# Access Control and Identity Management Framework

## Overview

This document establishes comprehensive access control and identity management standards to ensure secure, auditable, and compliant access to organizational resources while maintaining operational efficiency.

## Identity Lifecycle Management

### User Provisioning Process

**Automated Provisioning Workflow:**
```yaml
user_provisioning:
  onboarding:
    triggers:
      - hr_system_new_employee
      - contractor_agreement_signed
      - role_change_approval
    
    automated_steps:
      - create_identity_in_directory
      - assign_default_groups
      - provision_email_account
      - create_temporary_password
      - send_welcome_notification
    
    manual_steps:
      - manager_approval_required
      - security_clearance_verification
      - equipment_assignment
      - access_request_submission
  
  role_changes:
    triggers:
      - hr_system_role_update
      - department_transfer
      - promotion_notification
    
    process:
      - validate_new_role_requirements
      - remove_old_role_permissions
      - add_new_role_permissions
      - notify_stakeholders
      - audit_access_changes
  
  offboarding:
    triggers:
      - hr_system_termination
      - contract_expiration
      - resignation_notification
    
    immediate_actions:
      - disable_all_accounts
      - revoke_access_tokens
      - remote_wipe_devices
      - notify_security_team
    
    follow_up_actions:
      - transfer_data_ownership
      - archive_user_data
      - return_equipment_tracking
      - final_access_audit
```

### Identity Governance

**Access Certification Process:**
```python
# Access certification and review system
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import List, Dict, Optional
from enum import Enum

class CertificationStatus(Enum):
    PENDING = "pending"
    APPROVED = "approved"
    REJECTED = "rejected"
    EXPIRED = "expired"

class AccessType(Enum):
    APPLICATION = "application"
    SYSTEM = "system"
    DATA = "data"
    NETWORK = "network"

@dataclass
class AccessCertification:
    certification_id: str
    user_id: str
    resource_id: str
    access_type: AccessType
    current_permissions: List[str]
    business_justification: str
    reviewer: str
    certification_date: datetime
    expiration_date: datetime
    status: CertificationStatus

class AccessCertificationManager:
    def __init__(self, db_connection):
        self.db = db_connection
        self.certification_periods = {
            AccessType.APPLICATION: timedelta(days=90),
            AccessType.SYSTEM: timedelta(days=180),
            AccessType.DATA: timedelta(days=60),
            AccessType.NETWORK: timedelta(days=365)
        }
    
    def initiate_certification_campaign(self, campaign_name: str, 
                                      scope: Dict) -> str:
        """Initiate access certification campaign"""
        
        campaign_id = self.generate_campaign_id()
        
        # Identify users and resources in scope
        users_in_scope = self.get_users_in_scope(scope)
        resources_in_scope = self.get_resources_in_scope(scope)
        
        certifications = []
        
        for user in users_in_scope:
            user_access = self.get_user_access(user['user_id'])
            
            for access in user_access:
                if access['resource_id'] in resources_in_scope:
                    certification = AccessCertification(
                        certification_id=self.generate_certification_id(),
                        user_id=user['user_id'],
                        resource_id=access['resource_id'],
                        access_type=AccessType(access['access_type']),
                        current_permissions=access['permissions'],
                        business_justification=access.get('justification', ''),
                        reviewer=self.assign_reviewer(user['user_id'], access['resource_id']),
                        certification_date=datetime.now(),
                        expiration_date=datetime.now() + timedelta(days=30),
                        status=CertificationStatus.PENDING
                    )
                    certifications.append(certification)
        
        # Save certifications and notify reviewers
        self.save_certifications(certifications)
        self.notify_reviewers(certifications)
        
        return campaign_id
    
    def process_certification_response(self, certification_id: str, 
                                     reviewer_decision: str, 
                                     comments: str) -> bool:
        """Process reviewer response to certification"""
        
        certification = self.get_certification(certification_id)
        
        if reviewer_decision.lower() == 'approve':
            certification.status = CertificationStatus.APPROVED
            # Extend access for next certification period
            self.extend_access(certification)
            
        elif reviewer_decision.lower() == 'reject':
            certification.status = CertificationStatus.REJECTED
            # Revoke access immediately
            self.revoke_access(certification)
            
        # Log certification decision
        self.log_certification_decision(certification_id, reviewer_decision, comments)
        
        # Update certification record
        self.update_certification(certification)
        
        return True
    
    def generate_certification_report(self, campaign_id: str) -> Dict:
        """Generate certification campaign report"""
        
        certifications = self.get_campaign_certifications(campaign_id)
        
        report = {
            'campaign_id': campaign_id,
            'total_certifications': len(certifications),
            'status_breakdown': {
                'approved': len([c for c in certifications if c.status == CertificationStatus.APPROVED]),
                'rejected': len([c for c in certifications if c.status == CertificationStatus.REJECTED]),
                'pending': len([c for c in certifications if c.status == CertificationStatus.PENDING]),
                'expired': len([c for c in certifications if c.status == CertificationStatus.EXPIRED])
            },
            'compliance_rate': self.calculate_compliance_rate(certifications),
            'overdue_certifications': self.get_overdue_certifications(certifications),
            'access_violations': self.identify_access_violations(certifications)
        }
        
        return report
```

