---
name: single2spatial-spatial-mapping
title: Single2Spatial spatial mapping
description: Map scRNA-seq atlases onto spatial transcriptomics slides using omicverse's Single2Spatial workflow for deep-forest training, spot-level assessment, and marker visualisation.
---

# Single2Spatial spatial mapping

## Overview
Apply this skill when converting single-cell references into spatially resolved profiles. It follows [`t_single2spatial.ipynb`](https://omicverse.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Tutorials-bulk2single/t_single2spatial/), demonstrating how Single2Spatial trains on PDAC scRNA-seq and Visium data, reconstructs spot-level proportions, and visualises marker expression.

## Instructions
1. **Import dependencies and style**
   - Load `omicverse as ov`, `scanpy as sc`, `anndata`, `pandas as pd`, `numpy as np`, and `matplotlib.pyplot as plt`.
   - Call `ov.utils.ov_plot_set()` (or `ov.plot_set()` in older versions) to align plots with omicverse styling.
2. **Load single-cell and spatial datasets**
   - Read processed matrices with `pd.read_csv(...)` then create AnnData objects (`anndata.AnnData(raw_df.T)`).
   - Attach metadata: `single_data.obs = pd.read_csv(...)[['Cell_type']]` and `spatial_data.obs = pd.read_csv(... )` containing coordinates and slide metadata.
3. **Initialise Single2Spatial**
   - Instantiate `ov.bulk2single.Single2Spatial(single_data=single_data, spatial_data=spatial_data, celltype_key='Cell_type', spot_key=['xcoord','ycoord'], gpu=0)`.
   - Note that inputs should be normalised/log-scaled scRNA-seq matrices; ensure `spot_key` matches spatial coordinate columns.
4. **Train the deep-forest model**
   - Execute `st_model.train(spot_num=500, cell_num=10, df_save_dir='...', df_save_name='pdac_df', k=10, num_epochs=1000, batch_size=1000, predicted_size=32)` to fit the mapper and generate reconstructed spatial AnnData (`sp_adata`).
   - Explain that `spot_num` defines sampled pseudo-spots per iteration and `cell_num` controls per-spot cell draws.
5. **Load pretrained weights**
   - Use `st_model.load(modelsize=14478, df_load_dir='.../pdac_df.pth', k=10, predicted_size=32)` when checkpoints already exist to skip training.
6. **Assess spot-level outputs**
   - Call `st_model.spot_assess()` to compute aggregated spot AnnData (`sp_adata_spot`) for QC.
   - Plot marker genes with `sc.pl.embedding(sp_adata, basis='X_spatial', color=['REG1A', 'CLDN1', ...], frameon=False, ncols=4)`.
7. **Visualise proportions and cell-type maps**
   - Use `sc.pl.embedding(sp_adata_spot, basis='X_spatial', color=['Acinar cells', ...], frameon=False)` to highlight per-spot cell fractions.
   - Plot `sp_adata` coloured by `Cell_type` with `palette=ov.utils.ov_palette()[11:]` to show reconstructed assignments.
8. **Export results**
   - Encourage saving generated AnnData objects (`sp_adata.write_h5ad(...)`, `sp_adata_spot.write_h5ad(...)`) and derived CSV summaries for downstream reporting.
9. **Defensive validation**
   ```python
   # Before Single2Spatial: verify spatial coordinates exist
   for col in spot_key:
       assert col in spatial_data.obs.columns, f"Spatial coordinate column '{col}' not found in spatial_data.obs"
   # Verify scRNA-seq is log-normalized (max should be <~15, not hundreds/thousands)
   if single_data.X.max() > 50:
       print("WARNING: scRNA-seq data may not be log-normalized. Raw counts cause scale mismatches.")
   # Verify cell type column exists
   assert celltype_key in single_data.obs.columns, f"Cell type column '{celltype_key}' not found"
   ```
10. **Troubleshooting tips**
   - If training diverges, reduce `learning_rate` via keyword arguments or decrease `predicted_size` to stabilise the forest.
   - Ensure scRNA-seq inputs are log-normalised; raw counts can lead to scale mismatches and poor spatial predictions.
   - Verify GPU availability when `gpu` is non-zero; fallback to CPU by omitting the argument or setting `gpu=-1`.

## Examples
- "Train Single2Spatial on PDAC scRNA-seq and Visium slides, then visualise REG1A and CLDN1 spatial expression."
- "Load a saved Single2Spatial checkpoint to regenerate spot-level cell-type proportions for reporting."
- "Plot reconstructed cell-type maps with omicverse palettes to compare against histology."

## References
- Tutorial notebook: [`t_single2spatial.ipynb`](https://omicverse.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Tutorials-bulk2single/t_single2spatial/)
- Example datasets and models: see the tutorial page for linked PDAC datasets and pretrained models: [t_single2spatial](https://omicverse.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Tutorials-bulk2single/t_single2spatial/)
- Quick copy/paste commands: [`reference.md`](reference.md)
