Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: lytspel
Version: 0.9.2
Summary: A Simple Phonetic Respelling for the English Language
Home-page: http://lytspel.org
Author: Christian Siefkes
Author-email: christian@siefkes.net
License: ISC
Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/ChristianSi/lytspel
Project-URL: Tracker, https://github.com/ChristianSi/lytspel/issues
Description: # Lytspel, a Simple Phonetic Respelling for the English Language
        
        The idea: Spelling should be fun, not a burden. The traditional English
        spelling system is afflicted with exceptions and conflicting rules, making
        writing and reading texts unnecessary hard.
        
        Lytspel is a proposal for reforming the English spelling in order to make
        it strictly follow the alphabetic principle. The alphabetic principle means
        that there is a predictable relationship between written letters and spoken
        sounds. When you see a written word, you know how to pronounce it (even if
        you don't know the word itself), and vice versa.
        
        Traditional English spelling (tradspell) deviates from the alphabetic
        principle in many ways. The mapping between written and spoken words is
        very complex and riddled with irregularities and exceptions. Lytspel (for
        «lytwait speling» or ‹lightweight spelling›) is a proposal to change this,
        while stilling keeping as much visual similarity to tradspell as reasonably
        possible.
        
        Lytspel not only creates an unambiguous mapping between the sounds used in
        English and their written representations, it also indicates which syllable
        in each word is the stressed one.
        
        In addition to the reform proposal, there is a comprehensive dictionary and
        a converter that translates traditional spelling into Lytspel.
        
        Here are two example paragraphs written in Lytspel. The first is [The North
        Wind and the
        Sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun), one of
        Aesop's fables that's frequently used as an example in phonetics, while the
        second is made up of two nonsense sentences that contain most of the sounds
        of English.
        
        > Dhe North Wind and dhe Sun wur di'spiuting wich wos dhe strongger, wen a
        > traveler caim a'long rapd in a worm cloak. Dhay a'greed dhat dhe won hu
        > furst su'xeeded in maiking dhe traveler taik his cloak of shood bee
        > con'siderd strongger dhan dhe udher. Dhen dhe North Wind blu as hard as
        > hi cood, but dhe mor hi blu dhe mor cloassli did dhe traveler foald his
        > cloak e'round him; and at last dhe North Wind gaiv up dhe a'tempt. Dhen
        > dhe Sun shynd out wormli, and i'meediatli dhe traveler took of his cloak.
        > And so dhe North Wind wos o'blyjd tu con'fess dhat dhe Sun wos dhe
        > strongger ov dhe tuu.
        >
        > Dhat quik baizh fox jumpd in dhe air oaver eech thin dog under a caam
        > autum muun. Look out, y shout, for hi's foild iu yet a'gen, cri'aiting
        > cayoss.
        
        Here are the same paragraphs written in tradspell. Lytspel might look a
        bit unusual at first, but should be easy to get used too. Just try reading
        it out aloud and you'll soon get the hang of it.
        
        > The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a
        > traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who
        > first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be
        > considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as
        > he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his
        > cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then
        > the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his
        > cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the
        > stronger of the two.
        >
        > That quick beige fox jumped in the air over each thin dog under a calm
        > autumn moon. Look out, I shout, for he's foiled you yet again, creating
        > chaos.
        
        
        ## Conventions and Abbreviations
        
        The following formatting conventions are used in this document:
        
        * «double guillemets» for Lytspel (and spellings that haven't changed)
        * ‹single guillemets› for traditional spellings
        * /slashes/ for phonetics, written in the
          [SAMPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMPA_chart_for_English) alphabet
          (with some slight modifications to make it more suitable for English)
        
        Abbreviations used:
        
        * RP: [Received
          Pronunciation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation), the
          standard form of English spoken in the United Kingdom, especially in
          England and Wales
        * GA: [General American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American),
          English as typically spoken in the United States
        
        
        ## The Rules of Lytspel
        
        The syllable that carries the primary stress in a word is preceded by an
        apostrophe, e.g. «dis'cuss, in'telijent, co'miti, cri'ait» ‹discuss,
        intelligent, committee, create›. No stress marker is used if a word has
        just one syllable or if the first syllable carries the primary stress, e.g.
        «big, week, camel, garden».
        