## Privileged Access Management (PAM)

### Privileged Account Controls

**Just-in-Time (JIT) Access:**
```python
# Just-in-Time access management system
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from enum import Enum
from dataclasses import dataclass

class AccessRequestStatus(Enum):
    PENDING = "pending"
    APPROVED = "approved"
    DENIED = "denied"
    ACTIVE = "active"
    EXPIRED = "expired"
    REVOKED = "revoked"

class PrivilegeLevel(Enum):
    READ_ONLY = "read_only"
    STANDARD = "standard"
    ELEVATED = "elevated"
    ADMINISTRATIVE = "administrative"

@dataclass
class JITAccessRequest:
    request_id: str
    user_id: str
    resource_id: str
    privilege_level: PrivilegeLevel
    business_justification: str
    requested_duration: timedelta
    approver: str
    status: AccessRequestStatus
    request_time: datetime
    approval_time: Optional[datetime]
    expiration_time: Optional[datetime]

class JITAccessManager:
    def __init__(self):
        self.max_access_duration = {
            PrivilegeLevel.READ_ONLY: timedelta(hours=24),
            PrivilegeLevel.STANDARD: timedelta(hours=8),
            PrivilegeLevel.ELEVATED: timedelta(hours=4),
            PrivilegeLevel.ADMINISTRATIVE: timedelta(hours=2)
        }
        
        self.approval_requirements = {
            PrivilegeLevel.READ_ONLY: 1,      # Single approver
            PrivilegeLevel.STANDARD: 1,       # Single approver
            PrivilegeLevel.ELEVATED: 2,       # Dual approval
            PrivilegeLevel.ADMINISTRATIVE: 3  # Triple approval
        }
    
    def request_access(self, request_data: Dict) -> str:
        """Request just-in-time privileged access"""
        
        request_id = self.generate_request_id()
        privilege_level = PrivilegeLevel(request_data['privilege_level'])
        requested_duration = timedelta(hours=request_data['duration_hours'])
        
        # Validate request duration
        max_duration = self.max_access_duration[privilege_level]
        if requested_duration > max_duration:
            raise ValueError(f"Requested duration exceeds maximum allowed ({max_duration})")
        
        # Create access request
        access_request = JITAccessRequest(
            request_id=request_id,
            user_id=request_data['user_id'],
            resource_id=request_data['resource_id'],
            privilege_level=privilege_level,
            business_justification=request_data['justification'],
            requested_duration=requested_duration,
            approver=self.assign_approver(privilege_level),
            status=AccessRequestStatus.PENDING,
            request_time=datetime.now(),
            approval_time=None,
            expiration_time=None
        )
        
        # Save request and notify approvers
        self.save_access_request(access_request)
        self.notify_approvers(access_request)
        
        return request_id
    
    def approve_access(self, request_id: str, approver_id: str) -> bool:
        """Approve JIT access request"""
        
        request = self.get_access_request(request_id)
        
        if request.status != AccessRequestStatus.PENDING:
            return False
        
        # Check if approver is authorized
        if not self.is_authorized_approver(approver_id, request.privilege_level):
            return False
        
        # Record approval
        self.record_approval(request_id, approver_id)
        
        # Check if all required approvals received
        approvals_received = self.count_approvals(request_id)
        required_approvals = self.approval_requirements[request.privilege_level]
        
        if approvals_received >= required_approvals:
            # Grant access
            self.grant_access(request)
            request.status = AccessRequestStatus.ACTIVE
            request.approval_time = datetime.now()
            request.expiration_time = request.approval_time + request.requested_duration
            
            # Schedule automatic revocation
            self.schedule_access_revocation(request_id, request.expiration_time)
        
        self.update_access_request(request)
        return True
    
    def revoke_access(self, request_id: str, reason: str = "expired") -> bool:
        """Revoke active JIT access"""
        
        request = self.get_access_request(request_id)
        
        if request.status != AccessRequestStatus.ACTIVE:
            return False
        
        # Remove access permissions
        self.remove_access_permissions(request)
        
        # Update request status
        request.status = AccessRequestStatus.REVOKED
        self.update_access_request(request)
        
        # Log revocation
        self.log_access_revocation(request_id, reason)
        
        # Notify user and approvers
        self.notify_access_revoked(request)
        
        return True
```

