreases voltage) and negative for
    overexcited behavior (Q injection, increases voltage).
    """
    from pandapower.toolbox import pq_from_cosphi
    p_mw, q_mvar = pq_from_cosphi(sn_mva, cos_phi, qmode=mode, pmode="load")
    return create_load(net, bus, sn_mva=sn_mva, p_mw=p_mw, q_mvar=q_mvar, **kwargs)


def create_sgen(net, bus, p_mw, q_mvar=0, sn_mva=nan, name=None, index=None,
                scaling=1., type='wye', in_service=True, max_p_mw=nan, min_p_mw=nan,
                max_q_mvar=nan, min_q_mvar=nan, controllable=nan, k=nan, rx=nan,
                current_source=True):
    """
    Adds one static generator in table net["sgen"].

    Static generators are modelled as positive and constant PQ power. This element is used to model
    generators with a constant active and reactive power feed-in. If you want to model a voltage
    controlled generator, use the generator element instead.

    gen, sgen and ext_grid in the grid are modelled in the generator system!
    If you want to model the generation of power, you have to assign a positive active power
    to the generator. Please pay attention to the correct signing of the
    reactive power as well (positive for injection and negative for consumption).

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this static generator should be created

        **bus** (int) - The bus id to which the static generator is connected

        **p_mw** (float) - The active power of the static generator  (positive for generation!)

    OPTIONAL:
        **q_mvar** (float, 0) - The reactive power of the sgen

        **sn_mva** (float, None) - Nominal power of the sgen

        **name** (string, None) - The name for this sgen

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **scaling** (float, 1.) - An OPTIONAL scaling factor to be set customly.
        Multiplys with p_mw and q_mvar.

        **type** (string, None) -  Three phase Connection type of the static generator: wye/delta

        **in_service** (boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **max_p_mw** (float, NaN) - Maximum active power injection - necessary for \
            controllable sgens in OPF

        **min_p_mw** (float, NaN) - Minimum active power injection - necessary for \
            controllable sgens in OPF

        **max_q_mvar** (float, NaN) - Maximum reactive power injection - necessary for \
            controllable sgens in OPF

        **min_q_mvar** (float, NaN) - Minimum reactive power injection - necessary for \
            controllable sgens in OPF

        **controllable** (bool, NaN) - Whether this generator is controllable by the optimal \
            powerflow; defaults to False if "controllable" column exists in DataFrame

        **k** (float, NaN) - Ratio of nominal current to short circuit current

        **rx** (float, NaN) - R/X ratio for short circuit impedance. Only relevant if type is \
            specified as motor so that sgen is treated as asynchronous motor

        **current_source** (bool, True) - Model this sgen as a current source during short-\
            circuit calculations; useful in some cases, for example the simulation of full-\
            size converters per IEC 60909-0:2016.

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created sgen

    EXAMPLE:
        create_sgen(net, 1, p_mw = -120)

    """
    _check_node_element(net, bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "sgen", index, name="static generator")

    entries = dict(zip(["name", "bus", "p_mw", "scaling", "q_mvar", "sn_mva", "in_service", "type",
                        "current_source"], [name, bus, p_mw, scaling, q_mvar, sn_mva,
                                            bool(in_service), type, current_source]))

    _set_entries(net, "sgen", index, True, **entries)

    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, min_p_mw, "min_p_mw", "sgen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_p_mw, "max_p_mw", "sgen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, min_q_mvar, "min_q_mvar", "sgen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_q_mvar, "max_q_mvar", "sgen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, k, "k", "sgen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, rx, "rx", "sgen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, controllable, "controllable", "sgen", dtyp=bool_,
                                 default_val=False, default_for_nan=True)

    return index


def create_sgens(net, buses, p_mw, q_mvar=0, sn_mva=nan, name=None, index=None,
                 scaling=1., type='wye', in_service=True, max_p_mw=None, min_p_mw=None,
                 max_q_mvar=None, min_q_mvar=None, controllable=None, k=None, rx=None,
                 current_source=True, **kwargs):
    """
    Adds a number of sgens in table net["sgen"].

    Static generators are modelled as positive and constant PQ power. This element is used to model
    generators with a constant active and reactive power feed-in. If you want to model a voltage
    controlled generator, use the generator element instead.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this load should be created

        **buses** (list of int) - A list of bus ids to which the loads are connected

    OPTIONAL:

        **p_mw** (list of floats) - The active power of the sgens

             - postive value   -> generation
             - negative value  -> load

        **q_mvar** (list of floats, default 0) - The reactive power of the sgens

        **sn_mva** (list of floats, default None) - Nominal power of the sgens

        **name** (list of strings, default None) - The name for this sgen

        **scaling** (list of floats, default 1.) - An OPTIONAL scaling factor to be set customly.
        Multiplys with p_mw and q_mvar.

        **type** (string, None) -  type variable to classify the sgen

        **index** (list of int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index\
             is set to a range between one higher than the highest already existing index and the \
             length of sgens that shall be created.

        **in_service** (list of boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **max_p_mw** (list of floats, default NaN) - Maximum active power sgen - necessary for \
             controllable sgens in for OPF

        **min_p_mw** (list of floats, default NaN) - Minimum active power sgen - necessary for \
             controllable sgens in for OPF

        **max_q_mvar** (list of floats, default NaN) - Maximum reactive power sgen - necessary for \
             controllable sgens in for OPF

        **min_q_mvar** (list of floats, default NaN) - Minimum reactive power sgen - necessary for \
             controllable sgens in OPF

        **controllable** (list of boolean, default NaN) - States, whether a sgen is controllable \
             or not. Only respected for OPF
             Defaults to False if "controllable" column exists in DataFrame

        **k** (list of floats, None) - Ratio of nominal current to short circuit current

        **rx** (list of floats, NaN) - R/X ratio for short circuit impedance. Only relevant if type\
            is specified as motor so that sgen is treated as asynchronous motor

        **current_source** (list of bool, True) - Model this sgen as a current source during short-\
            circuit calculations; useful in some cases, for example the simulation of full-\
            size converters per IEC 60909-0:2016.

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique IDs of the created elements

    EXAMPLE:
        create_sgens(net, buses=[0, 2], p_mw=[10., 5.], q_mvar=[2., 0.])

    """
    _check_multiple_node_elements(net, buses)

    index = _get_multiple_index_with_check(net, "sgen", index, len(buses))

    entries = {"bus": buses, "p_mw": p_mw, "q_mvar": q_mvar, "sn_mva": sn_mva, "scaling": scaling,
               "in_service": in_service, "name": name, "type": type,
               'current_source': current_source}

    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "min_p_mw", min_p_mw)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "max_p_mw", max_p_mw)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "min_q_mvar", min_q_mvar)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "max_q_mvar", max_q_mvar)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "k", k)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "rx", rx)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "controllable", controllable, dtyp=bool_,
                           default_val=False)

    _set_multiple_entries(net, "sgen", index, **entries, **kwargs)

    return index


# =============================================================================
# Create 3ph Sgen
# =============================================================================

def create_asymmetric_sgen(net, bus, p_a_mw=0, p_b_mw=0, p_c_mw=0, q_a_mvar=0, q_b_mvar=0,
                           q_c_mvar=0, sn_mva=nan,
                           name=None, index=None, scaling=1., type='wye', in_service=True):
    """

    Adds one static generator in table net["asymmetric_sgen"].

    Static generators are modelled as negative  PQ loads. This element is used to model generators
    with a constant active and reactive power feed-in. Positive active power means generation.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this static generator should be created

        **bus** (int) - The bus id to which the static generator is connected

    OPTIONAL:

        **p_a_mw** (float, default 0) - The active power of the static generator : Phase A

        **p_b_mw** (float, default 0) - The active power of the static generator : Phase B

        **p_c_mw** (float, default 0) - The active power of the static generator : Phase C

        **q_a_mvar** (float, default 0) - The reactive power of the sgen : Phase A

        **q_b_mvar** (float, default 0) - The reactive power of the sgen : Phase B

        **q_c_mvar** (float, default 0) - The reactive power of the sgen : Phase C

        **sn_mva** (float, default None) - Nominal power of the sgen

        **name** (string, default None) - The name for this sgen

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **scaling** (float, 1.) - An OPTIONAL scaling factor to be set customly.
        Multiplys with p_mw and q_mvar of all phases.

        **type** (string, 'wye') -  Three phase Connection type of the static generator: wye/delta

        **in_service** (boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created sgen

    EXAMPLE:
        create_asymmetric_sgen(net, 1, p_b_mw=0.12)

    """
    _check_node_element(net, bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "asymmetric_sgen", index,
                                  name="3 phase asymmetric static generator")

    entries = dict(zip(["name", "bus", "p_a_mw", "p_b_mw", "p_c_mw", "scaling", "q_a_mvar",
                        "q_b_mvar", "q_c_mvar", "sn_mva", "in_service", "type"],
                       [name, bus, p_a_mw, p_b_mw, p_c_mw, scaling, q_a_mvar, q_b_mvar, q_c_mvar,
                        sn_mva, bool(in_service), type]))

    _set_entries(net, "asymmetric_sgen", index, True, **entries)

    return index


def create_sgen_from_cosphi(net, bus, sn_mva, cos_phi, mode, **kwargs):
    """
    Creates an sgen element from rated power and power factor cos(phi).

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this static generator should be created

        **bus** (int) - The bus id to which the static generator is connected

        **sn_mva** (float) - rated power of the generator

        **cos_phi** (float) - power factor cos_phi

        **mode** (str) - "underexcited" (Q absorption, decreases voltage) or "overexcited" (Q injection, increases voltage)

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created sgen

    gen, sgen, and ext_grid are modelled in the generator point of view. Active power
    will therefore be postive for generation, and reactive power will be negative for
    underexcited behavior (Q absorption, decreases voltage) and
    positive for for overexcited behavior (Q injection, increases voltage).
    """
    from pandapower.toolbox import pq_from_cosphi
    p_mw, q_mvar = pq_from_cosphi(sn_mva, cos_phi, qmode=mode, pmode="gen")
    return create_sgen(net, bus, sn_mva=sn_mva, p_mw=p_mw, q_mvar=q_mvar, **kwargs)


def create_storage(net, bus, p_mw, max_e_mwh, q_mvar=0, sn_mva=nan, soc_percent=nan, min_e_mwh=0.0,
                   name=None, index=None, scaling=1., type=None, in_service=True, max_p_mw=nan,
                   min_p_mw=nan, max_q_mvar=nan, min_q_mvar=nan, controllable=nan):
    """
    Adds a storage to the network.

    In order to simulate a storage system it is possible to use sgens or loads to model the
    discharging or charging state. The power of a storage can be positive or negative, so the use
    of either a sgen or a load is (per definition of the elements) not correct.
    To overcome this issue, a storage element can be created.

    As pandapower is not a time dependend simulation tool and there is no time domain parameter in
    default power flow calculations, the state of charge (SOC) is not updated during any power flow
    calculation.
    The implementation of energy content related parameters in the storage element allows to create
    customized, time dependend simulations by running several power flow calculations and updating
    variables manually.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this storage should be created

        **bus** (int) - The bus id to which the storage is connected

        **p_mw** (float) - The momentary active power of the storage \
            (positive for charging, negative for discharging)

        **max_e_mwh** (float) - The maximum energy content of the storage \
            (maximum charge level)

    OPTIONAL:
        **q_mvar** (float, default 0) - The reactive power of the storage

        **sn_mva** (float, default None) - Nominal power of the storage

        **soc_percent** (float, NaN) - The state of charge of the storage

        **min_e_mwh** (float, 0) - The minimum energy content of the storage \
            (minimum charge level)

        **name** (string, default None) - The name for this storage

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **scaling** (float, 1.) - An OPTIONAL scaling factor to be set customly.
        Multiplys with p_mw and q_mvar.

        **type** (string, None) -  type variable to classify the storage

        **in_service** (boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **max_p_mw** (float, NaN) - Maximum active power injection - necessary for a \
            controllable storage in OPF

        **min_p_mw** (float, NaN) - Minimum active power injection - necessary for a \
            controllable storage in OPF

        **max_q_mvar** (float, NaN) - Maximum reactive power injection - necessary for a \
            controllable storage in OPF

        **min_q_mvar** (float, NaN) - Minimum reactive power injection - necessary for a \
            controllable storage in OPF

        **controllable** (bool, NaN) - Whether this storage is controllable by the optimal \
            powerflow; defaults to False if "controllable" column exists in DataFrame

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created storage

    EXAMPLE:
        create_storage(net, 1, p_mw = -30, max_e_mwh = 60, soc_percent = 1.0, min_e_mwh = 5)

    """
    _check_node_element(net, bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "storage", index)

    entries = dict(zip(["name", "bus", "p_mw", "q_mvar", "sn_mva", "scaling", "soc_percent",
                        "min_e_mwh", "max_e_mwh", "in_service", "type"],
                       [name, bus, p_mw, q_mvar, sn_mva, scaling, soc_percent, min_e_mwh, max_e_mwh,
                        bool(in_service), type]))

    _set_entries(net, "storage", index, True, **entries)

    # check for OPF parameters and add columns to network table
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, min_p_mw, "min_p_mw", "storage")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_p_mw, "max_p_mw", "storage")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, min_q_mvar, "min_q_mvar", "storage")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_q_mvar, "max_q_mvar", "storage")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, controllable, "controllable", "storage",
                                 dtyp=bool_, default_val=False, default_for_nan=True)

    return index


def create_gen(net, bus, p_mw, vm_pu=1., sn_mva=nan, name=None, index=None, max_q_mvar=nan,
               min_q_mvar=nan, min_p_mw=nan, max_p_mw=nan, min_vm_pu=nan, max_vm_pu=nan,
               scaling=1., type=None, slack=False, controllable=nan, vn_kv=nan,
               xdss_pu=nan, rdss_ohm=nan, cos_phi=nan, pg_percent=nan, power_station_trafo=None,
               in_service=True, slack_weight=0.0):
    """
    Adds a generator to the network.

    Generators are always modelled as voltage controlled PV nodes, which is why the input parameter
    is active power and a voltage set point. If you want to model a generator as PQ load with fixed
    reactive power and variable voltage, please use a static generator instead.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this generator should be created

        **bus** (int) - The bus id to which the generator is connected

    OPTIONAL:
        **p_mw** (float, default 0) - The active power of the generator (positive for generation!)