        The short vowels are written as follows:
        
        * «a» /a/ as in «cat»
        * «e» /E/ as in «pen»
        * «i» /I/ as in «big»
        * «o» /Q/ as in «dog»
        * «oo» /U/ as in «book»
        * «u» /V/ as in «club»
        
        The long vowels and diphthongs are written as follows:
        
        * «aa» /A/ as in «paam, faadher» ‹palm, father›
        * «ai» /eI/ as in «aim, saint, faiss» ‹...face›
        * «au» /O:/ as in «auther, paus» ‹author, pause›
        * «ee» /i:/ as in «tree, teem» ‹...team›
        * «oa» /oU/ as in «boat, hoam» ‹...home›
        * «oi» /OI/ as in «oil, point, a'void» ‹...avoid›
        * «ou» /aU/ as in «mouth, doun» ‹...down›
        * «uu» /u:/ as in «muun, ex'cluud, gruup» ‹moon, exclude, group›
        * «iu» (/yU/ or /ju:/) as in «valiu, kiut, com'piuter, modiulait» ‹value,
          cute, computer, modulate›
        * The spelling «ue» is used in words that are typically spoken with /yU/ or
          /ju:/ in RP, with /u:/ in GA, e.g. «due, nuetrel, tuen» ‹...neutral,
          tune›
        * «y» /aI/ as in «pryss, styl, dry» ‹price, style...›
        
        The consonants are written as follows:
        
        * «b» /b/ as in «bed»
        * «ch» /tS/ as in «much»
        * «d» /d/ as in «desk»
        * «dh» /D/ as in «dhem» ‹them›
        * «f» /f/ as in «fat»
        * «g» /g/ as in «big, garden, gess» ‹...guess›
        * «h» /h/ as in «hot»
        * «j» /dZ/ as in «joy, dijit» ‹...digit›
        * «l» /l/ as in «leg»
        * «m» /m/ as in «mad»
        * «n» /n/ as in «now»
        * «ng» /N/ as in «long»
        * «p» /p/ as in «pop»
        * «r» /r/ as in «run»
        * «sh» /S/ as in «ship»
        * «t» /t/ as in «test»
        * «th» /T/ as in «thin»
        * «v» /v/ as in «ever»
        * «w» /w/ as in «west, wen» ‹...when›. Note: In some English accepts, the
          «w» in «wen» ‹when› is spoken differently than the «w» in «west», but
          since most accents (including RP and GA) no longer make this difference,
          it is not preserved in Lytspel (cf. [wine-whine
          merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8wh%E2%9F%A9#Wine.E2.80.93whine_merger)).
        * «y» /j/ as in «yet»
        * «zh» /Z/ as in «mi'raazh» ‹mirage›
        * The sound /k/ is written as «c» or «k», depending on context:
        
          * «k» is used before «e, i, y», e.g. «keep, king, kynd, calkyu'laition»
            ‹...kind, calculation›
          * «k» is also used before «h» to prevent confusion with the digraph «ch»
            /tS/, e.g. «lunkhed» ‹lunkhead›
          * «c» is used before any other letter, e.g. «cat, cost, crisp»
          * «c» is also used at the end of words ending in unstressed /ak/ or /Ik/,
            e.g. «mainiac, majic, public» ‹maniac, magic...›
          * «k» is used at the end of other words ending in /k/, e.g. «book, drink,
            quik, speek, naimsaik» ‹...quick, speak, namesake›
        
        * The sound /s/ is written as «c», «s», or «ss», depending on context:
        
          * «c» is used between any vowel and a vowel starting with «e, i, y», e.g.
            «deecent, ex'plicit, nececeri, de'cyd» ‹decent, explicit, necessary,
            decide›
          * «ss» is used between any vowel and a vowel starting with «a, o, u»,
            e.g. «as'sault, epissoad, as'sumption» ‹assault, episode, assumption›.
            Note: If a stressed syllable starts with «ss», the stress marker is
            inserted before the second «s».
          * «ss» is also used at the end of words except after any of the
            consonants /f, k, p, t, T/, e.g. «less, miss, evidenss» ‹...evidence›
          * «s» is used anywhere else, e.g. «sun, desk, chips, up'sets» ‹...upsets›
          * «s» is also used in the prefixes «dis, mis» regardless of which letter
            follows, e.g. «disa'gree, disen'chantment, misin'turpret,
            misunder'stand» ‹disagree, disenchantment, misinterpret, misunderstand›
        
        * The sound /z/ is written as «s» or «z», depending on context:
        
          * «s» is used between two vowels, e.g. «visit, eesi, dusen, di'syr,
            bi'sar, ri'sult» ‹...easy, dozen, desire, bizarre, result›
          * «s» is also used at the end of words except after any of the consonants
            /f, k, p, t, T/, e.g. «his, wishes, meens, paus, quis» ‹...means,
            pause, quiz›
          * «z» is used anywhere else, e.g. «zeero, ig'zact, ob'zurv» ‹zero, exact,
            observe›
        
        The schwa /@/:
        