### Session Management

**Privileged Session Monitoring:**
```yaml
session_management:
  session_recording:
    enabled: true
    storage_location: "secure_vault"
    retention_period: "2_years"
    encryption: "AES-256"
    
  real_time_monitoring:
    keystroke_logging: true
    screen_recording: true
    command_auditing: true
    anomaly_detection: true
    
  session_controls:
    concurrent_sessions: 1
    idle_timeout: "15_minutes"
    maximum_duration: "4_hours"
    break_glass_access: true
    
  alerting:
    suspicious_commands:
      - "rm -rf"
      - "DROP DATABASE"
      - "DELETE FROM"
      - "chmod 777"
    
    policy_violations:
      - unauthorized_file_access
      - privilege_escalation_attempts
      - off_hours_access
      - unusual_command_patterns
```

## Zero Trust Architecture

### Zero Trust Principles Implementation

**Continuous Verification:**
```python
# Zero Trust continuous verification system
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import List, Dict
from enum import Enum

class TrustLevel(Enum):
    UNTRUSTED = 0
    LOW = 1
    MEDIUM = 2
    HIGH = 3
    VERIFIED = 4

class RiskFactor(Enum):
    DEVICE_COMPLIANCE = "device_compliance"
    LOCATION_ANOMALY = "location_anomaly"
    BEHAVIORAL_ANOMALY = "behavioral_anomaly"
    TIME_ANOMALY = "time_anomaly"
    NETWORK_ANOMALY = "network_anomaly"

@dataclass
class AccessContext:
    user_id: str
    device_id: str
    location: str
    ip_address: str
    user_agent: str
    timestamp: datetime
    resource_requested: str
    authentication_method: str

class ZeroTrustEngine:
    def __init__(self):
        self.risk_weights = {
            RiskFactor.DEVICE_COMPLIANCE: 0.25,
            RiskFactor.LOCATION_ANOMALY: 0.20,
            RiskFactor.BEHAVIORAL_ANOMALY: 0.20,
            RiskFactor.TIME_ANOMALY: 0.15,
            RiskFactor.NETWORK_ANOMALY: 0.20
        }
        
        self.trust_thresholds = {
            'public_resources': TrustLevel.LOW,
            'internal_resources': TrustLevel.MEDIUM,
            'confidential_resources': TrustLevel.HIGH,
            'restricted_resources': TrustLevel.VERIFIED
        }
    
    def evaluate_access_request(self, context: AccessContext) -> Dict:
        """Evaluate access request using Zero Trust principles"""
        
        # Calculate risk score for each factor
        risk_scores = {}
        risk_scores[RiskFactor.DEVICE_COMPLIANCE] = self.assess_device_compliance(context)
        risk_scores[RiskFactor.LOCATION_ANOMALY] = self.assess_location_risk(context)
        risk_scores[RiskFactor.BEHAVIORAL_ANOMALY] = self.assess_behavioral_risk(context)
        risk_scores[RiskFactor.TIME_ANOMALY] = self.assess_time_risk(context)
        risk_scores[RiskFactor.NETWORK_ANOMALY] = self.assess_network_risk(context)
        
        # Calculate weighted risk score
        total_risk = sum(
            score * self.risk_weights[factor] 
            for factor, score in risk_scores.items()
        )
        
        # Determine trust level
        trust_level = self.calculate_trust_level(total_risk)
        
        # Get resource classification
        resource_classification = self.get_resource_classification(context.resource_requested)
        required_trust = self.trust_thresholds[resource_classification]
        
        # Make access decision
        access_decision = {
            'allowed': trust_level.value >= required_trust.value,
            'trust_level': trust_level,
            'required_trust': required_trust,
            'risk_score': total_risk,
            'risk_factors': risk_scores,
            'additional_verification_required': self.requires_additional_verification(
                trust_level, required_trust
            ),
            'recommended_actions': self.get_recommended_actions(risk_scores)
        }
        
        return access_decision
    
    def assess_device_compliance(self, context: AccessContext) -> float:
        """Assess device compliance risk (0.0 = no risk, 1.0 = high risk)"""
        
        device_info = self.get_device_info(context.device_id)
        
        risk_factors = []
        
        # Check device registration
        if not device_info.get('registered', False):
            risk_factors.append(0.4)
        
        # Check OS version
        if device_info.get('os_outdated', False):
            risk_factors.append(0.3)
        
        # Check antivirus status
        if not device_info.get('antivirus_active', True):
            risk_factors.append(0.2)
        
        # Check encryption status
        if not device_info.get('encrypted', True):
            risk_factors.append(0.3)
        
        return min(sum(risk_factors), 1.0)
    
    def assess_behavioral_risk(self, context: AccessContext) -> float:
        """Assess behavioral anomaly risk"""
        
        user_profile = self.get_user_behavioral_profile(context.user_id)
        
        # Analyze access patterns
        typical_resources = user_profile.get('typical_resources', [])
        if context.resource_requested not in typical_resources:
            return 0.6
        
        # Analyze access frequency
        recent_access_count = self.get_recent_access_count(context.user_id, hours=24)
        if recent_access_count > user_profile.get('avg_daily_access', 10) * 2:
            return 0.4
        
        # Analyze access timing
        typical_hours = user_profile.get('typical_access_hours', [])
        current_hour = context.timestamp.hour
        if current_hour not in typical_hours:
            return 0.3
        
        return 0.0
```