        **vm_pu** (float, default 0) - The voltage set point of the generator.

        **sn_mva** (float, None) - Nominal power of the generator

        **name** (string, None) - The name for this generator

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **scaling** (float, 1.0) - scaling factor which for the active power of the generator

        **type** (string, None) - type variable to classify generators

        **controllable** (bool, NaN) - True: p_mw, q_mvar and vm_pu limits are enforced for this \
                generator in OPF
                False: p_mw and vm_pu setpoints are enforced and *limits are ignored*.
                defaults to True if "controllable" column exists in DataFrame

        **slack_weight** (float, default 0.0) - Contribution factor for distributed slack power
        flow calculation (active power balancing)

        powerflow

        **vn_kv** (float, NaN) - Rated voltage of the generator for short-circuit calculation

        **xdss_pu** (float, NaN) - Subtransient generator reactance for short-circuit calculation

        **rdss_ohm** (float, NaN) - Subtransient generator resistance for short-circuit calculation

        **cos_phi** (float, NaN) - Rated cosine phi of the generator for short-circuit calculation

        **pg_percent** (float, NaN) - Rated pg (voltage control range) of the generator for
        short-circuit calculation

        **power_station_trafo** (int, None) - Index of the power station transformer for
        short-circuit calculation

        **in_service** (bool, True) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **max_p_mw** (float, default NaN) - Maximum active power injection - necessary for OPF

        **min_p_mw** (float, default NaN) - Minimum active power injection - necessary for OPF

        **max_q_mvar** (float, default NaN) - Maximum reactive power injection - necessary for OPF

        **min_q_mvar** (float, default NaN) - Minimum reactive power injection - necessary for OPF

        **min_vm_pu** (float, default NaN) - Minimum voltage magnitude. If not set the bus voltage \
                                             limit is taken.
                                           - necessary for OPF.

        **max_vm_pu** (float, default NaN) - Maximum voltage magnitude. If not set the bus voltage\
                                              limit is taken.
                                            - necessary for OPF

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created generator

    EXAMPLE:
        create_gen(net, 1, p_mw = 120, vm_pu = 1.02)

    """
    _check_node_element(net, bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "gen", index, name="generator")

    columns = ["name", "bus", "p_mw", "vm_pu", "sn_mva", "type", "slack", "in_service",
               "scaling", "slack_weight"]
    variables = [name, bus, p_mw, vm_pu, sn_mva, type, slack, bool(in_service), scaling,
                 slack_weight]

    _set_entries(net, "gen", index, True, **dict(zip(columns, variables)))

    # OPF limits
    if not isnan(controllable):
        if "controllable" not in net.gen.columns:
            net.gen.loc[:, "controllable"] = pd.Series(dtype=bool, data=True)
        net.gen.at[index, "controllable"] = bool(controllable)
    elif "controllable" in net.gen.columns:
        net.gen.at[index, "controllable"] = True
    # P limits for OPF if controllable == True
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, min_p_mw, "min_p_mw", "gen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_p_mw, "max_p_mw", "gen")
    # Q limits for OPF if controllable == True
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, min_q_mvar, "min_q_mvar", "gen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_q_mvar, "max_q_mvar", "gen")
    # V limits for OPF if controllable == True
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_vm_pu, "max_vm_pu", "gen", default_val=2.)
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, min_vm_pu, "min_vm_pu", "gen", default_val=0.)

    # Short circuit calculation variables
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vn_kv, "vn_kv", "gen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, cos_phi, "cos_phi", "gen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, xdss_pu, "xdss_pu", "gen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, rdss_ohm, "rdss_ohm", "gen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, pg_percent, "pg_percent", "gen")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, power_station_trafo,
                                 "power_station_trafo", "gen")

    return index


def create_gens(net, buses, p_mw, vm_pu=1., sn_mva=nan, name=None, index=None, max_q_mvar=None,
                min_q_mvar=None, min_p_mw=None, max_p_mw=None, min_vm_pu=None, max_vm_pu=None,
                scaling=1., type=None, slack=False, controllable=None, vn_kv=None,
                xdss_pu=None, rdss_ohm=None, cos_phi=None, pg_percent=None, power_station_trafo=None,
                in_service=True, slack_weight=0.0, **kwargs):
    """
    Adds generators to the specified buses network.

    Generators are always modelled as voltage controlled PV nodes, which is why the input parameter
    is active power and a voltage set point. If you want to model a generator as PQ load with fixed
    reactive power and variable voltage, please use a static generator instead.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this generator should be created

        **buses** (list of int) - The bus ids to which the generators are connected

    OPTIONAL:
        **p_mw** (list of float, default 0) - The active power of the generator (positive for \
            generation!)

        **vm_pu** (list of float, default 0) - The voltage set point of the generator.

        **sn_mva** (list of float, None) - Nominal power of the generator

        **name** (list of string, None) - The name for this generator

        **index** (list of int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index\
            one higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **scaling** (list of float, 1.0) - scaling factor which for the active power of the\
            generator

        **type** (list of string, None) - type variable to classify generators

        **controllable** (bool, NaN) - True: p_mw, q_mvar and vm_pu limits are enforced for this \
                                       generator in OPF
                                       False: p_mw and vm_pu setpoints are enforced and \
                                       *limits are ignored*.
                                       defaults to True if "controllable" column exists in DataFrame
        powerflow

        **vn_kv** (list of float, NaN) - Rated voltage of the generator for short-circuit \
            calculation

        **xdss_pu** (list of float, NaN) - Subtransient generator reactance for short-circuit \
            calculation

        **rdss_ohm** (list of float, NaN) - Subtransient generator resistance for short-circuit \
            calculation

        **cos_phi** (list of float, NaN) - Rated cosine phi of the generator for short-circuit \
            calculation

        **pg_percent** (float, NaN) - Rated pg (voltage control range) of the generator for \
            short-circuit calculation

        **power_station_trafo** (int, None) - Index of the power station transformer for short-circuit calculation

        **in_service** (bool, True) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **slack_weight** (float, default 0.0) - Contribution factor for distributed slack power flow calculation (active power balancing)

        **max_p_mw** (list of float, default NaN) - Maximum active power injection - necessary for\
            OPF

        **min_p_mw** (list of float, default NaN) - Minimum active power injection - necessary for \
            OPF

        **max_q_mvar** (list of float, default NaN) - Maximum reactive power injection - necessary\
            for OPF

        **min_q_mvar** (list of float, default NaN) - Minimum reactive power injection - necessary \
            for OPF

        **min_vm_pu** (list of float, default NaN) - Minimum voltage magnitude. If not set the \
                                                     bus voltage limit is taken.
                                                   - necessary for OPF.

        **max_vm_pu** (list of float, default NaN) - Maximum voltage magnitude. If not set the bus\
                                                      voltage limit is taken.
                                                    - necessary for OPF

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created generator

    EXAMPLE:
        create_gen(net, 1, p_mw = 120, vm_pu = 1.02)

    """
    _check_multiple_node_elements(net, buses)

    index = _get_multiple_index_with_check(net, "gen", index, len(buses))

    entries = {"bus": buses, "p_mw": p_mw, "vm_pu": vm_pu, "sn_mva": sn_mva, "scaling": scaling,
               "in_service": in_service, "slack_weight": slack_weight, "name": name, "type": type, "slack": slack}

    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "min_p_mw", min_p_mw)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "max_p_mw", max_p_mw)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "min_q_mvar", min_q_mvar)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "max_q_mvar", max_q_mvar)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "min_vm_pu", min_vm_pu)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "max_vm_pu", max_vm_pu)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "vn_kv", vn_kv)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "cos_phi", cos_phi)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "xdss_pu", xdss_pu)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "rdss_ohm", rdss_ohm)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "pg_percent", pg_percent)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "power_station_trafo", power_station_trafo)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "controllable", controllable, dtyp=bool_,
                           default_val=False)

    _set_multiple_entries(net, "gen", index, **entries, **kwargs)

    return index


def create_motor(net, bus, pn_mech_mw, cos_phi, efficiency_percent=100., loading_percent=100.,
                 name=None, lrc_pu=nan, scaling=1.0, vn_kv=nan, rx=nan, index=None, in_service=True,
                 cos_phi_n=nan, efficiency_n_percent=nan):
    """
    Adds a motor to the network.


    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this motor should be created

        **bus** (int) - The bus id to which the motor is connected

        **pn_mech_mw** (float) - Mechanical rated power of the motor

        **cos_phi** (float, nan) - cosine phi at current operating point

    OPTIONAL:

        **name** (string, None) - The name for this motor

        **efficiency_percent** (float, 100) - Efficiency in percent at current operating point

        **loading_percent** (float, 100) - The mechanical loading in percentage of the rated \
            mechanical power

        **scaling** (float, 1.0) - scaling factor which for the active power of the motor

        **cos_phi_n** (float, nan) - cosine phi at rated power of the motor for short-circuit \
            calculation

        **efficiency_n_percent** (float, 100) - Efficiency in percent at rated power for \
            short-circuit calculation

        **lrc_pu** (float, nan) - locked rotor current in relation to the rated motor current

        **rx** (float, nan) - R/X ratio of the motor for short-circuit calculation.

        **vn_kv** (float, NaN) - Rated voltage of the motor for short-circuit calculation

        **in_service** (bool, True) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created motor

    EXAMPLE:
        create_motor(net, 1, pn_mech_mw = 0.120, cos_ph=0.9, vn_kv=0.6, efficiency_percent=90, \
                     loading_percent=40, lrc_pu=6.0)

    """
    _check_node_element(net, bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "motor", index)

    columns = ["name", "bus", "pn_mech_mw", "cos_phi", "cos_phi_n", "vn_kv", "rx",
               "efficiency_n_percent", "efficiency_percent", "loading_percent",
               "lrc_pu", "scaling", "in_service"]
    variables = [name, bus, pn_mech_mw, cos_phi, cos_phi_n, vn_kv, rx, efficiency_n_percent,
                 efficiency_percent, loading_percent, lrc_pu, scaling, bool(in_service)]
    _set_entries(net, "motor", index, **dict(zip(columns, variables)))

    return index


def create_ext_grid(net, bus, vm_pu=1.0, va_degree=0., name=None, in_service=True,
                    s_sc_max_mva=nan, s_sc_min_mva=nan, rx_max=nan, rx_min=nan,
                    max_p_mw=nan, min_p_mw=nan, max_q_mvar=nan, min_q_mvar=nan,
                    index=None, r0x0_max=nan, x0x_max=nan, controllable=nan,
                    slack_weight=1.0, **kwargs):
    """
    Creates an external grid connection.

    External grids represent the higher level power grid connection and are modelled as the slack
    bus in the power flow calculation.

    INPUT:
        **net** - pandapower network

        **bus** (int) - bus where the slack is connected

    OPTIONAL:
        **vm_pu** (float, default 1.0) - voltage at the slack node in per unit

        **va_degree** (float, default 0.) - voltage angle at the slack node in degrees*

        **name** (string, default None) - name of of the external grid

        **in_service** (boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **s_sc_max_mva** (float, NaN) - maximal short circuit apparent power to calculate internal \
            impedance of ext_grid for short circuit calculations

        **s_sc_min_mva** (float, NaN) - minimal short circuit apparent power to calculate internal \
            impedance of ext_grid for short circuit calculations

        **rx_max** (float, NaN) - maximal R/X-ratio to calculate internal impedance of ext_grid \
            for short circuit calculations

        **rx_min** (float, NaN) - minimal R/X-ratio to calculate internal impedance of ext_grid \
            for short circuit calculations

        **max_p_mw** (float, NaN) - Maximum active power injection. Only respected for OPF

        **min_p_mw** (float, NaN) - Minimum active power injection. Only respected for OPF

        **max_q_mvar** (float, NaN) - Maximum reactive power injection. Only respected for OPF

        **min_q_mvar** (float, NaN) - Minimum reactive power injection. Only respected for OPF

        **r0x0_max** (float, NaN) - maximal R/X-ratio to calculate Zero sequence
        internal impedance of ext_grid

        **x0x_max** (float, NaN) - maximal X0/X-ratio to calculate Zero sequence
        internal impedance of ext_grid

        **slack_weight** (float, default 1.0) - Contribution factor for distributed slack power flow calculation (active power balancing)

        ** only considered in loadflow if calculate_voltage_angles = True

        **controllable** (bool, NaN) - True: p_mw, q_mvar and vm_pu limits are enforced for the \
                                             ext_grid in OPF. The voltage limits set in the \
                                             ext_grid bus are enforced.
                                       False: p_mw and vm_pu setpoints are enforced and *limits are\
                                              ignored*. The vm_pu setpoint is enforced and limits \
                                              of the bus table are ignored.
                                       defaults to False if "controllable" column exists in\
                                       DataFrame

    EXAMPLE:
        create_ext_grid(net, 1, voltage = 1.03)

        For three phase load flow

        create_ext_grid(net, 1, voltage=1.03, s_sc_max_mva=1000, rx_max=0.1, r0x0_max=0.1,\
                       x0x_max=1.0)
    """
    _check_node_element(net, bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "ext_grid", index, name="external grid")

    entries = dict(zip(["bus", "name", "vm_pu", "va_degree", "in_service", "slack_weight"],
                       [bus, name, vm_pu, va_degree, bool(in_service), slack_weight]))
    _set_entries(net, "ext_grid", index, **entries, **kwargs)

    # OPF limits
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, s_sc_max_mva, "s_sc_max_mva", "ext_grid")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, s_sc_min_mva, "s_sc_min_mva", "ext_grid")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, rx_min, "rx_min", "ext_grid")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, rx_max, "rx_max", "ext_grid")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, min_p_mw, "min_p_mw", "ext_grid")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_p_mw, "max_p_mw", "ext_grid")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, min_q_mvar, "min_q_mvar", "ext_grid")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_q_mvar, "max_q_mvar", "ext_grid")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, x0x_max, "x0x_max", "ext_grid")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, r0x0_max, "r0x0_max", "ext_grid")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, controllable, "controllable", "ext_grid",
                                 dtyp=bool_, default_val=False, default_for_nan=True)

    return index


def create_line(net, from_bus, to_bus, length_km, std_type, name=None, index=None, geodata=None,
                df=1., parallel=1, in_service=True, max_loading_percent=nan, alpha=nan,
                temperature_degree_celsius=nan):
    """
    Creates a line element in net["line"]
    The line parameters are defined through the standard type library.