        * The schwa is an unstressed and neutral vowel that occurs frequently in
          English words. Lytspel generally writes it as «e» or «u».
        * «u» is used whenever the traditional spelling contains this vowel, e.g.
          «album, nurvuss, sus'pend» ‹...nervous, suspend›.
        * «e» is used otherwise, e.g. «camel, problem, hiden, sentrel» ‹...hidden,
          central›.
        * This means that Lytspel doesn't distinguish between unstressed /V/ as in
          «funda'mentl» ‹fundamental› or /E/ as in «index» and the schwa /@/.
          However, since the unstressed form of these vowels sounds quite similar
          to the schwa and there is often no agreement between speakers whether to
          use one or the other, this shouldn't hurt.
        * A schwa immediately preceding the primarily stressed syllable can also be
          represented by one of the other three vowel letters («a, i, o», but not
          «y»), e.g. «a» in «a'bout» ‹about›, «i» in «imaji'naition» ‹imagination›,
          «o» in «com'piut» ‹compute›. The reason for this is that the vowel
          preceding the stressed syllable is often spoken so quickly that it's hard
          to decide whether a schwa or one of the short vowels is pronounced and
          not all speakers will agree on which one to use. For clarity, it's
          therefore better to stick with the original representation of the vowel
          in such cases, even if most speakers might reduce it to a schwa.
          Additionally, the reduced vowel often becomes clearly audible in related
          words, e.g. while the second «i» in «imaji'naition» ‹imagination› is
          often reduced to a schwa, in «i'majin» ‹imagine› it's clearly audible as
          /I/.
        * Between some consonant pairs at the end of words, the schwa is omitted in
          writing; since these pairs never occur *without* an intervening vowel at
          the end of words, there is no risk of confusion:
        
          * Final /s@l/ is written «ssl», e.g. «counssl, mussl» ‹council, muscle›
          * Final /z@l/ is written «sl», e.g. «pro'poasl, pusl» ‹proposal, puzzle›
          * The schwa is also omitted between any of /b, p, d, t, f, g, k/ and
            final /l/, e.g. «flexibl, simpl, midl, hospitl, litl, bafl, singgl,
            leegl, sta'tisticl, articl» ‹flexible, simple, middle, hospital,
            little, baffle, single, legal, statistical, article›. An exception is
            the suffix «ful», which is sometimes spoken with a schwa but remains
            unchanged for clarity; e.g. «helpful, meeningful» ‹...meaningful›.
          * Final /z@m/ is written «sm», e.g. «criticism, sarcasm»
          * The schwa is also omitted between /D/ and final /m/, e.g. «algeridhm,
            ridhm» ‹algorithm, rhythm›
        
        Before «r», the vowels are spelled as follows:
        
        * «air» /e@/ as in «pair, shair, vairi'aition» ‹...share, variation›
        * «ar» /Ar/ as in «dark, argyument» ‹...argument›
        * «arr» /ar/ as in «carri, em'barress» ‹...embarrass›
        * «eer» /i@/ as in «cheer, yeer» ‹...year›. Note: GA speakers often
          pronounce this in the same way as the «ir» /Ir/ in «mirer» ‹mirror›
          ([mirror–mere
          merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/#Mirror.E2.80.93mere_merger)).
        * «er» /@`/ as in «number, modern» (r-colored schwa). Note: In RP and other
          [non-rhotic accents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English),
          this usually sounds like a normal schwa; likewise, «r» after other vowels
          is often inaudible or reduced to a schwa.
        * «err» /Er/ as in «merry, errer» ‹...error›
        * «ir» /Ir/ as in «mirer, iritait» ‹mirror, irritate›
        * «oar» /or/ as in «poart, ig'noar, keeboard» ‹port, ignore, keyboard›
        * «or» /O:r/ as in «north, order, iuniform» ‹...uniform›. Note: Most RP
          speakers pronounce this in the same way as the «oar» /or/ in «board», but
          the two sounds are distinguished in GA.
        * «orr» /Qr/ as in «sorri, to'morro» ‹sorry, tomorrow›. Note: Most GA
          speakers pronounce this in the same way as the «or» /O:r/ in «north», but
          the two sounds are distinguished in RP.
        * «oor» /Ur/ as in «poor, toor, in'shoorenss» ‹...tour, insurance›
        * «iur» (/ju:r/ or /jUr/) as in «Iurep, piur, ob'skiur» ‹Europe, pure,
          obscure›
        * The spelling «uer» is used in words that are typically spoken with /ju:r/
          or /jUr/ in RP, with /Ur/ in GA, e.g. «duering, nuerel» ‹during, neural›
        * «our» /aUr/ as in «flour, our» ‹flour, our *or* hour›
        * «ur» /3:/ as in «turn, purfect, furst, con'surn, obzur'vaition»
          ‹...perfect, first, concern, observation›. This sound only occurs before
          «r» and can be considered a stronger (and often stressed) variant of the
          schwa.
        * «urr» /Vr/ as in «hurri, current» ‹hurry...›
        * «yr» is spoken /aI@`/ at the end of words (e.g. «fyr, in'spyr» ‹fire,
          inspire›), /aIr/ elsewhere (e.g. «vyruss, yreni, spyrel» ‹virus, irony,
          spiral›)
        
