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<div class=Section1>

<h1>Programming Notes and Issues</h1>

<p><span style='font-family:Arial'>This document details issues with
VisualText™ and NLP++™. Additional information about the current release can be
found in the <a href="../New_in_Current_Version.htm">New in Current Version</a>
page and in the Release Report, located by default at<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p><!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}--><span style='font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->C:\Program
Files\TextAI\VisualText\Docs\ReleaseReport.txt.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<h4><span style='font-family:Arial;color:teal'>DOCUMENTATION ISSUES</span><span
style='font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></h4>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Zipped
tutorial analyzers may be missing in some versions, so you'll have to start
working them from Tutorial number 1.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Documentation
for Linux is not provided in the present Help. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->Workaround:
contact our customer support for assistance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<h4><span style='font-family:Arial;color:teal'>INSTALLATION</span><span
style='font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></h4>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo4;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>On
rare occasions, the installation program may hang.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Please try another computer, and contact our
customer support for workarounds.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<h4><span style='font-family:Arial;color:teal'>RUNNING ANALYZERS</span><span
style='font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></h4>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Analyzers
cannot be run on files with the .log extension.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>VisualText
is optimized for processing large numbers of relatively small text files. Input
files larger than <b><span style='color:red'>1MB</span></b> may substantially
slow processing, and it is inadvisable to process individual files larger than <b><span
style='color:red'>4 MB</span></b>. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->Workaround:
a program may split large texts into buffers and submit them to an analyzer one
at a time, using the knowledge base to manage information across segments of a
document.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Scale
Up issues. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->A variety
of scale-up issues have been addressed in VisualText 2.x.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>If you are experiencing problems, contact us.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo6;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Knowledge
base DLL file. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->For
huge knowledge bases, the KB.DLL compiled knowledge base can become extremely
large (100s of MB). <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->VisualText
QDBM addresses this, but is too slow for commercial-grade use at this time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<h4><span style='font-family:Arial;color:teal'>GUI ISSUES</span><span
style='font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></h4>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo8;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>It
is safest to edit the <b>gram</b> subhierarchy using the Gram Tab only, rather
than the KB Editor. Where feasible, use the Gram Concept Properties dialog
(available from Gram Tab popup &gt; Properties) to edit attributes of <b>gram</b>
concepts. Use the Attribute Editor only to edit attributes that are not
accessible from the Gram Concept Properties dialog.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo8;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Editing
the <b>sys</b> hierarchy can easily corrupt the Knowledge Base. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->Before
editing the <b>sys</b> hierarchy (either manually or programmatically), you are
advised to create a backup copy of your project. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->A
KB Safe Mode is provided in the VisualText preferences for those who want to
disable inadvertent manual editing of the sys hierarchy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo8;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Size
Dynamically in VisualText display preferences is currently working for the KB
Editor window only.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo8;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Currently,
folders are not part of the Ana Tab. Descriptions for Ana Tab folders in the
Ana Tab Popup Menu are for future enhancements.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<h4><span style='font-family:Arial;color:teal'>WRITING CODE AND RULES</span><span
style='font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></h4>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo10;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>NLP++<b>
</b>is an evolving language. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->If
constructs that you would like to see in the language are absent, you may often
create them yourself by writing a user-defined NLP++ function or a C++ version
within the <b>User Project</b> for an analyzer. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->We
appreciate your feedback about capabilities to incorporate in the language,
both to provide you with faster execution of the functions and to enhance NLP++
and VisualText as a development environment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo10;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>One
way to implement a new type of pass algorithm is to define a new NLP++ function
in the user project and invoke that function from the <b>code</b> region of a
pass. The user function may traverse the parse tree, interface to third party
code, and so on. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->(Now
the same can be done with an NLP++ function defined in a @DECL region).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo10;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Some
data types are not yet implemented, including <b>bool</b>, and <b>char</b>.
Nonzero integer values are used for Boolean <b>true</b> and zero is used for
Boolean <b>false</b>, analogous to the C Programming Language. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->We
recommend NOT explicitly comparing the returns of functions documented as bool
with 1 and 0. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->For
example, write <span style='color:blue'>if (batchstart())</span> rather than <span
style='color:blue'>if (batchstart() == 1)</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo10;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Numeric
overflow and underflow are not flagged. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->For
example, the maximum <b>int</b> is 2147483647 in Windows and must be checked by
the programmer as needed. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->For
large numbers, the <b>float</b> type should be used.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l5 level1 lfo10;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>POST
Actions should operate on rule elements from right to left (or bottom to top,
if written one element per line).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:30.0pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>When the POST
region includes group and excise actions, the numbering of rule elements is
affected. For example, if element 3 is to be excised, then referring to
elements 4, 5, etc. subsequently is invalid. Therefore, operations on rule
elements should proceed from right to left, that is from high-numbered rule
elements to lower-numbered elements. For example, the following POST actions
will work as expected:<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:30.0pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>N(&quot;status&quot;,4)
= &quot;good&quot;;<br>
excise(2,3);<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:30.0pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>The node matching
element 4 gets a variable named &quot;status&quot; with value &quot;good&quot;,
after which the nodes matching elements 2 and 3 are excised. But if written
this way:<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:30.0pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>excise(2,3);<br>
N(&quot;status&quot;,4) = &quot;good&quot;;<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:30.0pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>there may no
longer be an element 4 after the excise action, or a different rule element may
