import Orange.core
import Orange.classification
import Orange.evaluation.scoring
import Orange.evaluation.testing
import Orange.misc

from Orange.utils import deprecated_class_attribute, deprecated_keywords, \
                         deprecated_members

class TuneParameters(Orange.classification.Learner):

    """.. attribute:: data
    
        Data table with either discrete or continuous features
    
    .. attribute:: weight_id
    
        The id of the weight meta attribute
    
    .. attribute:: learner
    
        The learning algorithm whose parameters are to be tuned. This can be,
        for instance, :obj:`Orange.classification.tree.TreeLearner`.
    
    .. attribute:: evaluate
    
        The statistics to evaluate. The default is
        :obj:`Orange.evaluation.scoring.CA`, so the learner will be fit for the
        optimal classification accuracy. You can replace it with, for instance,
        :obj:`Orange.evaluation.scoring.AUC` to optimize the AUC. Statistics
        can return either a single value (classification accuracy), a list with
        a single value (this is what :obj:`Orange.evaluation.scoring.CA`
        actually does), or arbitrary objects which the compare function below
        must be able to compare.
    
    .. attribute:: folds
    
        The number of folds used in internal cross-validation. Default is 5.
    
    .. attribute:: compare
    
        The function used to compare the results. The function should accept
        two arguments (e.g. two classification accuracies, AUCs or whatever the
        result of ``evaluate`` is) and return a positive value if the first
        argument is better, 0 if they are equal and a negative value if the
        first is worse than the second. The default compare function is 
        ``cmp``. You don't need to change this if evaluate is such that higher
        values mean a better classifier.
    
    .. attribute:: return_what
    
        Decides what should be result of tuning. Possible values are:
    
        * ``TuneParameters.RETURN_NONE`` (or 0): tuning will return nothing,
        * ``TuneParameters.RETURN_PARAMETERS`` (or 1): return the optimal value(s) of parameter(s),
        * ``TuneParameters.RETURN_LEARNER`` (or 2): return the learner set to optimal parameters,
        * ``TuneParameters.RETURN_CLASSIFIER`` (or 3): return a classifier trained with the optimal parameters on the entire data set. This is the default setting.
        
        Regardless of this, the learner (given as parameter ``learner``) is 
        left set to the optimal parameters.
    
    .. attribute:: verbose
    
        If 0 (default), the class doesn't print anything. If set to 1, it will
        print out the optimal value found, if set to 2, it will print out all
        tried values and the related
    
    If tuner returns the classifier, it behaves as a learning algorithm. As the
    examples below will demonstrate, it can be called, given the data and
    the result is a "trained" classifier. It can, for instance, be used in
    cross-validation.

    Out of these attributes, the only necessary argument is ``learner``. The
    real tuning classes (subclasses of this class) add two additional - 
    the attributes that tell what parameter(s) to optimize and which values
    to use.
    
    """

    RETURN_NONE = 0
    RETURN_PARAMETERS = 1
    RETURN_LEARNER = 2
    RETURN_CLASSIFIER = 3

    returnNone = \
        deprecated_class_attribute("returnNone", "RETURN_NONE")
    returnParameters = \
        deprecated_class_attribute("returnParameters", "RETURN_PARAMETERS")
    returnLearner = \
        deprecated_class_attribute("returnLearner", "RETURN_LEARNER")
    returnClassifier = \
        deprecated_class_attribute("returnClassifier", "RETURN_CLASSIFIER")

    @deprecated_keywords({"examples": "data", "weightID": "weight_id"})
    def __new__(cls, data=None, weight_id=0, **argkw):
        self = Orange.classification.Learner.__new__(cls, **argkw)
        if data is not None:
            for name, value in argkw.items():
                setattr(self, name, value)
            self.__init__(**argkw)
            return self.__call__(data, weight_id)
        else:
            return self

    def findobj(self, name):
        import string
        names = string.split(name, ".")
        lastobj = self.learner
        for i in names[:-1]:
            lastobj = getattr(lastobj, i)
        return lastobj, names[-1]

TuneParameters = deprecated_members(
    {"returnWhat": "return_what",
     "object": "learner"},
    )(TuneParameters)


class Tune1Parameter(TuneParameters):

    """Class :obj:`Orange.optimization.Tune1Parameter` tunes a single parameter.
    
    .. attribute:: parameter
    
        The name of the parameter (or a list of names, if the same parameter is
        stored at multiple places - see the examples) to be tuned.
    
    .. attribute:: values
    
        A list of parameter's values to be tried.
    