        Some vowels are spelled differently at the end of words or before other
        vowels:
        
        * /eI/ is spelled «ay» at the end of words and before other vowels (instead
          of «ai»), e.g. «play, holiday, layer, cayoss» ‹...chaos›.
        * /aI/ is spelled «ai» before other vowels (instead of «y»), e.g.
          «dai'ameter, quaiet, vaielenss, aiern, haierarki, Ha'waii» ‹diameter,
          quiet, violence, iron, hierarchy, Hawaii›. This prevents confusion with
          the consonant /j/ (as in «yet») which is also spelled «y» but only occurs
          before vowels. There is no risk of confusion with /eI/ (as in «aim,
          layer») which is always spelled «ay» in this position.
        * The same spelling is used if /aI/ occurs after a vowel at the end of a
          word, e.g. «raidiai» ‹radii›.
        * /O:/ is spelled «aw» at the end of words and before other vowels (instead
          of «au»), e.g. «law, drawing».
        * Final /E/ is spelled «eh» (instead of «e»), e.g. «eh, Yaaweh
          ‹...Yahweh›».
        * Unstressed /i:/ is spelled «i» at the end of words and before other
          vowels (instead of «ee»), e.g. «fansi, ne'ceciti, vidio, cri'aition»
          ‹fancy, necessity, video, creation›. This means that Lytspel cannot
          distinguish between unstressed /i:/ and unstressed /I/ (as in «big») in
          these positions, but that shouldn't hurt, as /I/ is rarely used in these
          positions and dictionaries often disagree on which of these sounds to use
          anyway.
        * This spelling is also used in the personal pronouns ending in /i:/ (as
          these are often less stressed than other words in a sentence): «hi, shi,
          wi, mi» ‹he, she, we, me›. And it's used at the end of prefixes such as
          «anti, semi» (spoken with /i:/ by many speakers, with /aI/ by others) as
          well as «di, pri, ri» ‹de, pre, re› (even if the prefix is stressed),
          e.g. «anti'aircraft, anti'soashel; semi'fynel, semiauto'matic; di'graid,
          di'bug; prima'choor, pri'requisit; ri'act, ripro'duess» ‹antiaircraft,
          antisocial; semifinal, semiautomatic; degrade, debug; premature,
          prerequisite; react, reproduce›.
        * /oU/ is spelled «o» at the end of words and before other vowels (instead
          of «oa»), e.g. «yelo, zeero, co'operait, po'etic, sho» ‹yellow, zero,
          cooperate, poetic, show›. This poses little risk of confusion, as /Q/ (as
          in «dog») occurs rarely or never before other vowels. (Final /Q/ could be
          written «oh», but in practice it never seems to occur.)
        * This spelling is also used at the end of prefixes such as «astro, baio,
          endo, ethno, ferro, fyto, galveno, hetero, hypo, imyuno, jio, keemo,
          macro, mycro, nio, nuemo, nuero, pailio, soacio, spectro, suudo, thurmo,
          ysso» ‹astro, bio, endo, ethno, ferro, phyto, galvano, hetero, hypo,
          immuno, geo, chemo, macro, micro, neo, pneumo, neuro, paleo, socio,
          spectro, pseudo, thermo, iso›, e.g. «baio'kemistri, ethno'sentric,
          hetero'secshual, imyunodi'fishenssi, jio'fisicl, keemo'therrepi,
          mycrowaiv, nio'classic, nuero'surjeri, suudosaienss, thurmody'namics»
          ‹biochemistry, ethnocentric, heterosexual, immunodeficiency, geophysical,
          chemotherapy, microwave, neoclassic, neurosurgery, pseudoscience,
          thermodynamics›.
        * /OI/ is spelled «oy» at the end of words and before other vowels (instead
          of «oi»), e.g. «boy, en'joy, royel» ‹...enjoy, royal›.
        * /aU/ is spelled «ow» at the end of words and before other vowels (instead
          of «ou»), e.g. «now, power, a'low» ‹...allow›.
        * /u:/ is spelled «u» at the end of words and before other vowels (instead
          of «uu»), e.g. «clu, ishu, sichu'aition» ‹clue, issue, situation›. This
          poses little risk of confusion, as /V/ (as in «bus») occurs rarely or
          never before other vowels.
        * Final /V/ is spelled «uh» (instead of «u»), e.g. «huh».
        * Final schwa /@/ is spelled «a» (instead of «e» or «u»), e.g. «extra,
          daita» ‹...data›. (Should unstressed /a/ (as in «cat») occur at the end
          of words, it could be written «ah», but in practice it never seems to
          occur.)
        * Schwa /@/ before other vowels is always spelled «e» (never «u») to
          prevent confusion with /u:/ (spelled «u» in this position). Schwa in this
          position is very rare.
        