be referred to than expected. Conditionally excising rule elements would
further complicate the tracking of rule element numbers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo12;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Stacking
POST Actions should be avoided.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-family:Arial'>While group actions
may be repeated in a POST Region (<i>but see below</i>), the user should avoid
writing multiple actions (e.g., single, excise, singler, singlex) that modify
the parse tree within a single POST Region. After an action such as <b>single</b>,
the elements of the current rule may no longer available.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo12;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>GROUP
action differs in compiled versus interpreted versions of an analyzer<br>
<br>
In interpreted NLP++, a group action such as <b>group(5,7,&quot;_list&quot;)</b>
collapses elements 5 through 7 under a new node called _list, which is numbered
5, with the subsequent element (which was numbered 8) now numbered as 6. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->But
in compiled code, 5 through 7 are collapsed as before, but now elements 6 and 7
are retained with zero nodes, and numbering is <i>unchanged</i>. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->That
is, element 8 is still number 8. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->This
discrepancy will be fixed in a subsequent version.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo12;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Some
NLP++ actions will not accept general NLP++ expressions as arguments. For
example, <b>singler</b>(1,3) is valid, but
singler(G(&quot;lo&quot;),G(&quot;hi&quot;)) will result in a syntax error.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo12;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Partly
constrained wildcards don’t work in some cases.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>The following example<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-family:Arial'>@PRE<br>
&lt;2,2&gt; var(“lower”);<br>
@RULES<br>
_NP &lt;-<br>
<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>_The<br>
<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>_xWILD [plus]<br>
<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>_Bears<br>
<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>@@<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-family:Arial'>will match nodes to
the wildcard regardless of whether they have a nonzero variable called “lower”.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>A workaround is to write the rule as<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-family:Arial'>@PRE<br>
&lt;2,2&gt; var(“lower”);<br>
@RULES<br>
_NP &lt;-<br>
<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>_The<br>
<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>_xWILD [plus fail=(_Bears)]<br>
<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>_Bears<br>
<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>@@<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in'><span style='font-family:Arial'>This will work as
specified. Only nodes with a nonzero variable called “lower” will match the
_xWILD element.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo12;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Infinite
loops. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->As in
most grammar systems, it is possible to write &quot;grammar loops&quot; in
NLP++. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->Also, a
lone rule such as<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>@POST<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}--><span style='font-family:
Arial'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->singler(1,1);<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>@RULES<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>_np &lt;- noun [opt]
prep [lookahead] @@<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:27.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>where everything is
optional except the lookahead elements, can cause an infinite loop.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:27.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:
list .5in 63.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>Modifying
the lookahead region.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Reducing or
grouping a node at or past the [lookahead] keyword can cause a pass to silently
stop matching rules, as below:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.25in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>@POST<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}--><span style='font-family:
Arial'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->single();<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>#<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Correct would be singler(1,4);<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>@RULES<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>_np &lt;- _det _quan
_adj _noun _prep [lookahead] @@<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo16;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>In
recursive analyzer passes, an infinite loop occurs with rules having one
right-hand-side element with singlet mode:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:60.0pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>_adjlist &lt;-
_adj [s] @@<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:27.0pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'><!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->Here,
_adj is found &quot;inside&quot; repeatedly. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->Two
ways to fix this are shown below.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>_adjlist [<b><span
style='color:#958ADD'>base</span></b>] &lt;- _adj [s] @@<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt;margin-left:60.0pt'><span
style='font-family:Arial'>_adjlist &lt;- _adj <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->@@<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:27.0pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'><!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->In
the first, case, _adj is found &quot;inside&quot; the current parse tree node only
once, since the <b><span style='color:#958ADD'>base</span></b> attribute placed
on the _adjlist keeps the internal _adj from being found inside it. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->In
the second case, _adj only matches when it labels the current &quot;top
level&quot; parse tree node being examined. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->Once
it is reduced to _adjlist, the internal _adj is no longer visible.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo18;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]><span dir=LTR><span style='font-family:Arial'>KB
Phrase. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->A
knowledge base PHRASE is implemented merely as the first element in the phrase.
<!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->Thus, fetching
the phrase and then adding a new first element requires re-fetching the phrase.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>G(&quot;phrase&quot;)
= findphrase(G(&quot;some concept&quot;)); <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->#
Fetch the &quot;phrase&quot;, i.e., the first node.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>addnode(G(&quot;phrase&quot;),&quot;nodename&quot;,
1); <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->#
Add a new first node of phrase.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:27.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:Arial'>In the above,
G(&quot;phrase&quot;) no longer points to the first node in the phrase. <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->A
workaround is to track the first node in a phrase, or to re-fetch the phrase as
needed using findphrase, as below<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>G(&quot;phrase&quot;)
= findphrase(G(&quot;some concept&quot;)); <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->#
Fetch the &quot;phrase&quot;, i.e., the first node.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>addnode(G(&quot;phrase&quot;),&quot;nodename&quot;,
1); <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->#
Add a new first node of phrase.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:60.0pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>G(&quot;phrase&quot;)
= findphrase(G(&quot;some concept&quot;)); <!--kadov_tag{{<spaces>}}-->&nbsp;<!--kadov_tag{{</spaces>}}-->#
Re-fetch the first node of phrase.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p><span style='font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p><span style='font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p><span style='font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>

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