To mitigate the privacy risks associated with Android WiFi API's access to Personal Identifiable Information (PII), both users and developers can take several precautions:

For users:

* Keep the Android system and all apps updated to the latest versions.
* Be cautious about granting WiFi-related permissions to apps.
* Use a VPN when connecting to public WiFi networks.

For developers:

* Request explicit user permission for accessing sensitive WiFi information.
* Implement the principle of 'Least Privilege', only requesting and using the minimum permissions necessary for the app to function.
* Utilize the Android Privacy Changes introduced in Android 10 and later versions, which restrict access to sensitive information.
* Use the privacy-focused `NetworkCallback` API instead of `WifiInfo` whenever possible.

### Code Examples for developers:


=== "Java"

  ```java
  
  // Request FINE_LOCATION permissions
  if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION)
      != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
  ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this,
         new String[]{Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION},
         PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE);
  }

  // Use Android 10+ methods whenever possible
  if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) {
      // Use Android 10+ compliant methods
      // For example, WifiInfo.getSSID() and getBSSID() return masked values by default
  } else {
      // Use methods for earlier Android versions
  }

  // Use privacy focused NetworkCallback API
  ConnectivityManager connectivityManager = 
      (ConnectivityManager) getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);

  NetworkRequest.Builder builder = new NetworkRequest.Builder();
  builder.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);

  connectivityManager.registerNetworkCallback(builder.build(), new ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback() {
      @Override
      public void onAvailable(Network network) {
          // Handle WiFi connection here
      }
  });
```