        Spellings involving several sounds:
        
        * The vowel combination /i:@/ or /I@/ is written «ia», e.g. «mis'teeriass,
          ma'teerial, meediam, obviass, vairiabl, airia, i'meediat» ‹mysterious,
          material, medium, obvious, variable, area, immediate›. In a few words,
          «ia» instead represents /i:a/, e.g. «en'thuesiasm, zoadiac» ‹enthusiasm,
          zodiac› (this distinction is not represented in writing).
        * The r-colored vowel combination /i:@`/ is written «ier», e.g. «thieri»
          ‹theory›.
        * The vowel combination /oU@/ is written «oe», e.g. «boe, coe'lition,
          ys'socroess» ‹boa, coalition, isochroous›. In a few words, «oe» instead
          represents /oUE/, e.g. «floem» ‹phloem› (this distinction is not
          represented in writing).
        * The vowel combination /u:@/ or /U@/ is written «ua», e.g. «acchual,
          indi'vijual, influanss, soo'purfluass, crual» ‹actual, individual,
          influence, superfluous, cruel›. In a few words, «ua» instead represents
          /u:a/, e.g. «bivuac» ‹bivouac› (this distinction is not represented in
          writing).
        * Likewise, /ju:@/ and /jU@/ are written «iua», e.g. «am'bigiuass, maniual»
          ‹ambiguous, manual›.
        * The consonant combination /kw/ is written «qu», e.g. «quit, ri'quest»
          ‹...request›; the letter «q» only occurs in this combination.
        * The consonant combination /ks/ is written «x», e.g. «mix, next,
          ex'plicit, axident» ‹...explicit, accident›.
        * Since «ng» represents the single sound /N/ (as in «long»), the sound
          combination /ng/ is written «n'g» if a stress marker is needed in this
          position (e.g. «en'gaij, in'grain» ‹engage, ingrain›), «nng» otherwise
          (e.g. «cairnngorm, martenngail» ‹cairngorm, martingale›).
        * Before /k/, «n» is pronounced /N/ rather then /n/ (e.g. «bank, tranquil,
          dis'tinct, bron'kytiss» ‹...distinct, bronchitis›), except if «n» and /k/
          belong to different parts of a compound (e.g. «mankynd, reincoat»
          ‹mankind, raincoat›) or if a word starts with any of «con, en, in, non,
          un» followed by a /k/ sound (e.g. «con'cluusion, en'counter,
          in'compitent, increess *or* in'creess, noncon'foarmist, un'cleer»
          ‹conclusion, encounter, incompetent, increase, nonconformist, unclear›).
        * If /Nk/ is spoken where the preceding rule suggests /nk/, the /N/ is
          written «ng», e.g. «congker, ingk, ingcling, ungcl, ungction» ‹conker
          *or* conquer, ink, inkling, uncle, unction›. Some words starting with
          «con» or «in» are pronounced with /n/ by some speakers, with /N/ by
          others; in such cases, Lytspel uses «n» for simplicity, e.g. «conquest,
          increment, concreet, inqui'sition» ‹...concrete, inquisition›.
        * /n/ is written «nn» if it occurs before /k/ in places where «n» would be
          spoken /N/, e.g. «canncan, melenncoli, noamennclaicher» ‹cancan,
          melancholy, nomenclature›.
        
        Some sound combinations are written in a special way if they occur at the
        end of words:
        
        * Final /O:l/ is written «all», e.g. «ball, in'stall» ‹...install›. This
          spelling is preserved in derived words, e.g. «walls, calling,
          in'stallment» ‹...installment›.
        * Final /S@n/ is written «tion», e.g. «recog'nition, obzur'vaition,
          section, per'mition, moation, oation, miu'sition» ‹recognition,
          observation, section, permission, motion, ocean, musician›.
        * Final /Z@n/ is written «sion», e.g. «vision, con'fiusion, i'quaision»
          ‹...confusion, equation›.
        * The «tion» and «sion» spellings aren't used in words that are derived by
          appending «n» or «en» to another word, e.g. «ashen, freshen, Rushan,
          Purzhan» ‹ashen, freshen, Russian, Persian› from «ash, fresh, Rusha,
          Purzha» ‹ash, fresh, Russia, Persia›.
        * The «tion» and «sion» spellings are preserved in derived words (e.g.
          «ri'laitionship, tra'ditionel, o'caisionel» ‹relationship, traditional,
          occasional›), even if the derived form is irregular (e.g. «nationel»
          ‹national› from «naition» ‹nation›).
        