    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this line should be created

        **from_bus** (int) - ID of the bus on one side which the line will be connected with

        **to_bus** (int) - ID of the bus on the other side which the line will be connected with

        **length_km** (float) - The line length in km

        **std_type** (string) - Name of a standard linetype :

                                - Pre-defined in standard_linetypes

                                **or**

                                - Customized std_type made using **create_std_type()**

    OPTIONAL:
        **name** (string, None) - A custom name for this line

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **geodata**
        (array, default None, shape= (,2L)) -
        The linegeodata of the line. The first row should be the coordinates
        of bus a and the last should be the coordinates of bus b. The points
        in the middle represent the bending points of the line

        **in_service** (boolean, True) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **df** (float, 1) - derating factor: maximal current of line in relation to nominal current\
            of line (from 0 to 1)

        **parallel** (integer, 1) - number of parallel line systems

        **max_loading_percent (float)** - maximum current loading (only needed for OPF)

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created line

    EXAMPLE:
        create_line(net, "line1", from_bus = 0, to_bus = 1, length_km=0.1,  std_type="NAYY 4x50 SE")

    """

    # check if bus exist to attach the line to
    _check_branch_element(net, "Line", index, from_bus, to_bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "line", index)

    v = {
        "name": name, "length_km": length_km, "from_bus": from_bus,
        "to_bus": to_bus, "in_service": bool(in_service), "std_type": std_type,
        "df": df, "parallel": parallel
    }

    lineparam = load_std_type(net, std_type, "line")

    v.update({param: lineparam[param] for param in ["r_ohm_per_km", "x_ohm_per_km", "c_nf_per_km",
                                                    "max_i_ka"]})
    if "r0_ohm_per_km" in lineparam:
        v.update({param: lineparam[param] for param in ["r0_ohm_per_km", "x0_ohm_per_km", "c0_nf_per_km"]})

    v["g_us_per_km"] = lineparam["g_us_per_km"] if "g_us_per_km" in lineparam else 0.

    if "type" in lineparam:
        v["type"] = lineparam["type"]

    # if net.line column already has alpha, add it from std_type
    if "alpha" in net.line.columns and "alpha" in lineparam:
        v["alpha"] = lineparam["alpha"]

    _set_entries(net, "line", index, **v)

    if geodata is not None:
        net["line_geodata"].loc[index, "coords"] = None
        net["line_geodata"].at[index, "coords"] = geodata

    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_loading_percent, "max_loading_percent", "line")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, alpha, "alpha", "line")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, temperature_degree_celsius,
                                 "temperature_degree_celsius", "line")

    return index


def create_lines(net, from_buses, to_buses, length_km, std_type, name=None, index=None,
                 geodata=None, df=1., parallel=1, in_service=True, max_loading_percent=None):
    """ Convenience function for creating many lines at once. Parameters 'from_buses' and 'to_buses'
        must be arrays of equal length. Other parameters may be either arrays of the same length or
        single or values. In any case the line parameters are defined through a single standard
        type, so all lines have the same standard type.


        INPUT:
            **net** - The net within this line should be created

            **from_buses** (list of int) - ID of the bus on one side which the line will be \
                connected with

            **to_buses** (list of int) - ID of the bus on the other side which the line will be \
                connected with

            **length_km** (list of float) - The line length in km

            **std_type** (string) - The linetype of the lines.

        OPTIONAL:
            **name** (list of string, None) - A custom name for this line

            **index** (list of int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the\
                index one higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

            **geodata**
            (list of arrays, default None, shape of arrays (,2L)) -
            The linegeodata of the line. The first row should be the coordinates
            of bus a and the last should be the coordinates of bus b. The points
            in the middle represent the bending points of the line

            **in_service** (list of boolean, True) - True for in_service or False for out of service

            **df** (list of float, 1) - derating factor: maximal current of line in relation to \
                nominal current of line (from 0 to 1)

            **parallel** (list of integer, 1) - number of parallel line systems

            **max_loading_percent (list of float)** - maximum current loading (only needed for OPF)

        OUTPUT:
            **index** (list of int) - The unique ID of the created line

        EXAMPLE:
            create_line(net, "line1", from_bus=0, to_bus=1, length_km=0.1, std_type="NAYY 4x50 SE")

    """
    _check_multiple_branch_elements(net, from_buses, to_buses, "Lines")

    index = _get_multiple_index_with_check(net, "line", index, len(from_buses))

    entries = {"from_bus": from_buses, "to_bus": to_buses, "length_km": length_km,
               "std_type": std_type, "name": name, "df": df, "parallel": parallel,
               "in_service": in_service}

    # add std type data
    if isinstance(std_type, str):
        lineparam = load_std_type(net, std_type, "line")
        entries["r_ohm_per_km"] = lineparam["r_ohm_per_km"]
        entries["x_ohm_per_km"] = lineparam["x_ohm_per_km"]
        entries["c_nf_per_km"] = lineparam["c_nf_per_km"]
        entries["max_i_ka"] = lineparam["max_i_ka"]
        entries["g_us_per_km"] = lineparam["g_us_per_km"] if "g_us_per_km" in lineparam else 0.
        if "type" in lineparam:
            entries["type"] = lineparam["type"]
    else:
        lineparam = list(map(load_std_type, [net] * len(std_type), std_type, ['line'] * len(std_type)))
        entries["r_ohm_per_km"] = list(map(itemgetter("r_ohm_per_km"), lineparam))
        entries["x_ohm_per_km"] = list(map(itemgetter("x_ohm_per_km"), lineparam))
        entries["c_nf_per_km"] = list(map(itemgetter("c_nf_per_km"), lineparam))
        entries["max_i_ka"] = list(map(itemgetter("max_i_ka"), lineparam))
        entries["g_us_per_km"] = list(map(check_entry_in_std_type, lineparam, ["g_us_per_km"] * len(lineparam),
                                          [0.] * len(lineparam)))
        entries["type"] = list(map(check_entry_in_std_type, lineparam, ["type"] * len(lineparam),
                                   [None] * len(lineparam)))

    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "max_loading_percent", max_loading_percent)

    _set_multiple_entries(net, "line", index, **entries)

    if geodata is not None:
        _add_multiple_branch_geodata(net, "line", geodata, index)

    return index


def create_line_from_parameters(net, from_bus, to_bus, length_km, r_ohm_per_km, x_ohm_per_km,
                                c_nf_per_km, max_i_ka, name=None, index=None, type=None,
                                geodata=None, in_service=True, df=1., parallel=1, g_us_per_km=0.,
                                max_loading_percent=nan, alpha=nan,
                                temperature_degree_celsius=nan, r0_ohm_per_km=nan,
                                x0_ohm_per_km=nan, c0_nf_per_km=nan, g0_us_per_km=0,
                                endtemp_degree=nan, **kwargs):
    """
    Creates a line element in net["line"] from line parameters.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this line should be created

        **from_bus** (int) - ID of the bus on one side which the line will be connected with

        **to_bus** (int) - ID of the bus on the other side which the line will be connected with

        **length_km** (float) - The line length in km

        **r_ohm_per_km** (float) - line resistance in ohm per km

        **x_ohm_per_km** (float) - line reactance in ohm per km

        **c_nf_per_km** (float) - line capacitance (line-to-earth) in nano Farad per km

        **r0_ohm_per_km** (float) - zero sequence line resistance in ohm per km

        **x0_ohm_per_km** (float) - zero sequence line reactance in ohm per km

        **c0_nf_per_km** (float) - zero sequence line capacitance in nano Farad per km

        **max_i_ka** (float) - maximum thermal current in kilo Ampere

    OPTIONAL:
        **name** (string, None) - A custom name for this line

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **in_service** (boolean, True) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **type** (str, None) - type of line ("ol" for overhead line or "cs" for cable system)

        **df** (float, 1) - derating factor: maximal current of line in relation to nominal current\
            of line (from 0 to 1)

        **g_us_per_km** (float, 0) - dielectric conductance in micro Siemens per km

        **g0_us_per_km** (float, 0) - zero sequence dielectric conductance in micro Siemens per km

        **parallel** (integer, 1) - number of parallel line systems

        **geodata**
        (array, default None, shape= (,2L)) -
        The linegeodata of the line. The first row should be the coordinates
        of bus a and the last should be the coordinates of bus b. The points
        in the middle represent the bending points of the line

        **max_loading_percent (float)** - maximum current loading (only needed for OPF)

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created line

    EXAMPLE:
        create_line_from_parameters(net, "line1", from_bus = 0, to_bus = 1, lenght_km=0.1,
        r_ohm_per_km = .01, x_ohm_per_km = 0.05, c_nf_per_km = 10,
        max_i_ka = 0.4)

    """

    # check if bus exist to attach the line to
    _check_branch_element(net, "Line", index, from_bus, to_bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "line", index)

    v = {
        "name": name, "length_km": length_km, "from_bus": from_bus,
        "to_bus": to_bus, "in_service": bool(in_service), "std_type": None,
        "df": df, "r_ohm_per_km": r_ohm_per_km, "x_ohm_per_km": x_ohm_per_km,
        "c_nf_per_km": c_nf_per_km, "max_i_ka": max_i_ka, "parallel": parallel, "type": type,
        "g_us_per_km": g_us_per_km
    }

    _set_entries(net, "line", index, **v, **kwargs)

    nan_0_values = [isnan(r0_ohm_per_km), isnan(x0_ohm_per_km), isnan(c0_nf_per_km)]
    if not np_any(nan_0_values):
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, r0_ohm_per_km, "r0_ohm_per_km", "line")
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, x0_ohm_per_km, "x0_ohm_per_km", "line")
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, c0_nf_per_km, "c0_nf_per_km", "line")
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, g0_us_per_km, "g0_us_per_km", "line",
                                     default_val=0.)
    elif not np_all(nan_0_values):
        logger.warning("Zero sequence values are given for only some parameters. Please specify "
                       "them for all parameters, otherwise they are not set!")

    if geodata is not None:
        net["line_geodata"].loc[index, "coords"] = None
        net["line_geodata"].at[index, "coords"] = geodata

    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_loading_percent, "max_loading_percent", "line")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, alpha, "alpha", "line")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, temperature_degree_celsius,
                                 "temperature_degree_celsius", "line")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, endtemp_degree, "endtemp_degree", "line")

    return index


def create_lines_from_parameters(net, from_buses, to_buses, length_km, r_ohm_per_km, x_ohm_per_km,
                                 c_nf_per_km, max_i_ka, name=None, index=None, type=None,
                                 geodata=None, in_service=True, df=1., parallel=1, g_us_per_km=0.,
                                 max_loading_percent=None, alpha=None,
                                 temperature_degree_celsius=None, r0_ohm_per_km=None,
                                 x0_ohm_per_km=None, c0_nf_per_km=None, g0_us_per_km=None,
                                 **kwargs):
    """
    Convenience function for creating many lines at once. Parameters 'from_buses' and 'to_buses'
        must be arrays of equal length. Other parameters may be either arrays of the same length or
        single or values.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this line should be created

        **from_bus** (list of int) - ID of the bus on one side which the line will be connected with

        **to_bus** (list of int) - ID of the bus on the other side which the line will be connected\
            with

        **length_km** (list of float) - The line length in km

        **r_ohm_per_km** (list of float) - line resistance in ohm per km

        **x_ohm_per_km** (list of float) - line reactance in ohm per km

        **c_nf_per_km** (list of float) - line capacitance in nano Farad per km

        **r0_ohm_per_km** (list of float) - zero sequence line resistance in ohm per km

        **x0_ohm_per_km** (list of float) - zero sequence line reactance in ohm per km

        **c0_nf_per_km** (list of float) - zero sequence line capacitance in nano Farad per km

        **max_i_ka** (list of float) - maximum thermal current in kilo Ampere

    OPTIONAL:
        **name** (string, None) - A custom name for this line

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **in_service** (boolean, True) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **type** (str, None) - type of line ("ol" for overhead line or "cs" for cable system)

        **df** (float, 1) - derating factor: maximal current of line in relation to nominal current\
            of line (from 0 to 1)

        **g_us_per_km** (float, 0) - dielectric conductance in micro Siemens per km

        **g0_us_per_km** (float, 0) - zero sequence dielectric conductance in micro Siemens per km

        **parallel** (integer, 1) - number of parallel line systems

        **geodata**
        (array, default None, shape= (,2L)) -
        The linegeodata of the line. The first row should be the coordinates
        of bus a and the last should be the coordinates of bus b. The points
        in the middle represent the bending points of the line

        **max_loading_percent (float)** - maximum current loading (only needed for OPF)

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created line

    EXAMPLE:
        create_line_from_parameters(net, "line1", from_bus = 0, to_bus = 1, lenght_km=0.1,
        r_ohm_per_km = .01, x_ohm_per_km = 0.05, c_nf_per_km = 10,
        max_i_ka = 0.4)

    """
    _check_multiple_branch_elements(net, from_buses, to_buses, "Lines")

    index = _get_multiple_index_with_check(net, "line", index, len(from_buses))

    entries = {"from_bus": from_buses, "to_bus": to_buses, "length_km": length_km, "type": type,
               "r_ohm_per_km": r_ohm_per_km, "x_ohm_per_km": x_ohm_per_km,
               "c_nf_per_km": c_nf_per_km, "max_i_ka": max_i_ka, "g_us_per_km": g_us_per_km,
               "name": name, "df": df, "parallel": parallel, "in_service": in_service}

    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "max_loading_percent", max_loading_percent)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "r0_ohm_per_km", r0_ohm_per_km)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "x0_ohm_per_km", x0_ohm_per_km)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "c0_nf_per_km", c0_nf_per_km)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "g0_us_per_km", g0_us_per_km)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "temperature_degree_celsius", temperature_degree_celsius)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "alpha", alpha)

    _set_multiple_entries(net, "line", index, **entries, **kwargs)

    if geodata is not None:
        _add_multiple_branch_geodata(net, "line", geodata, index)

    return index


def create_transformer(net, hv_bus, lv_bus, std_type, name=None, tap_pos=nan, in_service=True,
                       index=None, max_loading_percent=nan, parallel=1, df=1.,
                       tap_dependent_impedance=None, vk_percent_characteristic=None,
                       vkr_percent_characteristic=None):
    """
    Creates a two-winding transformer in table net["trafo"].
    The trafo parameters are defined through the standard type library.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this transformer should be created

        **hv_bus** (int) - The bus on the high-voltage side on which the transformer will be \
            connected to

        **lv_bus** (int) - The bus on the low-voltage side on which the transformer will be \
            connected to

        **std_type** -  The used standard type from the standard type library

    **Zero sequence parameters** (Added through std_type For Three phase load flow) :

        **vk0_percent** - zero sequence relative short-circuit voltage

        **vkr0_percent** - real part of zero sequence relative short-circuit voltage

        **mag0_percent** - ratio between magnetizing and short circuit impedance (zero sequence)

                            z_mag0 / z0

        **mag0_rx**  - zero sequence magnetizing r/x  ratio

        **si0_hv_partial** - zero sequence short circuit impedance  distribution in hv side

    OPTIONAL:
        **name** (string, None) - A custom name for this transformer

        **tap_pos** (int, nan) - current tap position of the transformer. Defaults to the medium \
            position (tap_neutral)

        **in_service** (boolean, True) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **max_loading_percent (float)** - maximum current loading (only needed for OPF)

        **parallel** (integer) - number of parallel transformers

        **df** (float) - derating factor: maximal current of transformer in relation to nominal \
            current of transformer (from 0 to 1)

        **tap_dependent_impedance** (boolean) - True if transformer impedance must be adjusted dependent \
            on the tap position of the trabnsformer. Requires the additional columns \
            "vk_percent_characteristic" and "vkr_percent_characteristic" that reference the index of the \
            characteristic from the table net.characteristic. A convenience function \
            pandapower.control.create_trafo_characteristics can be used to create the SplineCharacteristic \
            objects, add the relevant columns and set up the references to the characteristics. \
            The function pandapower.control.trafo_characteristics_diagnostic can be used for sanity checks.