    To show how it works, we shall fit the minimal number of examples in a leaf
    for a tree classifier.
    
    part of :download:`optimization-tuning1.py <code/optimization-tuning1.py>`

    .. literalinclude:: code/optimization-tuning1.py
        :lines: 3-11

    Set up like this, when the tuner is called, set ``learner.min_subset`` to 
    1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15 and 20, and measure the AUC in 5-fold cross 
    validation. It will then reset the learner.minSubset to the optimal value
    found and, since we left ``return_what`` at the default 
    (``RETURN_CLASSIFIER``), construct and return the classifier from the 
    entire data set. So, what we get is a  classifier, but if we'd also like 
    to know what the optimal value was, we can get it from
    ``learner.min_subset``.

    Tuning is of course not limited to setting numeric parameters. You can, for
    instance, try to find the optimal criteria for assessing the quality of
    attributes by tuning ``parameter="measure"``, trying settings like
    ``values=[Orange.feature.scoring.GainRatio(), Orange.feature.scoring.Gini()]``
    
    Since the tuner returns a classifier and thus behaves like a learner, it
    can be used in a cross-validation. Let us see whether a tuning tree indeed
    enhances the AUC or not. We shall reuse the tuner from above, add another
    tree learner, and test them both.
    
    part of :download:`optimization-tuning1.py <code/optimization-tuning1.py>`

    .. literalinclude:: code/optimization-tuning1.py
        :lines: 13-18
    
    This can be time consuming: for each of 8 values for ``min_subset`` it will
    perform 5-fold cross validation inside a 10-fold cross validation -
    altogether 400 trees. Plus, it will learn the optimal tree afterwards for
    each fold. Adding a tree without tuning, that makes 420 trees build in 
    total.
    
    Nevertheless, results are good::
    
        Untuned tree: 0.930
        Tuned tree: 0.986
    
    """

    def __call__(self, data, weight=None, verbose=0):
        verbose = verbose or getattr(self, "verbose", 0)
        evaluate = getattr(self, "evaluate", Orange.evaluation.scoring.CA)
        folds = getattr(self, "folds", 5)
        compare = getattr(self, "compare", cmp)
        return_what = getattr(self, "return_what",
                             Tune1Parameter.RETURN_CLASSIFIER)

        if (type(self.parameter) == list) or (type(self.parameter) == tuple):
            to_set = [self.findobj(ld) for ld in self.parameter]
        else:
            to_set = [self.findobj(self.parameter)]

        cvind = Orange.core.MakeRandomIndicesCV(data, folds)
        findBest = Orange.utils.selection.BestOnTheFly(seed=data.checksum(),
                                         call_compare_on_1st=True)
        tableAndWeight = weight and (data, weight) or data
        for par in self.values:
            for i in to_set:
                setattr(i[0], i[1], par)
            res = evaluate(Orange.evaluation.testing.test_with_indices(
                                        [self.learner], tableAndWeight, cvind))
            findBest.candidate((res, par))
            if verbose == 2:
                print '*** optimization  %s: %s:' % (par, ", ".join("%.8f" % r for r in res))

        bestpar = findBest.winner()[1]
        for i in to_set:
            setattr(i[0], i[1], bestpar)

        if verbose:
            print "*** Optimal parameter: %s = %s" % (self.parameter, bestpar)

        if return_what == Tune1Parameter.RETURN_NONE:
            return None
        elif return_what == Tune1Parameter.RETURN_PARAMETERS:
            return bestpar
        elif return_what == Tune1Parameter.RETURN_LEARNER:
            return self.learner
        else:
            classifier = self.learner(data)
            if not Orange.utils.environ.orange_no_deprecated_members:
                classifier.setattr("fittedParameter", bestpar)
            classifier.setattr("fitted_parameter", bestpar)
            return classifier

class TuneMParameters(TuneParameters):

    """The use of :obj:`Orange.optimization.TuneMParameters` differs from 
    :obj:`Orange.optimization.Tune1Parameter` only in specification of tuning
    parameters.
    
    .. attribute:: parameters
    
        A list of two-element tuples, each containing the name of a parameter
        and its possible values.
    
    For example we can try to tune both the minimal number of instances in 
    leaves and the splitting criteria by setting the tuner as follows:
    
    :download:`optimization-tuningm.py <code/optimization-tuningm.py>`

    .. literalinclude:: code/optimization-tuningm.py
    
    """

    def __call__(self, data, weight=None, verbose=0):
        evaluate = getattr(self, "evaluate", Orange.evaluation.scoring.CA)
        folds = getattr(self, "folds", 5)
        compare = getattr(self, "compare", cmp)
        verbose = verbose or getattr(self, "verbose", 0)
        return_what = getattr(self, "return_what", Tune1Parameter.RETURN_CLASSIFIER)
        progress_callback = getattr(self, "progress_callback", lambda i: None)