        Disambiguating multigraphs (sequences of multiple characters representing a
        single sound or an r-colored vowel):
        
        * Spellings involving digraphs (such as «ch, sh, ss, ai, oa, oy, ur») and
          trigraphs (such as «arr, eer») are generally read from left to right: the
          first letter sequence that *can* be read as a multigraph *should* be read
          as such; e.g. «dueel» ‹dual *or* duel› is read as «d-ue-e-l» (/dj'u:@l/
          or /d'u:@l/), «layer» is read as «l-ay-er» (/l'eI@`/).
        * But the trigraphs «iai, uai» are read as «i» /i:/ or «u» /u:/ followed by
          «ai» (spoken /aI/ at the end of words, /eI/ otherwise), e.g.
          «a'preeshiait, flucchuait, raidiai» ‹appreciate, fluctuate, radii›.
        * «oic» at the end of words is always spoken /oUIk/ (two separate vowels),
          e.g. «hi'roic, stoic» ‹heroic...›.
        * Since final /OI/ is spelled «oy», final «oi» unambiguously represents the
          two vowels /oUi:/. This combination occasionally occurs in derived words,
          e.g. «shoi» ‹showy› from «sho» ‹show›.
        * Double «rr» always forms a trigraph with the vowel to its left, e.g.
          «Februerri» ‹February› is read as «F-e-b-r-u-err-i».
        * In cases where the previous rules would lead to a misreading, Lytspel
          recommends inserting a hyphen to indicate the correct reading, e.g.
          «Cro-at, po-it, co-in'syd, co-ope'raition, su-er, Lu-eesi'ana,
          Aalts-hymer, sheeps-hed» ‹Croat, poet, coincide, cooperation, sewer,
          Louisiana, Alzheimer, sheepshead›.
        * Those who prefer a more classical form may omit the hyphen between two
          vowels and place a diaeresis over the second one, e.g. «Croät, poït,
          coïn'syd, coöpe'raition, Luëesi'ana».
        * Multigraphs ending in «r» may be interrupted by a stress marker before
          the final «r» and are still read as multigraphs, e.g. «co-ope'raition,
          hor'rific» ‹cooperation, horrific›. The multigraph «ss» is broken in the
          middle, e.g. «as'sumption» ‹assumption›.
        * Other multigraphs are never interrupted by a stress marker, hence in such
          cases a marker has the same effect as a hyphen: it indicates that the
          letters to the left and to the right of it should be read in isolation,
          e.g. «co'operait» ‹cooperate›.
        * In particular, the vowel multigraphs «aw, ay, ow, oy» /O:, eI, aU, OI/
          are *not* broken in the rare cases where a stressed vowel follows, to
          prevent misreadings. Contrast «draw'ee» ‹drawee› with «a'waik» ‹awake›,
          «cay'otic» ‹chaotic› with  «ga'yaal» ‹gayal›.
        * Hyphens are generally not inserted between a base word and a suffix, e.g.
          «truer» from «tru» ‹true›.
        * After a prefix or the first part of a compound, a hyphen is only inserted
          if the last letter of the first part and the first letter of the second
          part would otherwise form one of the combinations «oa, oi, oo, ou, iu»
          (each of which represents a single vowel), e.g. «thro-away, co-ig'zist,
          blo-out, poli-un'sacheraited» ‹throwaway, coexist, blowout,
          polyunsaturated›. In other cases, no hyphens are inserted, e.g.
          «shorthand».
        * Writers may, of course, insert a hyphen (or a diaeresis) between the
          parts of an affixed or compound word whenever they consider such a visual
          separator helpful to prevent misreadings or confusion.
        