        **vk_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vkr_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created transformer

    EXAMPLE:
        create_transformer(net, hv_bus = 0, lv_bus = 1, name = "trafo1", std_type = \
            "0.4 MVA 10/0.4 kV")
    """

    # Check if bus exist to attach the trafo to
    _check_branch_element(net, "Trafo", index, hv_bus, lv_bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "trafo", index, name="transformer")

    if df <= 0:
        raise UserWarning("derating factor df must be positive: df = %.3f" % df)

    v = {
        "name": name, "hv_bus": hv_bus, "lv_bus": lv_bus,
        "in_service": bool(in_service), "std_type": std_type
    }
    ti = load_std_type(net, std_type, "trafo")

    updates = {
        "sn_mva": ti["sn_mva"],
        "vn_hv_kv": ti["vn_hv_kv"],
        "vn_lv_kv": ti["vn_lv_kv"],
        "vk_percent": ti["vk_percent"],
        "vkr_percent": ti["vkr_percent"],
        "pfe_kw": ti["pfe_kw"],
        "i0_percent": ti["i0_percent"],
        "parallel": parallel,
        "df": df,
        "shift_degree": ti["shift_degree"] if "shift_degree" in ti else 0,
        "tap_phase_shifter": ti["tap_phase_shifter"] if "tap_phase_shifter" in ti
                                                        and pd.notnull(
            ti["tap_phase_shifter"]) else False
    }
    for zero_param in ['vk0_percent', 'vkr0_percent', 'mag0_percent', 'mag0_rx', 'si0_hv_partial']:
        if zero_param in ti:
            updates[zero_param] = ti[zero_param]
    v.update(updates)
    for tp in ("tap_neutral", "tap_max", "tap_min", "tap_side", "tap_step_percent",
               "tap_step_degree"):
        if tp in ti:
            v[tp] = ti[tp]
    if ("tap_neutral" in v) and (tap_pos is nan):
        v["tap_pos"] = v["tap_neutral"]
    else:
        v["tap_pos"] = tap_pos
        if isinstance(tap_pos, float):
            net.trafo.tap_pos = net.trafo.tap_pos.astype(float)

    _set_entries(net, "trafo", index, **v)

    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_loading_percent, "max_loading_percent", "trafo")

    if tap_dependent_impedance is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, tap_dependent_impedance, "tap_dependent_impedance", "trafo", bool_, False, True)
    if vk_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vk_percent_characteristic, "vk_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")  # Int64Dtype
    if vkr_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vkr_percent_characteristic, "vkr_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")

    # tap_phase_shifter default False
    net.trafo.tap_phase_shifter.fillna(False, inplace=True)

    return index


def create_transformer_from_parameters(net, hv_bus, lv_bus, sn_mva, vn_hv_kv, vn_lv_kv,
                                       vkr_percent, vk_percent, pfe_kw, i0_percent,
                                       shift_degree=0,
                                       tap_side=None, tap_neutral=nan, tap_max=nan,
                                       tap_min=nan, tap_step_percent=nan, tap_step_degree=nan,
                                       tap_pos=nan, tap_phase_shifter=False, in_service=True,
                                       name=None, vector_group=None, index=None,
                                       max_loading_percent=nan, parallel=1,
                                       df=1., vk0_percent=nan, vkr0_percent=nan,
                                       mag0_percent=nan, mag0_rx=nan,
                                       si0_hv_partial=nan,
                                       pt_percent=nan, oltc=False, tap_dependent_impedance=None,
                                       vk_percent_characteristic=None,
                                       vkr_percent_characteristic=None, **kwargs):
    """
    Creates a two-winding transformer in table net["trafo"].
    The trafo parameters are defined through the standard type library.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this transformer should be created

        **hv_bus** (int) - The bus on the high-voltage side on which the transformer will be \
            connected to

        **lv_bus** (int) - The bus on the low-voltage side on which the transformer will be \
            connected to

        **sn_mva** (float) - rated apparent power

        **vn_hv_kv** (float) - rated voltage on high voltage side

        **vn_lv_kv** (float) - rated voltage on low voltage side

        **vkr_percent** (float) - real part of relative short-circuit voltage

        **vk_percent** (float) - relative short-circuit voltage

        **pfe_kw** (float)  - iron losses in kW

        **i0_percent** (float) - open loop losses in percent of rated current

        **vector_group** (String) - Vector group of the transformer

            HV side is Uppercase letters
            and LV side is lower case

        **vk0_percent** (float) - zero sequence relative short-circuit voltage

        **vkr0_percent** - real part of zero sequence relative short-circuit voltage

        **mag0_percent** - zero sequence magnetizing impedance/ vk0

        **mag0_rx**  - zero sequence magnitizing R/X ratio

        **si0_hv_partial** - Distribution of zero sequence leakage impedances for HV side


    OPTIONAL:

        **in_service** (boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **parallel** (integer) - number of parallel transformers

        **name** (string) - A custom name for this transformer

        **shift_degree** (float) - Angle shift over the transformer*

        **tap_side** (string) - position of tap changer ("hv", "lv")

        **tap_pos** (int, nan) - current tap position of the transformer. Defaults to the medium \
            position (tap_neutral)

        **tap_neutral** (int, nan) - tap position where the transformer ratio is equal to the \
            ratio of the rated voltages

        **tap_max** (int, nan) - maximal allowed tap position

        **tap_min** (int, nan):  minimal allowed tap position

        **tap_step_percent** (float) - tap step size for voltage magnitude in percent

        **tap_step_degree** (float) - tap step size for voltage angle in degree*

        **tap_phase_shifter** (bool) - whether the transformer is an ideal phase shifter*

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **max_loading_percent (float)** - maximum current loading (only needed for OPF)

        **df** (float) - derating factor: maximal current of transformer in relation to nominal \
            current of transformer (from 0 to 1)

        **tap_dependent_impedance** (boolean) - True if transformer impedance must be adjusted dependent \
            on the tap position of the trabnsformer. Requires the additional columns \
            "vk_percent_characteristic" and "vkr_percent_characteristic" that reference the index of the \
            characteristic from the table net.characteristic. A convenience function \
            pandapower.control.create_trafo_characteristics can be used to create the SplineCharacteristic \
            objects, add the relevant columns and set up the references to the characteristics. \
            The function pandapower.control.trafo_characteristics_diagnostic can be used for sanity checks.

        **vk_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vkr_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **pt_percent** (float, nan) - (short circuit only)

        **oltc** (bool, False) - (short circuit only)

        ** only considered in loadflow if calculate_voltage_angles = True

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created transformer

    EXAMPLE:
        create_transformer_from_parameters(net, hv_bus=0, lv_bus=1, name="trafo1", sn_mva=40, \
            vn_hv_kv=110, vn_lv_kv=10, vk_percent=10, vkr_percent=0.3, pfe_kw=30, \
            i0_percent=0.1, shift_degree=30)
    """

    # Check if bus exist to attach the trafo to
    _check_branch_element(net, "Trafo", index, hv_bus, lv_bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "trafo", index, name="transformer")

    if df <= 0:
        raise UserWarning("derating factor df must be positive: df = %.3f" % df)

    if tap_pos is nan:
        tap_pos = tap_neutral
        # store dtypes

    v = {
        "name": name, "hv_bus": hv_bus, "lv_bus": lv_bus,
        "in_service": bool(in_service), "std_type": None, "sn_mva": sn_mva, "vn_hv_kv": vn_hv_kv,
        "vn_lv_kv": vn_lv_kv, "vk_percent": vk_percent, "vkr_percent": vkr_percent,
        "pfe_kw": pfe_kw, "i0_percent": i0_percent, "tap_neutral": tap_neutral,
        "tap_max": tap_max, "tap_min": tap_min, "shift_degree": shift_degree,
        "tap_side": tap_side, "tap_step_percent": tap_step_percent, "tap_step_degree": tap_step_degree,
        "tap_phase_shifter": tap_phase_shifter, "parallel": parallel, "df": df,
        "pt_percent": pt_percent, "oltc": oltc
    }

    if ("tap_neutral" in v) and (tap_pos is nan):
        v["tap_pos"] = v["tap_neutral"]
    else:
        v["tap_pos"] = tap_pos
        if type(tap_pos) == float:
            net.trafo.tap_pos = net.trafo.tap_pos.astype(float)

    _set_entries(net, "trafo", index, **v, **kwargs)

    if tap_dependent_impedance is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, tap_dependent_impedance, "tap_dependent_impedance", "trafo", bool_, False, True)
    if vk_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vk_percent_characteristic, "vk_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")
    if vkr_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vkr_percent_characteristic, "vkr_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")

    if not (isnan(vk0_percent) and isnan(vkr0_percent) and isnan(mag0_percent)
            and isnan(mag0_rx) and isnan(si0_hv_partial) and vector_group is None):
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vk0_percent, "vk0_percent", "trafo")
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vkr0_percent, "vkr0_percent", "trafo")
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, mag0_percent, "mag0_percent", "trafo")
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, mag0_rx, "mag0_rx", "trafo")
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, si0_hv_partial, "si0_hv_partial", "trafo")
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vector_group, "vector_group", "trafo", dtyp=str,
                                     default_val=None)
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, pt_percent, "pt_percent", "trafo")
    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_loading_percent, "max_loading_percent", "trafo")

    return index


def create_transformers_from_parameters(net, hv_buses, lv_buses, sn_mva, vn_hv_kv, vn_lv_kv,
                                        vkr_percent, vk_percent, pfe_kw, i0_percent, shift_degree=0,
                                        tap_side=None, tap_neutral=nan, tap_max=nan, tap_min=nan,
                                        tap_step_percent=nan, tap_step_degree=nan, tap_pos=nan,
                                        tap_phase_shifter=False, in_service=True, name=None,
                                        vector_group=None, index=None, max_loading_percent=None,
                                        parallel=1, df=1., vk0_percent=None, vkr0_percent=None,
                                        mag0_percent=None, mag0_rx=None, si0_hv_partial=None,
                                        pt_percent=nan, oltc=False, tap_dependent_impedance=None,
                                        vk_percent_characteristic=None,
                                        vkr_percent_characteristic=None, **kwargs):
    """
    Creates several two-winding transformers in table net["trafo"].
    The trafo parameters are defined through the standard type library.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this transformer should be created

        **hv_bus** (list of int) - The bus on the high-voltage side on which the transformer will \
            be connected to

        **lv_bus** (list of int) - The bus on the low-voltage side on which the transformer will \
            be connected to

        **sn_mva** (list of float) - rated apparent power

        **vn_hv_kv** (list of float) - rated voltage on high voltage side

        **vn_lv_kv** (list of float) - rated voltage on low voltage side

        **vkr_percent** (list of float) - real part of relative short-circuit voltage

        **vk_percent** (list of float) - relative short-circuit voltage

        **pfe_kw** (list of float)  - iron losses in kW

        **i0_percent** (list of float) - open loop losses in percent of rated current

        **vector_group** (list of String) - Vector group of the transformer

            HV side is Uppercase letters
            and LV side is lower case

        **vk0_percent** (list of float) - zero sequence relative short-circuit voltage

        **vkr0_percent** - (list of float) real part of zero sequence relative short-circuit voltage

        **mag0_percent** - (list of float)  zero sequence magnetizing impedance/ vk0

        **mag0_rx**  - (list of float)  zero sequence magnitizing R/X ratio

        **si0_hv_partial** - (list of float)  Distribution of zero sequence leakage impedances for \
            HV side


    OPTIONAL:

        **in_service** (boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **parallel** (integer) - number of parallel transformers

        **name** (string) - A custom name for this transformer

        **shift_degree** (float) - Angle shift over the transformer*

        **tap_side** (string) - position of tap changer ("hv", "lv")

        **tap_pos** (int, nan) - current tap position of the transformer. Defaults to the medium \
            position (tap_neutral)

        **tap_neutral** (int, nan) - tap position where the transformer ratio is equal to the ratio\
            of the rated voltages

        **tap_max** (int, nan) - maximal allowed tap position

        **tap_min** (int, nan):  minimal allowed tap position

        **tap_step_percent** (float) - tap step size for voltage magnitude in percent

        **tap_step_degree** (float) - tap step size for voltage angle in degree*

        **tap_phase_shifter** (bool) - whether the transformer is an ideal phase shifter*

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **max_loading_percent (float)** - maximum current loading (only needed for OPF)

        **df** (float) - derating factor: maximal current of transformer in relation to nominal \
            current of transformer (from 0 to 1)

        **tap_dependent_impedance** (boolean) - True if transformer impedance must be adjusted dependent \
            on the tap position of the trabnsformer. Requires the additional columns \
            "vk_percent_characteristic" and "vkr_percent_characteristic" that reference the index of the \
            characteristic from the table net.characteristic. A convenience function \
            pandapower.control.create_trafo_characteristics can be used to create the SplineCharacteristic \
            objects, add the relevant columns and set up the references to the characteristics. \
            The function pandapower.control.trafo_characteristics_diagnostic can be used for sanity checks.