        to_set = []
        parnames = []
        for par in self.parameters:
            if (type(par[0]) == list) or (type(par[0]) == tuple):
                to_set.append([self.findobj(ld) for ld in par[0]])
                parnames.append(par[0])
            else:
                to_set.append([self.findobj(par[0])])
                parnames.append([par[0]])


        cvind = Orange.core.MakeRandomIndicesCV(data, folds)
        findBest = Orange.utils.selection.BestOnTheFly(seed=data.checksum(),
                                         call_compare_on_1st=True)
        tableAndWeight = weight and (data, weight) or data
        numOfTests = sum([len(x[1]) for x in self.parameters])
        milestones = set(range(0, numOfTests, max(numOfTests / 100, 1)))
        for itercount, valueindices in enumerate(Orange.utils.counters.LimitedCounter(\
                                        [len(x[1]) for x in self.parameters])):
            values = [self.parameters[i][1][x] for i, x \
                      in enumerate(valueindices)]
            for pi, value in enumerate(values):
                for i, par in enumerate(to_set[pi]):
                    setattr(par[0], par[1], value)
                    if verbose == 2:
                        print "%s: %s" % (parnames[pi][i], value)

            res = evaluate(Orange.evaluation.testing.test_with_indices(
                                        [self.learner], tableAndWeight, cvind))
            if itercount in milestones:
                progress_callback(100.0 * itercount / numOfTests)

            findBest.candidate((res, values))
            if verbose == 2:
                print "===> Result: %s\n" % res

        bestpar = findBest.winner()[1]
        if verbose:
            print "*** Optimal set of parameters: ",
        for pi, value in enumerate(bestpar):
            for i, par in enumerate(to_set[pi]):
                setattr(par[0], par[1], value)
                if verbose:
                    print "%s: %s" % (parnames[pi][i], value),
        if verbose:
            print

        if return_what == Tune1Parameter.RETURN_NONE:
            return None
        elif return_what == Tune1Parameter.RETURN_PARAMETERS:
            return bestpar
        elif return_what == Tune1Parameter.RETURN_LEARNER:
            return self.learner
        else:
            classifier = self.learner(data)
            if Orange.utils.environ.orange_no_deprecated_members:
                classifier.fittedParameters = bestpar
            classifier.fitted_parameters = bestpar
            return classifier

TuneMParameters = deprecated_members(
    {"progressCallback": "progress_callback"},
    )(TuneMParameters)

class ThresholdLearner(Orange.classification.Learner):

    """:obj:`Orange.optimization.ThresholdLearner` is a class that wraps 
    another learner. When given the data, it calls the wrapped learner to build
    a classifier, than it uses the classifier to predict the class
    probabilities on the training instances. Storing the probabilities, it
    computes the threshold that would give the optimal classification accuracy.
    Then it wraps the classifier and the threshold into an instance of
    :obj:`Orange.optimization.ThresholdClassifier`.

    Note that the learner doesn't perform internal cross-validation. Also, the
    learner doesn't work for multivalued classes.

    :obj:`Orange.optimization.ThresholdLearner` has the same interface as any
    learner: if the constructor is given data, it returns a classifier,
    else it returns a learner. It has two attributes.
    
    .. attribute:: learner
    
        The wrapped learner, for example an instance of
        :obj:`Orange.classification.bayes.NaiveLearner`.
    
    .. attribute:: store_curve
    
        If `True`, the resulting classifier will contain an attribute curve, with
        a list of tuples containing thresholds and classification accuracies at
        that threshold (default `False`).
    
    """

    @deprecated_keywords({"examples": "data", "weightID": "weight_id"})
    def __new__(cls, data=None, weight_id=0, **kwds):
        self = Orange.classification.Learner.__new__(cls, **kwds)
        if data is not None:
            self.__init__(**kwargs)
            return self.__call__(data, weight_id)
        else:
            return self

    @deprecated_keywords({"storeCurve": "store_curve"})
    def __init__(self, learner=None, store_curve=False, **kwds):
        self.learner = learner
        self.store_curve = store_curve
        for name, value in kwds.items():
            setattr(self, name, value)

    @deprecated_keywords({"examples": "data", "weightID": "weight_id"})
    def __call__(self, data, weight_id=0):
        if self.learner is None:
            raise AttributeError("Learner not set.")

        classifier = self.learner(data, weight_id)
        threshold, optCA, curve = Orange.wrappers.ThresholdCA(classifier,
                                                          data,
                                                          weight_id)
        if self.store_curve:
            return ThresholdClassifier(classifier, threshold, curve=curve)
        else:
            return ThresholdClassifier(classifier, threshold)

ThresholdLearner = deprecated_members(
    {"storeCurve": "store_curve"},
    wrap_methods=["__init__"]
    )(ThresholdLearner)

class ThresholdClassifier(Orange.classification.Classifier):

    """:obj:`Orange.optimization.ThresholdClassifier`, used by both 
    :obj:`Orange.optimization.ThredholdLearner` and
    :obj:`Orange.optimization.ThresholdLearner_fixed` is therefore another
    wrapper class, containing a classifier and a threshold. When it needs to
    classify an instance, it calls the wrapped classifier to predict
    probabilities. The example will be classified into the second class only if
    the probability of that class is above the threshold.