        Rules for derived and related words:
        
        * In front of suffixes starting with «e, i, y», final «c» is changed to
          «k», e.g. «trafiking» ‹trafficking› from «trafic» ‹traffic›.
        * Final «c» remains unchanged in front of such suffixes if its
          pronunciation changes from /k/ to /s/, e.g. «publicist, publicys»
          ‹...publicize› from «public».
        * In front of suffixes consisting in a single consonant («d, n, s»), final
          «i» (unstressed /i:/) becomes «ie» to mark it as long, e.g. «studied»
          from «studi» ‹study›, «vairies» ‹varies› from «vairi» ‹vary›. Otherwise
          forms such as «\*studid» would look like «splendid», but be spoken quite
          differently.
        * To prevent misreadings, final «o» /oU/ is changed back to «oa» and final
          «u» /u:/ to «uu» in front of the same suffixes, e.g. «foload» ‹followed›
          from «folo» ‹follow›, «chuud» ‹chewed› from «chu» ‹chew›, «throan»
          ‹thrown› from «thro» ‹throw›, «struun» ‹strewn› from «stru» ‹strew›,
          «po'taitoas» ‹potatoes› from «po'taito» ‹potato›, «shuus» ‹shoes› from
          «shu» ‹shoe›.
        * A schwa /@/ at the start of suffixes is written as «a» if the base word
          ends in /i:/ or /u:/, e.g. «eesiast» ‹easiest› from «eesi» ‹easy›,
          «vairiabl» ‹variable› from «vairi» ‹vary›, «duabl» ‹doable› from «du»
          ‹do›, «a'greeabl» ‹agreeable› from «a'gree» ‹agree›. This ensures
          consistency with the combined spellings «ia» and «ua» used elsewhere (see
          above) and prevents confusion with «ie» in words such as «studied». But
          note that r-colored schwa remains «er», e.g. «eesier» ‹easier›.
        * As noted above, the schwa is omitted between certain consonants and final
          «l» or «m». To prevent misreadings, the omitted schwa is restored as «e»
          in front of the suffixes «ait/et, erri, ism, ist, oid, uss, ys» ‹ate,
          ary, ..., ous, ise/ize› as well as before stressed «ee», e.g.
          «en'capselait» ‹encapsulate› from «capssl» ‹capsule›, «piupelerri»
          ‹pupillary› from «piupl» ‹pupil›, «vandelism» ‹vandalism› from «vandl»
          ‹vandal›, «iuni'vurselism» ‹universalism› from «iuni'vurssl» ‹universal›,
          «voakelist» ‹vocalist› from «voacl» ‹vocal›, «cristelys, cristeloid»
          ‹crystallize, crystalloid› from «cristl» ‹crystal›, «lybeluss» ‹libelous›
          and «lybe'lee» ‹libelee› from «lybl» ‹libel›. The obvious exception are
          derived words where no schwa is spoken, e.g. «syclys» ‹cyclize› from
          «sycl» ‹cycle›, «simplism» from «simpl» ‹simple›.
        * Otherwise, end-of-word spellings are preserved in all derived forms as
          long as the base word doesn't change (except for possible shifts of
          stress), e.g.
        
          * «c» representing /k/: «publicli, publi'caition» ‹publicly, publication›
            from «public»; «me'canics, me'canicl» ‹mechanics, mechanical› from
            «me'canic» ‹mechanic›
          * «k» representing /k/: «weeks, weekli» ‹...weekly› from «week»
          * «ss» representing /s/: «classic» from «class»; «con'vinssd,
            con'vinssing» ‹convinced, convincing› from «con'vinss» ‹convince»;
            «a'nounssment» ‹announcement› from «a'nounss» ‹announce›; «prinssess»
            ‹princess› from «prinss» ‹prince›
          * «a» representing /@/: «extras» from «extra», «A'merrican» ‹American›
            from «A'merrica» ‹America›
          * «aw» representing /O:/: «draws, drawn, drawing» from «draw»
          * «i» representing unstressed /i:/: «fansiful, fansiing» ‹fanciful,
            fancying› from «fansi» ‹fancy›; «hapiness» ‹happiness› from «hapi»
            ‹happy›
          * «oy» representing /OI/: «de'stroys, de'stroyd, de'stroyer» ‹destroys,
            destroyed, destroyer› from «de'stroy» ‹destroy›
          * «y» representing /aI/ (unchanged even before vowels): «hyer» ‹higher›
            from «hy» ‹high›; «su'plyer» ‹supplier› from «su'ply» ‹supply›
          * «yr» representing /aI@`/: «in'spyrd» ‹inspired› from «in'spyr»
            ‹inspire›
        