        **vk_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vkr_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **pt_percent** (float, nan) - (short circuit only)

        **oltc** (bool, False) - (short circuit only)

        ** only considered in loadflow if calculate_voltage_angles = True

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created transformer

    EXAMPLE:
        create_transformer_from_parameters(net, hv_bus=0, lv_bus=1, name="trafo1", sn_mva=40, \
            vn_hv_kv=110, vn_lv_kv=10, vk_percent=10, vkr_percent=0.3, pfe_kw=30, \
            i0_percent=0.1, shift_degree=30)
    """
    _check_multiple_branch_elements(net, hv_buses, lv_buses, "Transformers")

    index = _get_multiple_index_with_check(net, "trafo", index, len(hv_buses))

    tp_neutral = pd.Series(tap_neutral, index=index, dtype=float64)
    tp_pos = pd.Series(tap_pos, index=index, dtype=float64).fillna(tp_neutral)
    entries = {"name": name, "hv_bus": hv_buses, "lv_bus": lv_buses,
               "in_service": array(in_service).astype(bool_), "std_type": None, "sn_mva": sn_mva,
               "vn_hv_kv": vn_hv_kv, "vn_lv_kv": vn_lv_kv, "vk_percent": vk_percent,
               "vkr_percent": vkr_percent, "pfe_kw": pfe_kw, "i0_percent": i0_percent,
               "tap_neutral": tp_neutral, "tap_max": tap_max, "tap_min": tap_min,
               "shift_degree": shift_degree, "tap_pos": tp_pos, "tap_side": tap_side,
               "tap_step_percent": tap_step_percent, "tap_step_degree": tap_step_degree,
               "tap_phase_shifter": tap_phase_shifter, "parallel": parallel, "df": df,
               "pt_percent": pt_percent, "oltc": oltc}

    if tap_dependent_impedance is not None:
        _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "tap_dependent_impedance", tap_dependent_impedance, dtype=bool_, default_val=False)
    if vk_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "vk_percent_characteristic",  vk_percent_characteristic, "Int64")
    if vkr_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "vkr_percent_characteristic", vkr_percent_characteristic, "Int64")

    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "vk0_percent", vk0_percent)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "vkr0_percent", vkr0_percent)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "mag0_percent", mag0_percent)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "mag0_rx", mag0_rx)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "si0_hv_partial", si0_hv_partial)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "max_loading_percent", max_loading_percent)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "vector_group", vector_group, dtyp=str)
    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "pt_percent", pt_percent)

    _set_multiple_entries(net, "trafo", index, **entries, **kwargs)

    return index


def create_transformer3w(net, hv_bus, mv_bus, lv_bus, std_type, name=None, tap_pos=nan,
                         in_service=True, index=None, max_loading_percent=nan,
                         tap_at_star_point=False, tap_dependent_impedance=None,
                         vk_hv_percent_characteristic=None, vkr_hv_percent_characteristic=None,
                         vk_mv_percent_characteristic=None, vkr_mv_percent_characteristic=None,
                         vk_lv_percent_characteristic=None, vkr_lv_percent_characteristic=None):
    """
    Creates a three-winding transformer in table net["trafo3w"].
    The trafo parameters are defined through the standard type library.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The net within this transformer should be created

        **hv_bus** (int) - The bus on the high-voltage side on which the transformer will be \
            connected to

        **mv_bus** (int) - The medium voltage bus on which the transformer will be connected to

        **lv_bus** (int) - The bus on the low-voltage side on which the transformer will be \
            connected to

        **std_type** -  The used standard type from the standard type library

    OPTIONAL:
        **name** (string) - A custom name for this transformer

        **tap_pos** (int, nan) - current tap position of the transformer. Defaults to the medium \
            position (tap_neutral)

        **tap_at_star_point** (boolean) - Whether tap changer is located at the star point of the \
            3W-transformer or at the bus

        **in_service** (boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **max_loading_percent (float)** - maximum current loading (only needed for OPF)

        **tap_at_star_point (bool)** - whether tap changer is modelled at star point or at the bus

        **tap_dependent_impedance** (boolean) - True if transformer impedance must be adjusted dependent \
            on the tap position of the trabnsformer. Requires the additional columns \
            "vk_percent_characteristic" and "vkr_percent_characteristic" that reference the index of the \
            characteristic from the table net.characteristic. A convenience function \
            pandapower.control.create_trafo_characteristics can be used to create the SplineCharacteristic \
            objects, add the relevant columns and set up the references to the characteristics. \
            The function pandapower.control.trafo_characteristics_diagnostic can be used for sanity checks.

        **vk_hv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vkr_hv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vk_mv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vkr_mv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vk_lv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vkr_lv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created transformer

    EXAMPLE:
        create_transformer3w(net, hv_bus = 0, mv_bus = 1, lv_bus = 2, name = "trafo1", std_type = \
            "63/25/38 MVA 110/20/10 kV")
    """

    # Check if bus exist to attach the trafo to
    for b in [hv_bus, mv_bus, lv_bus]:
        if b not in net["bus"].index.values:
            raise UserWarning("Trafo tries to attach to bus %s" % b)

    v = {
        "name": name, "hv_bus": hv_bus, "mv_bus": mv_bus, "lv_bus": lv_bus,
        "in_service": bool(in_service), "std_type": std_type
    }
    ti = load_std_type(net, std_type, "trafo3w")

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "trafo3w", index, "three winding transformer")

    v.update({
        "sn_hv_mva": ti["sn_hv_mva"],
        "sn_mv_mva": ti["sn_mv_mva"],
        "sn_lv_mva": ti["sn_lv_mva"],
        "vn_hv_kv": ti["vn_hv_kv"],
        "vn_mv_kv": ti["vn_mv_kv"],
        "vn_lv_kv": ti["vn_lv_kv"],
        "vk_hv_percent": ti["vk_hv_percent"],
        "vk_mv_percent": ti["vk_mv_percent"],
        "vk_lv_percent": ti["vk_lv_percent"],
        "vkr_hv_percent": ti["vkr_hv_percent"],
        "vkr_mv_percent": ti["vkr_mv_percent"],
        "vkr_lv_percent": ti["vkr_lv_percent"],
        "pfe_kw": ti["pfe_kw"],
        "i0_percent": ti["i0_percent"],
        "shift_mv_degree": ti["shift_mv_degree"] if "shift_mv_degree" in ti else 0,
        "shift_lv_degree": ti["shift_lv_degree"] if "shift_lv_degree" in ti else 0,
        "tap_at_star_point": tap_at_star_point
    })
    for tp in (
            "tap_neutral", "tap_max", "tap_min", "tap_side", "tap_step_percent", "tap_step_degree"):
        if tp in ti:
            v.update({tp: ti[tp]})

    if ("tap_neutral" in v) and (tap_pos is nan):
        v["tap_pos"] = v["tap_neutral"]
    else:
        v["tap_pos"] = tap_pos
        if type(tap_pos) == float:
            net.trafo3w.tap_pos = net.trafo3w.tap_pos.astype(float)

    dd = pd.DataFrame(v, index=[index])
    # todo: drop __version__ checks
    if version.parse(pd.__version__) < version.parse("0.21"):
        net["trafo3w"] = net["trafo3w"].append(dd).reindex_axis(net["trafo3w"].columns, axis=1)
    elif version.parse(pd.__version__) < version.parse("0.23"):
        net["trafo3w"] = net["trafo3w"].append(dd).reindex(net["trafo3w"].columns, axis=1)
    else:
        net["trafo3w"] = net["trafo3w"].append(dd, sort=True).reindex(net["trafo3w"].columns,
                                                                      axis=1)
        # todo: append -> concat:
        # net["trafo3w"] = pd.concat([net["trafo3w"], dd], sort=True).reindex(net["trafo3w"].columns, axis=1)

    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_loading_percent, "max_loading_percent", "trafo3w")

    if tap_dependent_impedance is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, tap_dependent_impedance, "tap_dependent_impedance", "trafo", bool_, False, True)
    if vk_hv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vk_hv_percent_characteristic, "vk_hv_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")
    if vkr_hv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vkr_hv_percent_characteristic, "vkr_hv_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")
    if vk_mv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vk_mv_percent_characteristic, "vk_mv_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")
    if vkr_mv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vkr_mv_percent_characteristic, "vkr_mv_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")
    if vk_lv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vk_lv_percent_characteristic, "vk_lv_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")
    if vkr_lv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vkr_lv_percent_characteristic, "vkr_lv_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")

    return index


def create_transformer3w_from_parameters(net, hv_bus, mv_bus, lv_bus, vn_hv_kv, vn_mv_kv, vn_lv_kv,
                                         sn_hv_mva, sn_mv_mva, sn_lv_mva, vk_hv_percent,
                                         vk_mv_percent, vk_lv_percent, vkr_hv_percent,
                                         vkr_mv_percent, vkr_lv_percent, pfe_kw, i0_percent,
                                         shift_mv_degree=0., shift_lv_degree=0., tap_side=None,
                                         tap_step_percent=nan, tap_step_degree=nan, tap_pos=nan,
                                         tap_neutral=nan, tap_max=nan,
                                         tap_min=nan, name=None, in_service=True, index=None,
                                         max_loading_percent=nan, tap_at_star_point=False,
                                         vk0_hv_percent=nan, vk0_mv_percent=nan, vk0_lv_percent=nan,
                                         vkr0_hv_percent=nan, vkr0_mv_percent=nan, vkr0_lv_percent=nan,
                                         vector_group=None, tap_dependent_impedance=None,
                                         vk_hv_percent_characteristic=None, vkr_hv_percent_characteristic=None,
                                         vk_mv_percent_characteristic=None, vkr_mv_percent_characteristic=None,
                                         vk_lv_percent_characteristic=None, vkr_lv_percent_characteristic=None):
    """
    Adds a three-winding transformer in table net["trafo3w"].
    The model currently only supports one tap-changer per 3W Transformer.

    Input:
        **net** (pandapowerNet) - The net within this transformer should be created

        **hv_bus** (int) - The bus on the high-voltage side on which the transformer will be \
            connected to

        **mv_bus** (int) - The bus on the middle-voltage side on which the transformer will be \
            connected to

        **lv_bus** (int) - The bus on the low-voltage side on which the transformer will be \
            connected to

        **vn_hv_kv** (float) rated voltage on high voltage side

        **vn_mv_kv** (float) rated voltage on medium voltage side

        **vn_lv_kv** (float) rated voltage on low voltage side

        **sn_hv_mva** (float) - rated apparent power on high voltage side

        **sn_mv_mva** (float) - rated apparent power on medium voltage side

        **sn_lv_mva** (float) - rated apparent power on low voltage side

        **vk_hv_percent** (float) - short circuit voltage from high to medium voltage

        **vk_mv_percent** (float) - short circuit voltage from medium to low voltage

        **vk_lv_percent** (float) - short circuit voltage from high to low voltage

        **vkr_hv_percent** (float) - real part of short circuit voltage from high to medium voltage

        **vkr_mv_percent** (float) - real part of short circuit voltage from medium to low voltage

        **vkr_lv_percent** (float) - real part of short circuit voltage from high to low voltage

        **pfe_kw** (float) - iron losses in kW

        **i0_percent** (float) - open loop losses

    OPTIONAL:
        **shift_mv_degree** (float, 0) - angle shift to medium voltage side*

        **shift_lv_degree** (float, 0) - angle shift to low voltage side*

        **tap_step_percent** (float) - Tap step in percent

        **tap_step_degree** (float) - Tap phase shift angle in degrees

        **tap_side** (string, None) - "hv", "mv", "lv"

        **tap_neutral** (int, nan) - default tap position

        **tap_min** (int, nan) - Minimum tap position

        **tap_max** (int, nan) - Maximum tap position

        **tap_pos** (int, nan) - current tap position of the transformer. Defaults to the \
            medium position (tap_neutral)

        **tap_at_star_point** (boolean) - Whether tap changer is located at the star point of the \
            3W-transformer or at the bus

        **name** (string, None) - Name of the 3-winding transformer

        **in_service** (boolean, True) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **max_loading_percent (float)** - maximum current loading (only needed for OPF)

        **tap_dependent_impedance** (boolean) - True if transformer impedance must be adjusted dependent \
            on the tap position of the trabnsformer. Requires the additional columns \
            "vk_percent_characteristic" and "vkr_percent_characteristic" that reference the index of the \
            characteristic from the table net.characteristic. A convenience function \
            pandapower.control.create_trafo_characteristics can be used to create the SplineCharacteristic \
            objects, add the relevant columns and set up the references to the characteristics. \
            The function pandapower.control.trafo_characteristics_diagnostic can be used for sanity checks.