    .. attribute:: classifier
    
        The wrapped classifier, normally the one related to the ThresholdLearner's
        learner, e.g. an instance of
        :obj:`Orange.classification.bayes.NaiveLearner`.
    
    .. attribute:: threshold
    
        The threshold for classification into the second class.
    
    The two attributes can be specified set as attributes or given to the
    constructor as ordinary arguments.
    
    """

    def __init__(self, classifier, threshold, **kwds):
        self.classifier = classifier
        self.threshold = threshold
        for name, value in kwds.items():
            setattr(self, name, value)

    def __call__(self, instance, what=Orange.classification.Classifier.GetValue):
        probs = self.classifier(instance, self.GetProbabilities)
        if what == self.GetProbabilities:
            return probs
        value = Orange.data.Value(self.classifier.classVar, probs[1] > \
                                  self.threshold)
        if what == Orange.classification.Classifier.GetValue:
            return value
        else:
            return (value, probs)


class ThresholdLearner_fixed(Orange.classification.Learner):
    """ This is a convinience  variant of 
    :obj:`Orange.optimization.ThresholdLearner`. Instead of finding the
    optimal threshold it uses a prescribed one. It has the following two
    attributes.
    
    .. attribute:: learner
    
        The wrapped learner, for example an instance of
        :obj:`~Orange.classification.bayes.NaiveLearner`.
    
    .. attribute:: threshold
    
        Threshold to use in classification.
    
    This class calls its base learner and puts the resulting classifier
    together with the threshold into an instance of :obj:`ThresholdClassifier`.
    
    """
    @deprecated_keywords({"examples": "data", "weightID": "weight_id"})
    def __new__(cls, data=None, weight_id=0, **kwds):
        self = Orange.classification.Learner.__new__(cls, **kwds)
        if data is not None:
            self.__init__(**kwds)
            return self.__call__(data, weight_id)
        else:
            return self

    def __init__(self, learner=None, threshold=None, **kwds):
        self.learner = learner
        self.threshold = threshold
        for name, value in kwds.items():
            setattr(name, value)

    @deprecated_keywords({"examples": "data", "weightID": "weight_id"})
    def __call__(self, data, weight_id=0):
        if self.learner is None:
            raise AttributeError("Learner not set.")
        if self.threshold is None:
            raise AttributeError("Threshold not set.")
        if len(data.domain.classVar.values) != 2:
            raise ValueError("ThresholdLearner handles binary classes only.")

        return ThresholdClassifier(self.learner(data, weight_id),
                                   self.threshold)

class PreprocessedLearner(object):
    def __new__(cls, preprocessor=None, learner=None):
        self = object.__new__(cls)
        if learner is not None:
            self.__init__(preprocessor)
            return self.wrapLearner(learner)
        else:
            return self

    def __init__(self, preprocessor=None, learner=None):
        if isinstance(preprocessor, list):
            self.preprocessors = preprocessor
        elif preprocessor is not None:
            self.preprocessors = [preprocessor]
        else:
            self.preprocessors = []
        #self.preprocessors = [Orange.core.Preprocessor_addClassNoise(proportion=0.8)]
        if learner:
            self.wrapLearner(learner)

    def processData(self, data, weightId=None):
        hadWeight = hasWeight = weightId is not None
        for preprocessor in self.preprocessors:
            if hasWeight:
                t = preprocessor(data, weightId)
            else:
                t = preprocessor(data)

            if isinstance(t, tuple):
                data, weightId = t
                hasWeight = True
            else:
                data = t
        if hadWeight:
            return data, weightId
        else:
            return data

    def wrapLearner(self, learner):
        class WrappedLearner(learner.__class__):
            preprocessor = self
            wrappedLearner = learner
            name = getattr(learner, "name", "")
            def __call__(self, data, weightId=0, getData=False):
                t = self.preprocessor.processData(data, weightId or 0)
                processed, procW = t if isinstance(t, tuple) else (t, 0)
                classifier = self.wrappedLearner(processed, procW)
                if getData:
                    return classifier, processed
                else:
                    return classifier # super(WrappedLearner, self).__call__(processed, procW)

            def __reduce__(self):
                return PreprocessedLearner, (self.preprocessor.preprocessors, \
                                             self.wrappedLearner)

            def __getattr__(self, name):
                return getattr(learner, name)

        return WrappedLearner()