## Compliance Monitoring and Reporting

### Automated Compliance Checks

**SOX Compliance Monitoring:**
```python
# SOX compliance monitoring system
class SOXComplianceMonitor:
    def __init__(self, db_connection):
        self.db = db_connection
        self.sox_controls = self.load_sox_controls()
    
    def run_sox_compliance_check(self) -> Dict:
        """Run comprehensive SOX compliance assessment"""
        
        compliance_results = {}
        
        # ITGC-01: Access Controls
        compliance_results['access_controls'] = self.check_access_controls()
        
        # ITGC-02: Change Management
        compliance_results['change_management'] = self.check_change_management()
        
        # ITGC-03: Data Backup and Recovery
        compliance_results['backup_recovery'] = self.check_backup_procedures()
        
        # ITGC-04: Computer Operations
        compliance_results['computer_operations'] = self.check_operations_controls()
        
        # Calculate overall compliance score
        compliance_score = self.calculate_compliance_score(compliance_results)
        
        return {
            'assessment_date': datetime.now().isoformat(),
            'overall_compliance_score': compliance_score,
            'control_results': compliance_results,
            'exceptions': self.identify_exceptions(compliance_results),
            'remediation_plan': self.generate_remediation_plan(compliance_results)
        }
    
    def check_access_controls(self) -> Dict:
        """Check SOX access control requirements"""
        
        results = {
            'user_access_reviews': self.verify_access_reviews(),
            'segregation_of_duties': self.check_segregation_duties(),
            'privileged_access_management': self.verify_pam_controls(),
            'terminated_user_access': self.check_terminated_access()
        }
        
        # Calculate access control score
        passed_checks = sum(1 for result in results.values() if result['compliant'])
        total_checks = len(results)
        
        return {
            'compliant': passed_checks == total_checks,
            'score': (passed_checks / total_checks) * 100,
            'details': results
        }
```

### Audit Trail Management

**Comprehensive Audit Logging:**
```yaml
audit_logging:
  authentication_events:
    - successful_login
    - failed_login_attempts
    - password_changes
    - mfa_enrollment
    - account_lockouts
    
  authorization_events:
    - permission_grants
    - permission_revocations
    - role_assignments
    - privilege_escalations
    - access_denials
    
  administrative_events:
    - user_account_creation
    - user_account_deletion
    - policy_changes
    - configuration_modifications
    - system_maintenance
    
  data_access_events:
    - file_access
    - database_queries
    - data_exports
    - data_modifications
    - data_deletions
    
  security_events:
    - security_policy_violations
    - malware_detections
    - intrusion_attempts
    - vulnerability_scans
    - incident_responses
```