        **vk_hv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vkr_hv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vk_mv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vkr_mv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vk_lv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vkr_lv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vk0_hv_percent** (float) - zero sequence short circuit voltage from high to medium voltage

        **vk0_mv_percent** (float) - zero sequence short circuit voltage from medium to low voltage

        **vk0_lv_percent** (float) - zero sequence short circuit voltage from high to low voltage

        **vkr0_hv_percent** (float) - zero sequence real part of short circuit voltage from high to medium voltage

        **vkr0_mv_percent** (float) - zero sequence real part of short circuit voltage from medium to low voltage

        **vkr0_lv_percent** (float) - zero sequence real part of short circuit voltage from high to low voltage

        **vector_group** (list of String) - Vector group of the transformer3w

    OUTPUT:
        **trafo_id** - The unique trafo_id of the created 3W transformer

    Example:
        create_transformer3w_from_parameters(net, hv_bus=0, mv_bus=1, lv_bus=2, name="trafo1",
        sn_hv_mva=40, sn_mv_mva=20, sn_lv_mva=20, vn_hv_kv=110, vn_mv_kv=20, vn_lv_kv=10,
        vk_hv_percent=10,vk_mv_percent=11, vk_lv_percent=12, vkr_hv_percent=0.3,
        vkr_mv_percent=0.31, vkr_lv_percent=0.32, pfe_kw=30, i0_percent=0.1, shift_mv_degree=30,
        shift_lv_degree=30)

    """

    # Check if bus exist to attach the trafo to
    for b in [hv_bus, mv_bus, lv_bus]:
        if b not in net["bus"].index.values:
            raise UserWarning("Trafo tries to attach to non-existent bus %s" % b)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "trafo3w", index, "three winding transformer")

    if tap_pos is nan:
        tap_pos = tap_neutral

    columns = ["lv_bus", "mv_bus", "hv_bus", "vn_hv_kv", "vn_mv_kv", "vn_lv_kv", "sn_hv_mva",
               "sn_mv_mva", "sn_lv_mva", "vk_hv_percent", "vk_mv_percent", "vk_lv_percent",
               "vkr_hv_percent", "vkr_mv_percent", "vkr_lv_percent", "pfe_kw", "i0_percent",
               "shift_mv_degree", "shift_lv_degree", "tap_side", "tap_step_percent",
               "tap_step_degree", "tap_pos", "tap_neutral", "tap_max", "tap_min", "in_service",
               "name", "std_type", "tap_at_star_point", "vk0_hv_percent", "vk0_mv_percent", "vk0_lv_percent",
               "vkr0_hv_percent", "vkr0_mv_percent", "vkr0_lv_percent", "vector_group"]
    values = [lv_bus, mv_bus, hv_bus, vn_hv_kv, vn_mv_kv, vn_lv_kv, sn_hv_mva, sn_mv_mva, sn_lv_mva,
              vk_hv_percent, vk_mv_percent, vk_lv_percent, vkr_hv_percent, vkr_mv_percent,
              vkr_lv_percent, pfe_kw, i0_percent, shift_mv_degree, shift_lv_degree, tap_side,
              tap_step_percent, tap_step_degree, tap_pos, tap_neutral, tap_max, tap_min,
              bool(in_service), name, None, tap_at_star_point,
              vk0_hv_percent, vk0_mv_percent, vk0_lv_percent,
              vkr0_hv_percent, vkr0_mv_percent, vkr0_lv_percent, vector_group]

    _set_entries(net, "trafo3w", index, **dict(zip(columns, values)))

    _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, max_loading_percent, "max_loading_percent", "trafo3w")

    if tap_dependent_impedance is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, tap_dependent_impedance, "tap_dependent_impedance", "trafo", bool_, False, True)
    if vk_hv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vk_hv_percent_characteristic, "vk_hv_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")
    if vkr_hv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vkr_hv_percent_characteristic, "vkr_hv_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")
    if vk_mv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vk_mv_percent_characteristic, "vk_mv_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")
    if vkr_mv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vkr_mv_percent_characteristic, "vkr_mv_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")
    if vk_lv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vk_lv_percent_characteristic, "vk_lv_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")
    if vkr_lv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, vkr_lv_percent_characteristic, "vkr_lv_percent_characteristic", "trafo", "Int64")

    return index


def create_transformers3w_from_parameters(net, hv_buses, mv_buses, lv_buses, vn_hv_kv, vn_mv_kv,
                                          vn_lv_kv, sn_hv_mva, sn_mv_mva, sn_lv_mva, vk_hv_percent,
                                          vk_mv_percent, vk_lv_percent, vkr_hv_percent,
                                          vkr_mv_percent, vkr_lv_percent, pfe_kw, i0_percent,
                                          shift_mv_degree=0., shift_lv_degree=0., tap_side=None,
                                          tap_step_percent=nan, tap_step_degree=nan, tap_pos=nan,
                                          tap_neutral=nan, tap_max=nan, tap_min=nan, name=None,
                                          in_service=True, index=None, max_loading_percent=None,
                                          tap_at_star_point=False,
                                          vk0_hv_percent=nan, vk0_mv_percent=nan, vk0_lv_percent=nan,
                                          vkr0_hv_percent=nan, vkr0_mv_percent=nan, vkr0_lv_percent=nan,
                                          vector_group=None, tap_dependent_impedance=None,
                                          vk_hv_percent_characteristic=None, vkr_hv_percent_characteristic=None,
                                          vk_mv_percent_characteristic=None, vkr_mv_percent_characteristic=None,
                                          vk_lv_percent_characteristic=None, vkr_lv_percent_characteristic=None, **kwargs):
    """
    Adds a three-winding transformer in table net["trafo3w"].

    Input:
        **net** (pandapowerNet) - The net within this transformer should be created

        **hv_bus** (list) - The bus on the high-voltage side on which the transformer will be \
            connected to

        **mv_bus** (list) - The bus on the middle-voltage side on which the transformer will be \
            connected to

        **lv_bus** (list) - The bus on the low-voltage side on which the transformer will be \
            connected to

        **vn_hv_kv** (float or list) rated voltage on high voltage side

        **vn_mv_kv** (float or list) rated voltage on medium voltage side

        **vn_lv_kv** (float or list) rated voltage on low voltage side

        **sn_hv_mva** (float or list) - rated apparent power on high voltage side

        **sn_mv_mva** (float or list) - rated apparent power on medium voltage side

        **sn_lv_mva** (float or list) - rated apparent power on low voltage side

        **vk_hv_percent** (float or list) - short circuit voltage from high to medium voltage

        **vk_mv_percent** (float or list) - short circuit voltage from medium to low voltage

        **vk_lv_percent** (float or list) - short circuit voltage from high to low voltage

        **vkr_hv_percent** (float or list) - real part of short circuit voltage from high to medium\
            voltage

        **vkr_mv_percent** (float or list) - real part of short circuit voltage from medium to low\
            voltage

        **vkr_lv_percent** (float or list) - real part of short circuit voltage from high to low\
            voltage

        **pfe_kw** (float or list) - iron losses in kW

        **i0_percent** (float or list) - open loop losses

    OPTIONAL:
        **shift_mv_degree** (float or list, 0) - angle shift to medium voltage side*

        **shift_lv_degree** (float or list, 0) - angle shift to low voltage side*

        **tap_step_percent** (float or list) - Tap step in percent

        **tap_step_degree** (float or list) - Tap phase shift angle in degrees

        **tap_side** (string, None) - "hv", "mv", "lv"

        **tap_neutral** (int, nan) - default tap position

        **tap_min** (int, nan) - Minimum tap position

        **tap_max** (int, nan) - Maximum tap position

        **tap_pos** (int, nan) - current tap position of the transformer. Defaults to the \
            medium position (tap_neutral)

        **tap_at_star_point** (boolean) - Whether tap changer is located at the star point of the \
            3W-transformer or at the bus

        **name** (string, None) - Name of the 3-winding transformer

        **in_service** (boolean, True) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        ** only considered in loadflow if calculate_voltage_angles = True
        **The model currently only supports one tap-changer per 3W Transformer.

        **max_loading_percent (float)** - maximum current loading (only needed for OPF)

        **tap_dependent_impedance** (boolean) - True if transformer impedance must be adjusted dependent \
            on the tap position of the trabnsformer. Requires the additional columns \
            "vk_percent_characteristic" and "vkr_percent_characteristic" that reference the index of the \
            characteristic from the table net.characteristic. A convenience function \
            pandapower.control.create_trafo_characteristics can be used to create the SplineCharacteristic \
            objects, add the relevant columns and set up the references to the characteristics. \
            The function pandapower.control.trafo_characteristics_diagnostic can be used for sanity checks.

        **vk_hv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vkr_hv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vk_mv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vkr_mv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vk_lv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vkr_lv_percent_characteristic** (int) - index of the characteristic from net.characteristic for \
            the adjustment of the parameter "vk_percent" for the calculation of tap dependent impedance.

        **vk0_hv_percent** (float) - zero sequence short circuit voltage from high to medium voltage

        **vk0_mv_percent** (float) - zero sequence short circuit voltage from medium to low voltage

        **vk0_lv_percent** (float) - zero sequence short circuit voltage from high to low voltage

        **vkr0_hv_percent** (float) - zero sequence real part of short circuit voltage from high to medium voltage

        **vkr0_mv_percent** (float) - zero sequence real part of short circuit voltage from medium to low voltage

        **vkr0_lv_percent** (float) - zero sequence real part of short circuit voltage from high to low voltage

        **vector_group** (list of String) - Vector group of the transformer3w

    OUTPUT:
        **trafo_id** - List of trafo_ids of the created 3W transformers

    Example:
        create_transformer3w_from_parameters(net, hv_bus=0, mv_bus=1, lv_bus=2, name="trafo1",
        sn_hv_mva=40, sn_mv_mva=20, sn_lv_mva=20, vn_hv_kv=110, vn_mv_kv=20, vn_lv_kv=10,
        vk_hv_percent=10,vk_mv_percent=11, vk_lv_percent=12, vkr_hv_percent=0.3,
        vkr_mv_percent=0.31, vkr_lv_percent=0.32, pfe_kw=30, i0_percent=0.1, shift_mv_degree=30,
        shift_lv_degree=30)

    """
    index = _get_multiple_index_with_check(net, "trafo3w", index, len(hv_buses),
                                           name="Three winding transformers")

    if not np_all(isin(hv_buses, net.bus.index)):
        bus_not_exist = set(hv_buses) - set(net.bus.index)
        raise UserWarning("Transformers trying to attach to non existing buses %s" % bus_not_exist)
    if not np_all(isin(mv_buses, net.bus.index)):
        bus_not_exist = set(mv_buses) - set(net.bus.index)
        raise UserWarning("Transformers trying to attach to non existing buses %s" % bus_not_exist)
    if not np_all(isin(lv_buses, net.bus.index)):
        bus_not_exist = set(lv_buses) - set(net.bus.index)
        raise UserWarning("Transformers trying to attach to non existing buses %s" % bus_not_exist)

    tp_neutral = pd.Series(tap_neutral, index=index, dtype=float64)
    tp_pos = pd.Series(tap_pos, index=index, dtype=float64).fillna(tp_neutral)
    entries = {"lv_bus": lv_buses, "mv_bus": mv_buses, "hv_bus": hv_buses, "vn_hv_kv": vn_hv_kv,
               "vn_mv_kv": vn_mv_kv, "vn_lv_kv": vn_lv_kv, "sn_hv_mva": sn_hv_mva,
               "sn_mv_mva": sn_mv_mva, "sn_lv_mva": sn_lv_mva, "vk_hv_percent": vk_hv_percent,
               "vk_mv_percent": vk_mv_percent, "vk_lv_percent": vk_lv_percent,
               "vkr_hv_percent": vkr_hv_percent, "vkr_mv_percent": vkr_mv_percent,
               "vkr_lv_percent": vkr_lv_percent, "pfe_kw": pfe_kw, "i0_percent": i0_percent,
               "shift_mv_degree": shift_mv_degree, "shift_lv_degree": shift_lv_degree,
               "tap_side": tap_side, "tap_step_percent": tap_step_percent,
               "tap_step_degree": tap_step_degree, "tap_pos": tp_pos, "tap_neutral": tp_neutral,
               "tap_max": tap_max, "tap_min": tap_min,
               "in_service": array(in_service).astype(bool_), "name": name,
               "tap_at_star_point": array(tap_at_star_point).astype(bool_), "std_type": None,
               "vk0_hv_percent": vk0_hv_percent, "vk0_mv_percent": vk0_mv_percent,
               "vk0_lv_percent": vk0_lv_percent, "vkr0_hv_percent": vkr0_hv_percent,
               "vkr0_mv_percent": vkr0_mv_percent, "vkr0_lv_percent": vkr0_lv_percent,
               "vector_group": vector_group}

    _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "max_loading_percent", max_loading_percent)

    if tap_dependent_impedance is not None:
        _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "tap_dependent_impedance", tap_dependent_impedance, dtype=bool_, default_val=False)
    if vk_hv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "vk_hv_percent_characteristic", vk_hv_percent_characteristic, "Int64")
    if vkr_hv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "vkr_hv_percent_characteristic", vkr_hv_percent_characteristic, "Int64")
    if vk_mv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "vk_mv_percent_characteristic", vk_mv_percent_characteristic, "Int64")
    if vkr_mv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "vkr_mv_percent_characteristic", vkr_mv_percent_characteristic, "Int64")
    if vk_lv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "vk_lv_percent_characteristic", vk_lv_percent_characteristic, "Int64")
    if vkr_lv_percent_characteristic is not None:
        _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, "vkr_lv_percent_characteristic", vkr_lv_percent_characteristic, "Int64")

    _set_multiple_entries(net, "trafo3w", index, **entries, **kwargs)

    return index


def create_switch(net, bus, element, et, closed=True, type=None, name=None, index=None, z_ohm=0):
    """
    Adds a switch in the net["switch"] table.

    Switches can be either between two buses (bus-bus switch) or at the end of a line or transformer
    element (bus-element switch).

    Two buses that are connected through a closed bus-bus switches are fused in the power flow if
    the switch is closed or separated if the switch is open.

    An element that is connected to a bus through a bus-element switch is connected to the bus
    if the switch is closed or disconnected if the switch is open.

    INPUT:
        **net** (pandapowerNet) - The net within which this switch should be created

        **bus** - The bus that the switch is connected to

        **element** - index of the element: bus id if et == "b", line id if et == "l", trafo id if \
            et == "t"

        **et** - (string) element type: "l" = switch between bus and line, "t" = switch between
            bus and transformer, "t3" = switch between bus and transformer3w, "b" = switch between
            two buses

    OPTIONAL:
        **closed** (boolean, True) - switch position: False = open, True = closed

        **type** (int, None) - indicates the type of switch: "LS" = Load Switch, "CB" = \
            Circuit Breaker, "LBS" = Load Break Switch or "DS" = Disconnecting Switch

        **z_ohm** (float, 0) - indicates the resistance of the switch, which has effect only on
            bus-bus switches, if sets to 0, the buses will be fused like before, if larger than
            0 a branch will be created for the switch which has also effects on the bus mapping

        **name** (string, default None) - The name for this switch

    OUTPUT:
        **sid** - The unique switch_id of the created switch

    EXAMPLE:
        create_switch(net, bus =  0, element = 1, et = 'b', type ="LS", z_ohm = 0.1)

        create_switch(net, bus = 0, element = 1, et = 'l')

    """
    _check_node_element(net, bus)
    if et == "l":
        elm_tab = 'line'
        if element not in net[elm_tab].index:
            raise UserWarning("Unknown line index")
        if (not net[elm_tab]["from_bus"].loc[element] == bus and
                not net[elm_tab]["to_bus"].loc[element] == bus):
            raise UserWarning("Line %s not connected to bus %s" % (element, bus))
    elif et == "t":
        elm_tab = 'trafo'
        if element not in net[elm_tab].index:
            raise UserWarning("Unknown bus index")
        if (not net[elm_tab]["hv_bus"].loc[element] == bus and
                not net[elm_tab]["lv_bus"].loc[element] == bus):
            raise UserWarning("Trafo %s not connected to bus %s" % (element, bus))
    elif et == "t3":
        elm_tab = 'trafo3w'
        if element not in net[elm_tab].index:
            raise UserWarning("Unknown trafo3w index")
        if (not net[elm_tab]["hv_bus"].loc[element] == bus and
                not net[elm_tab]["mv_bus"].loc[element] == bus and
                not net[elm_tab]["lv_bus"].loc[element] == bus):
            raise UserWarning("Trafo3w %s not connected to bus %s" % (element, bus))
    elif et == "b":
        _check_node_element(net, element)
    else:
        raise UserWarning("Unknown element type")

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "switch", index)

    entries = dict(zip(["bus", "element", "et", "closed", "type", "name", "z_ohm"],
                       [bus, element, et, closed, type, name, z_ohm]))
    _set_entries(net, "switch", index, **entries)

    return index


def create_switches(net, buses, elements, et, closed=True, type=None, name=None, index=None,
                    z_ohm=0, **kwargs):
    """
    Adds a switch in the net["switch"] table.

    Switches can be either between two buses (bus-bus switch) or at the end of a line or transformer
    element (bus-element switch).

    Two buses that are connected through a closed bus-bus switches are fused in the power flow if
    the switch is closed or separated if the switch is open.

    An element that is connected to a bus through a bus-element switch is connected to the bus
    if the switch is closed or disconnected if the switch is open.

    INPUT:
        **net** (pandapowerNet) - The net within which this switch should be created

        **buses** (list)- The bus that the switch is connected to

        **element** (list)- index of the element: bus id if et == "b", line id if et == "l", \
            trafo id if et == "t"

        **et** - (list) element type: "l" = switch between bus and line, "t" = switch between
            bus and transformer, "t3" = switch between bus and transformer3w, "b" = switch between
            two buses

    OPTIONAL:
        **closed** (boolean, True) - switch position: False = open, True = closed

        **type** (int, None) - indicates the type of switch: "LS" = Load Switch, "CB" = \
            Circuit Breaker, "LBS" = Load Break Switch or "DS" = Disconnecting Switch

        **z_ohm** (float, 0) - indicates the resistance of the switch, which has effect only on
            bus-bus switches, if sets to 0, the buses will be fused like before, if larger than
            0 a branch will be created for the switch which has also effects on the bus mapping

        **name** (string, default None) - The name for this switch

    OUTPUT:
        **sid** - The unique switch_id of the created switch

    EXAMPLE:
        create_switch(net, bus =  0, element = 1, et = 'b', type ="LS", z_ohm = 0.1)

        create_switch(net, bus = 0, element = 1, et = 'l')

    """
    index = _get_multiple_index_with_check(net, "switch", index, len(buses), name="Switches")
    _check_multiple_node_elements(net, buses)

    for element, elm_type, bus in zip(elements, et, buses):
        if elm_type == "l":
            elm_tab = 'line'
            if element not in net[elm_tab].index:
                raise UserWarning("Line %s does not exist" % element)
            if (not net[elm_tab]["from_bus"].loc[element] == bus and
                    not net[elm_tab]["to_bus"].loc[element] == bus):
                raise UserWarning("Line %s not connected to bus %s" % (element, bus))
        elif elm_type == "t":
            elm_tab = 'trafo'
            if element not in net[elm_tab].index:
                raise UserWarning("Trafo %s does not exist" % element)
            if (not net[elm_tab]["hv_bus"].loc[element] == bus and
                    not net[elm_tab]["lv_bus"].loc[element] == bus):
                raise UserWarning("Trafo %s not connected to bus %s" % (element, bus))
        elif elm_type == "t3":
            elm_tab = 'trafo3w'
            if element not in net[elm_tab].index:
                raise UserWarning("Trafo3w %s does not exist" % element)
            if (not net[elm_tab]["hv_bus"].loc[element] == bus and
                    not net[elm_tab]["mv_bus"].loc[element] == bus and
                    not net[elm_tab]["lv_bus"].loc[element] == bus):
                raise UserWarning("Trafo3w %s not connected to bus %s" % (element, bus))
        elif elm_type == "b":
            _check_node_element(net, element)
        else:
            raise UserWarning("Unknown element type")

    entries = {"bus": buses, "element": elements, "et": et, "closed": closed, "type": type,
               "name": name, "z_ohm": z_ohm}

    _set_multiple_entries(net, "switch", index, **entries, **kwargs)

    return index


def create_shunt(net, bus, q_mvar, p_mw=0., vn_kv=None, step=1, max_step=1, name=None,
                 in_service=True, index=None):
    """
    Creates a shunt element

    INPUT:
        **net** (pandapowerNet) - The pandapower network in which the element is created

        **bus** - bus number of bus to whom the shunt is connected to

        **p_mw** - shunt active power in MW at v= 1.0 p.u.

        **q_mvar** - shunt susceptance in MVAr at v= 1.0 p.u.

    OPTIONAL:
        **vn_kv** (float, None) - rated voltage of the shunt. Defaults to rated voltage of \
            connected bus

        **step** (int, 1) - step of shunt with which power values are multiplied

        **max_step** (boolean, True) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **name** (str, None) - element name

        **in_service** (boolean, True) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created shunt

    EXAMPLE:
        create_shunt(net, 0, 20)
    """
    _check_node_element(net, bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "shunt", index)

    if vn_kv is None:
        vn_kv = net.bus.vn_kv.at[bus]

    entries = dict(zip(["bus", "name", "p_mw", "q_mvar", "vn_kv", "step", "max_step", "in_service"],
                       [bus, name, p_mw, q_mvar, vn_kv, step, max_step, in_service]))
    _set_entries(net, "shunt", index, **entries)

    return index


def create_shunt_as_capacitor(net, bus, q_mvar, loss_factor, **kwargs):
    """
    Creates a shunt element representing a capacitor bank.

    INPUT:

        **net** (pandapowerNet) - The pandapower network in which the element is created

        **bus** - bus number of bus to whom the shunt is connected to

        **q_mvar** (float) - reactive power of the capacitor bank at rated voltage

        **loss_factor** (float) - loss factor tan(delta) of the capacitor bank

    OPTIONAL:
        same as in create_shunt, keyword arguments are passed to the create_shunt function


    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created shunt
    """
    q_mvar = -abs(q_mvar)  # q is always negative for capacitor
    p_mw = abs(q_mvar * loss_factor)  # p is always positive for active power losses
    return create_shunt(net, bus, q_mvar=q_mvar, p_mw=p_mw, **kwargs)


def create_impedance(net, from_bus, to_bus, rft_pu, xft_pu, sn_mva, rtf_pu=None, xtf_pu=None,
                     name=None, in_service=True, index=None):
    """
    Creates an per unit impedance element

    INPUT:
        **net** (pandapowerNet) - The pandapower network in which the element is created

        **from_bus** (int) - starting bus of the impedance

        **to_bus** (int) - ending bus of the impedance

        **r_pu** (float) - real part of the impedance in per unit

        **x_pu** (float) - imaginary part of the impedance in per unit

        **sn_mva** (float) - rated power of the impedance in MVA

    OUTPUT:

        impedance id
    """
    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "impedance", index)

    _check_branch_element(net, "Impedance", index, from_bus, to_bus)

    if rtf_pu is None:
        rtf_pu = rft_pu
    if xtf_pu is None:
        xtf_pu = xft_pu

    columns = ["from_bus", "to_bus", "rft_pu", "xft_pu", "rtf_pu", "xtf_pu", "name", "sn_mva",
               "in_service"]
    values = [from_bus, to_bus, rft_pu, xft_pu, rtf_pu, xtf_pu, name, sn_mva, in_service]
    _set_entries(net, "impedance", index, **dict(zip(columns, values)))

    return index


def create_series_reactor_as_impedance(net, from_bus, to_bus, r_ohm, x_ohm, sn_mva,
                                       name=None, in_service=True, index=None):
    """
    Creates a series reactor as per-unit impedance
    :param net: (pandapowerNet) - The pandapower network in which the element is created
    :param from_bus: (int) - starting bus of the series reactor
    :param to_bus: (int) - ending bus of the series reactor
    :param r_ohm: (float) - real part of the impedance in Ohm
    :param x_ohm: (float) - imaginary part of the impedance in Ohm
    :param sn_mva: (float) - rated power of the series reactor in MVA
    :param name:
    :type name:
    :param in_service:
    :type in_service:
    :param index:
    :type index:
    :return: index of the created element
    """
    if net.bus.at[from_bus, 'vn_kv'] == net.bus.at[to_bus, 'vn_kv']:
        vn_kv = net.bus.at[from_bus, 'vn_kv']
    else:
        raise UserWarning('Unable to infer rated voltage vn_kv for series reactor %s due to '
                          'different rated voltages of from_bus %d (%.3f p.u.) and '
                          'to_bus %d (%.3f p.u.)' % (name, from_bus, net.bus.at[from_bus, 'vn_kv'],
                                                     to_bus, net.bus.at[to_bus, 'vn_kv']))

    base_z_ohm = vn_kv ** 2 / sn_mva
    rft_pu = r_ohm / base_z_ohm
    xft_pu = x_ohm / base_z_ohm

    index = create_impedance(net, from_bus=from_bus, to_bus=to_bus, rft_pu=rft_pu, xft_pu=xft_pu,
                             sn_mva=sn_mva, name=name, in_service=in_service, index=index)
    return index


def create_ward(net, bus, ps_mw, qs_mvar, pz_mw, qz_mvar, name=None, in_service=True, index=None):
    """
    Creates a ward equivalent.

    A ward equivalent is a combination of an impedance load and a PQ load.

    INPUT:
        **net** (pandapowernet) - The pandapower net within the element should be created

        **bus** (int) -  bus of the ward equivalent

        **ps_mw** (float) - active power of the PQ load

        **qs_mvar** (float) - reactive power of the PQ load

        **pz_mw** (float) - active power of the impedance load in MW at 1.pu voltage

        **qz_mvar** (float) - reactive power of the impedance load in MVar at 1.pu voltage

    OUTPUT:
        ward id
    """
    _check_node_element(net, bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "ward", index, "ward equivalent")

    entries = dict(zip(["bus", "ps_mw", "qs_mvar", "pz_mw", "qz_mvar", "name", "in_service"],
                       [bus, ps_mw, qs_mvar, pz_mw, qz_mvar, name, in_service]))
    _set_entries(net, "ward", index, **entries)

    return index


def create_xward(net, bus, ps_mw, qs_mvar, pz_mw, qz_mvar, r_ohm, x_ohm, vm_pu, in_service=True,
                 name=None, index=None, slack_weight=0.0):
    """
    Creates an extended ward equivalent.

    A ward equivalent is a combination of an impedance load, a PQ load and as voltage source with
    an internal impedance.

    INPUT:
        **net** - The pandapower net within the impedance should be created

        **bus** (int) -  bus of the ward equivalent

        **ps_mw** (float) - active power of the PQ load

        **qs_mvar** (float) - reactive power of the PQ load

        **pz_mw** (float) - active power of the impedance load in MW at 1.pu voltage

        **qz_mvar** (float) - reactive power of the impedance load in MVar at 1.pu voltage

        **r_ohm** (float) - internal resistance of the voltage source

        **x_ohm** (float) - internal reactance of the voltage source

        **vm_pu** (float) - voltage magnitude at the additional PV-node

        **slack_weight** (float, default 1.0) - Contribution factor for distributed slack power flow calculation (active power balancing)

    OUTPUT:
        xward id
    """
    _check_node_element(net, bus)

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "xward", index, "extended ward equivalent")

    columns = ["bus", "ps_mw", "qs_mvar", "pz_mw", "qz_mvar", "r_ohm", "x_ohm", "vm_pu", "name",
               "slack_weight", "in_service"]
    values = [bus, ps_mw, qs_mvar, pz_mw, qz_mvar, r_ohm, x_ohm, vm_pu, name, slack_weight, in_service]
    _set_entries(net, "xward", index, **dict(zip(columns, values)))

    return index


def create_dcline(net, from_bus, to_bus, p_mw, loss_percent, loss_mw, vm_from_pu, vm_to_pu,
                  index=None, name=None, max_p_mw=nan, min_q_from_mvar=nan, min_q_to_mvar=nan,
                  max_q_from_mvar=nan, max_q_to_mvar=nan, in_service=True):
    """
    Creates a dc line.

    INPUT:
        **from_bus** (int) - ID of the bus on one side which the line will be connected with

        **to_bus** (int) - ID of the bus on the other side which the line will be connected with

        **p_mw** - (float) Active power transmitted from 'from_bus' to 'to_bus'

        **loss_percent** - (float) Relative transmission loss in percent of active power
            transmission

        **loss_mw** - (float) Total transmission loss in MW

        **vm_from_pu** - (float) Voltage setpoint at from bus

        **vm_to_pu** - (float) Voltage setpoint at to bus

    OPTIONAL:
        **index** (int, None) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **name** (str, None) - A custom name for this dc line

        **in_service** (boolean) - True for in_service or False for out of service

        **max_p_mw** - Maximum active power flow. Only respected for OPF

        **min_q_from_mvar** - Minimum reactive power at from bus. Necessary for OPF

        **min_q_to_mvar** - Minimum reactive power at to bus. Necessary for OPF

        **max_q_from_mvar** - Maximum reactive power at from bus. Necessary for OPF

        **max_q_to_mvar** - Maximum reactive power at to bus. Necessary for OPF

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of the created element

    EXAMPLE:
        create_dcline(net, from_bus=0, to_bus=1, p_mw=1e4, loss_percent=1.2, loss_mw=25, \
            vm_from_pu=1.01, vm_to_pu=1.02)
    """
    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "dcline", index)

    _check_branch_element(net, "DCLine", index, from_bus, to_bus)

    columns = ["name", "from_bus", "to_bus", "p_mw", "loss_percent", "loss_mw", "vm_from_pu",
               "vm_to_pu", "max_p_mw", "min_q_from_mvar", "min_q_to_mvar", "max_q_from_mvar",
               "max_q_to_mvar", "in_service"]
    values = [name, from_bus, to_bus, p_mw, loss_percent, loss_mw, vm_from_pu, vm_to_pu, max_p_mw,
              min_q_from_mvar, min_q_to_mvar, max_q_from_mvar, max_q_to_mvar, in_service]
    _set_entries(net, "dcline", index, **dict(zip(columns, values)))

    return index


def create_measurement(net, meas_type, element_type, value, std_dev, element, side=None,
                       check_existing=True, index=None, name=None):
    """
    Creates a measurement, which is used by the estimation module. Possible types of measurements
    are: v, p, q, i, va, ia

    INPUT:
        **meas_type** (string) - Type of measurement. "v", "p", "q", "i", "va", "ia" are possible

        **element_type** (string) - Clarifies which element is measured. "bus", "line",
        "trafo", and "trafo3w" are possible

        **value** (float) - Measurement value. Units are "MW" for P, "MVar" for Q, "p.u." for V,
        "kA" for I. Bus power measurement is in load reference system, which is consistent to
        the rest of pandapower.

        **std_dev** (float) - Standard deviation in the same unit as the measurement

        **element** (int) - Index of the measured element (either bus index, line index,\
            trafo index, trafo3w index)

        **side** (int, string, default: None) - Only used for measured lines or transformers. Side \
            defines at which end of the branch the measurement is gathered. For lines this may be \
            "from", "to" to denote the side with the from_bus or to_bus. It can also the be index \
            of the from_bus or to_bus. For transformers, it can be "hv", "mv" or "lv" or the \
            corresponding bus index, respectively

    OPTIONAL:
        **check_existing** (bool, default: None) - Check for and replace existing measurements for\
            this bus, type and element_type. Set it to false for performance improvements which can\
            cause unsafe behavior

        **index** (int, default: None) - Index of the measurement in the measurement table. Should\
            not exist already.

        **name** (str, default: None) - Name of measurement

    OUTPUT:
        (int) Index of measurement

    EXAMPLES:
        2 MW load measurement with 0.05 MW standard deviation on bus 0:
        create_measurement(net, "p", "bus", 0, 2., 0.05.)

        4.5 MVar line measurement with 0.1 MVar standard deviation on the "to_bus" side of line 2
        create_measurement(net, "q", "line", 2, 4.5, 0.1, "to")
    """
    if meas_type not in ("v", "p", "q", "i", "va", "ia"):
        raise UserWarning("Invalid measurement type ({})".format(meas_type))

    if side is None and element_type in ("line", "trafo"):
        raise UserWarning("The element type '{element_type}' requires a value in 'side'")

    if meas_type in ("v", "va"):
        element_type = "bus"

    if element_type not in ("bus", "line", "trafo", "trafo3w"):
        raise UserWarning("Invalid element type ({})".format(element_type))

    if element is not None and element not in net[element_type].index.values:
        raise UserWarning("{} with index={} does not exist".format(element_type.capitalize(),
                                                                   element))

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "measurement", index)

    if meas_type in ("i", "ia") and element_type == "bus":
        raise UserWarning("Line current measurements cannot be placed at buses")

    if meas_type in ("v", "va") and element_type in ("line", "trafo", "trafo3w"):
        raise UserWarning(
            "Voltage measurements can only be placed at buses, not at {}".format(element_type))

    if check_existing:
        if side is None:
            existing = net.measurement[(net.measurement.measurement_type == meas_type) &
                                       (net.measurement.element_type == element_type) &
                                       (net.measurement.element == element) &
                                       (pd.isnull(net.measurement.side))].index
        else:
            existing = net.measurement[(net.measurement.measurement_type == meas_type) &
                                       (net.measurement.element_type == element_type) &
                                       (net.measurement.element == element) &
                                       (net.measurement.side == side)].index
        if len(existing) == 1:
            index = existing[0]
        elif len(existing) > 1:
            raise UserWarning("More than one measurement of this type exists")

    columns = ["name", "measurement_type", "element_type", "element", "value", "std_dev", "side"]
    values = [name, meas_type.lower(), element_type, element, value, std_dev, side]
    _set_entries(net, "measurement", index, **dict(zip(columns, values)))
    return index


def create_pwl_cost(net, element, et, points, power_type="p", index=None, check=True):
    """
    Creates an entry for piecewise linear costs for an element. The currently supported elements are
     - Generator
     - External Grid
     - Static Generator
     - Load
     - Dcline
     - Storage

    INPUT:
        **element** (int) - ID of the element in the respective element table

        **et** (string) - element type, one of "gen", "sgen", "ext_grid", "load",
                                "dcline", "storage"]

        **points** - (list) list of lists with [[p1, p2, c1], [p2, p3, c2], ...] where c(n) \
                            defines the costs between p(n) and p(n+1)

    OPTIONAL:
        **type** - (string) - Type of cost ["p", "q"] are allowed for active or reactive power

        **index** (int, index) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **check** (bool, True) - raises UserWarning if costs already exist to this element.

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of created cost entry

    EXAMPLE:
        The cost function is given by the x-values p1 and p2 with the slope m between those points.\
        The constant part b of a linear function y = m*x + b can be neglected for OPF purposes. \
        The intervals have to be continuous (the starting point of an interval has to be equal to \
        the end point of the previous interval).

        To create a gen with costs of 1€/MW between 0 and 20 MW and 2€/MW between 20 and 30:

        create_pwl_cost(net, 0, "gen", [[0, 20, 1], [20, 30, 2]])
    """
    element = element if not hasattr(element, "__iter__") else element[0]
    if check and _cost_existance_check(net, element, et, power_type=power_type):
        raise UserWarning("There already exist costs for %s %i" % (et, element))

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "pwl_cost", index, "piecewise_linear_cost")

    entries = dict(zip(["power_type", "element", "et", "points"],
                       [power_type, element, et, points]))
    _set_entries(net, "pwl_cost", index, **entries)
    return index


def create_poly_cost(net, element, et, cp1_eur_per_mw, cp0_eur=0, cq1_eur_per_mvar=0,
                     cq0_eur=0, cp2_eur_per_mw2=0, cq2_eur_per_mvar2=0, index=None, check=True):
    """
    Creates an entry for polynimoal costs for an element. The currently supported elements are:
     - Generator ("gen")
     - External Grid ("ext_grid")
     - Static Generator ("sgen")
     - Load ("load")
     - Dcline ("dcline")
     - Storage ("storage")

    INPUT:
        **element** (int) - ID of the element in the respective element table

        **et** (string) - Type of element ["gen", "sgen", "ext_grid", "load", "dcline", "storage"] \
            are possible

        **cp1_eur_per_mw** (float) - Linear costs per MW

        **cp0_eur=0** (float) - Offset active power costs in euro

        **cq1_eur_per_mvar=0** (float) - Linear costs per Mvar

        **cq0_eur=0** (float) - Offset reactive power costs in euro

        **cp2_eur_per_mw2=0** (float) - Quadratic costs per MW

        **cq2_eur_per_mvar2=0** (float) - Quadratic costs per Mvar

    OPTIONAL:

        **index** (int, index) - Force a specified ID if it is available. If None, the index one \
            higher than the highest already existing index is selected.

        **check** (bool, True) - raises UserWarning if costs already exist to this element.

    OUTPUT:
        **index** (int) - The unique ID of created cost entry

    EXAMPLE:
        The polynomial cost function is given by the linear and quadratic cost coefficients.

        create_poly_cost(net, 0, "load", cp1_eur_per_mw = 0.1)
    """
    element = element if not hasattr(element, "__iter__") else element[0]
    if check and _cost_existance_check(net, element, et):
        raise UserWarning("There already exist costs for %s %i" % (et, element))

    index = _get_index_with_check(net, "poly_cost", index)
    columns = ["element", "et", "cp0_eur", "cp1_eur_per_mw", "cq0_eur", "cq1_eur_per_mvar",
               "cp2_eur_per_mw2", "cq2_eur_per_mvar2"]
    variables = [element, et, cp0_eur, cp1_eur_per_mw, cq0_eur, cq1_eur_per_mvar,
                 cp2_eur_per_mw2, cq2_eur_per_mvar2]
    _set_entries(net, "poly_cost", index, **dict(zip(columns, variables)))
    return index


def _get_index_with_check(net, table, index, name=None):
    if name is None:
        name = table
    if index is None:
        index = get_free_id(net[table])
    if index in net[table].index:
        raise UserWarning("A %s with the id %s already exists" % (name, index))
    return index


def _cost_existance_check(net, element, et, power_type=None):
    if power_type is None:
        return (bool(net.poly_cost.shape[0]) and
                np_any((net.poly_cost.element == element).values &
                       (net.poly_cost.et == et).values)) \
            or (bool(net.pwl_cost.shape[0]) and
                np_any((net.pwl_cost.element == element).values &
                       (net.pwl_cost.et == et).values))
    else:
        return (bool(net.poly_cost.shape[0]) and
                np_any((net.poly_cost.element == element).values &
                       (net.poly_cost.et == et).values)) \
            or (bool(net.pwl_cost.shape[0]) and
                np_any((net.pwl_cost.element == element).values &
                       (net.pwl_cost.et == et).values &
                       (net.pwl_cost.power_type == power_type).values))


def _get_multiple_index_with_check(net, table, index, number, name=None):
    if name is None:
        name = table.capitalize() + "s"
    if index is None:
        bid = get_free_id(net[table])
        return arange(bid, bid + number, 1)
    contained = isin(net[table].index.values, index)
    if np_any(contained):
        raise UserWarning("%s with indexes %s already exist."
                          % (name, net[table].index.values[contained]))
    return index


def _check_node_element(net, node, node_table="bus"):
    if node not in net[node_table].index.values:
        raise UserWarning("Cannot attach to %s %s, %s does not exist"
                          % (node_table, node, node_table))


def _check_multiple_node_elements(net, nodes, node_table="bus", name="buses"):
    if np_any(~isin(nodes, net[node_table].index.values)):
        node_not_exist = set(nodes) - set(net[node_table].index.values)
        raise UserWarning("Cannot attach to %s %s, they do not exist" % (name, node_not_exist))


def _check_branch_element(net, element_name, index, from_node, to_node, node_name="bus",
                          plural="es"):
    missing_nodes = {from_node, to_node} - set(net[node_name].index.values)
    if missing_nodes:
        raise UserWarning("%s %d tries to attach to non-existing %s(%s) %s"
                          % (element_name.capitalize(), index, node_name, plural, missing_nodes))


def _check_multiple_branch_elements(net, from_nodes, to_nodes, element_name, node_name="bus",
                                    plural="es"):
    all_nodes = array(list(from_nodes) + list(to_nodes))
    if np_any(~isin(all_nodes, net[node_name].index.values)):
        node_not_exist = set(all_nodes) - set(net[node_name].index)
        raise UserWarning("%s trying to attach to non existing %s%s %s"
                          % (element_name, node_name, plural, node_not_exist))


def _create_column_and_set_value(net, index, variable, column, element, dtyp=float64,
                                 default_val=nan, default_for_nan=False):
    # if variable (e.g. p_mw) is not None and column (e.g. "p_mw") doesn't exist in element
    # (e.g. "gen") table
    # create this column and write the value of variable to the index of this element
    try:
        set_value = not (isnan(variable) or variable is None)
    except TypeError:
        set_value = True
    if set_value:
        if column not in net[element].columns:
            # this part is for compatibility with pandas < 1.0, can be removed if pandas >= 1.0 is required in setup.py
            if isinstance(default_val, str) \
                    and version.parse(pd.__version__) < version.parse("1.0"):
                net[element].loc[:, column] = pd.Series([default_val] * len(net[element]),
                                                        dtype=dtyp)
            else:
                net[element].loc[:, column] = pd.Series(data=default_val, index=net[element].index, dtype=dtyp)
        net[element].at[index, column] = variable
    elif default_for_nan and column in net[element].columns:
        net[element].at[index, column] = default_val
    return net


def _add_series_to_entries(entries, index, column, values, dtyp=float64, default_val=nan):
    if values is not None:
        try:
            fill_default = not isnan(default_val)
        except TypeError:
            fill_default = True
        if isinstance(values, str) and version.parse(pd.__version__) < version.parse("1.0"):
            s = pd.Series([values] * len(index), index=index, dtype=dtyp)
        else:
            s = pd.Series(values, index=index, dtype=dtyp)
        if fill_default:
            s = s.fillna(default_val)
        entries[column] = s


def _add_multiple_branch_geodata(net, table, geodata, index):
    geo_table = "%s_geodata" % table
    dtypes = net[geo_table].dtypes
    df = pd.DataFrame(index=index, columns=net[geo_table].columns)
    # works with single or multiple lists of coordinates
    if len(geodata[0]) == 2 and not hasattr(geodata[0][0], "__iter__"):
        # geodata is a single list of coordinates
        df["coords"] = [geodata] * len(index)
    else:
        # geodata is multiple lists of coordinates
        df["coords"] = geodata

    # todo: drop version checks
    if version.parse(pd.__version__) >= version.parse("0.23"):
        net[geo_table] = pd.concat([net[geo_table],df], sort=False)
    else:
        # prior to pandas 0.23 there was no explicit parameter (instead it was standard behavior)
        net[geo_table] = net[geo_table].append(df)

    _preserve_dtypes(net[geo_table], dtypes)


def _set_entries(net, table, index, preserve_dtypes=True, **entries):
    dtypes = None
    if preserve_dtypes:
        # only get dtypes of columns that are set and that are already present in the table
        dtypes = net[table][intersect1d(net[table].columns, list(entries.keys()))].dtypes

    for col, val in entries.items():
        net[table].at[index, col] = val

    # and preserve dtypes
    if preserve_dtypes:
        _preserve_dtypes(net[table], dtypes)


def _set_multiple_entries(net, table, index, preserve_dtypes=True, **entries):
    dtypes = None
    if preserve_dtypes:
        # store dtypes
        dtypes = net[table].dtypes

    def check_entry(val):
        if isinstance(val, pd.Series) and not np_all(isin(val.index, index)):
            return val.values
        elif isinstance(val, set) and len(val) == len(index):
            return list(val)
        return val

    entries = {k: check_entry(v) for k, v in entries.items()}

    dd = pd.DataFrame(index=index, columns=net[table].columns)
    dd = dd.assign(**entries)

    # extend the table by the frame we just created
    if version.parse(pd.__version__) >= version.parse("0.23"):
        net[table] = pd.concat([net[table],dd], sort=False)
    else:
        # prior to pandas 0.23 there was no explicit parameter (instead it was standard behavior)
        net[table] = net[table].append(dd)

    # and preserve dtypes
    if preserve_dtypes:
        _preserve_dtypes(net[table], dtypes)