        * They are also preserved in compounds, e.g. «bakground, extrate'restriel,
          fyrwurks›» ‹background, extraterrestrial, fireworks›.
        * If the pronunciation of the base word itself changes (beyond mere shifts
          of stress), the spelling reflects this, e.g. «creecher» ‹creature› from
          «cri'ait» ‹create›; «dis'cution» ‹discussion› from «dis'cuss» ‹discuss›;
          «con'cluusion» ‹conclusion› from «con'cluud» ‹conclude›; «acchual»
          ‹actual› from «act»; «as'sumption» ‹assumption› from «as'suum» ‹assume›;
          «men'taliti» ‹mentality› from «mentl» ‹mental›.
        * The past tense of regular verbs is formed by appending «ed» if /@d/ is
          spoken (e.g. «se'lected, waisted» ‹selected, wasted›), «d» if /d/ or /t/
          is spoken (e.g. «ri'veeld, con'siderd, payd, fixd, con'vinssd» ‹revealed,
          considered, paid, fixed, convinced›). The past tense of irregular verbs
          is spelled as it's spoken, e.g. «kept» from «keep».
        * While in tradspell a noun and a related verb are often written the same
          even if spoken differently, in Lytspel the spelling reflects the actual
          pronunciation, e.g. «a suspect, to sus'pect; a rekerd, to ri'coard; a
          houss, to hous» ‹a suspect, to suspect; a record, to record; a house, to
          house›.
        * Normally Lytspel doesn't use double consonants, except in those cases
          where a double consonant is spoken differently than a single one (e.g.
          «ss» spoken /s/ in certain contexts where «s» is spoken /z/). However,
          double consonants can also occur if they belong to different parts of a
          compound or if one belongs to a prefix or suffix and the other to the
          base word, e.g. «toatelli, suuper'reejennel, un'nececeri» ‹totally,
          superregional, unnecessary›.
        * Unstressed final /Iks/ traditionally written ‹ics› is treated as if it is
          a plural (and hence written «ics») even if the corresponding singular
          form (ending in /Ik/) is unknown or rarely used, e.g. «astro'fisics,
          daia'netics» ‹astrophysics, dianetics›. This is for consistency with the
          many cases where «ics» /Iks/ indeed marks a plural or quasi-plural, e.g.
          «ilec'tronics» ‹electronics› from «ilec'tronic» ‹electronic›.
        * For consistency with forms derived by appending «li» ‹ly› to words ending
          in «cl» ‹cal› (e.g. «practiclli» ‹practically› from «practicl»
          ‹practical›), all forms derived by appending ‹ally› (pronounced /@li:/ or
          /li:/) to words ending in «c« are written «clli», e.g. «baissiclli»
          ‹basically› from «baissic» ‹basic› «spe'cificlli» ‹specifically› from
          «spe'cific» ‹specific›.
        
        Irregular words:
        
        * The vowels in the articles «dhe, a, an» ‹the...› retain their traditional
          spelling.
        * «ey» ‹eye› is written irregularly to distinguish it from «y» ‹I› and for
          easier recognition in compounds such as «fishey» ‹fisheye›.
        * «noa» ‹know› is written somewhat irregularly to distinguish it from «no».
        * «oa» ‹owe› is written somewhat irregularly since a verb with just one
          letter could be confusing (and also to distinguish it from the
          interjection «o» ‹oh›).
        * «tuu» ‹too *or* two› is written somewhat irregularly to distinguish it
          from «tu» ‹to›.
        
        Uses of the apostrophe:
        
        * Lytspel uses an apostrophe to mark the syllable that carries the main
          stress (provided it's not the first one). Additionally, as in tradspell,
          apostrophes are used to mark genitives and contractions.
        * «'s» is for the genitive (as in tradspell) and for contractions with «is,
          has», e.g. «Linda's sister, dhair's» ‹...there's›.
        * «'d» is used for contractions with «had, wood, shood» ‹...would, should›,
          e.g. «it'd».
        * «'l» ‹'ll› is used for contractions with «wil, shal» ‹will, shall›, e.g.
          «shi'l» ‹she'll›.
        * The contraction «y'm» ‹I'm› is short for «y am» ‹I am›.
        * «'r» ‹'re› is used for contractions with «ar» ‹are›, e.g. «dhay'r»
          ‹they're›.
        * «'v» ‹'ve› is used for contractions with «hav» ‹have›, e.g. «iu'v»
          ‹you've›.
        * «n't» is used for contractions with «not» where the /Q/ is not spoken,
          e.g. «shoodn't» ‹shouldn't›. If the first word ends in «n», the second
          «n» is omitted: «can't» from «can not». In a few cases, the first word
          may be further contracted: «ain't» for one of «am/is/ar/has/hav not»
          ‹am/is/are/has/have not›, «han't» for «has/hav not» ‹has/have not›,
          «shan't» for «shal not» ‹shall not›, «woan't» ‹won't» for «wil not». The
          pronunciations of «doan't» ‹don't› and «musn't» ‹mustn't› differ from the
          uncontracted forms, and the spelling reflects this.
        * In all these cases, the genitive or contraction marker is inserted after
          the last vowel and hence cannot be confused with a stress marker.
        * In other cases, a traditional contraction marker doubles as a stress
          marker in Lytspel, e.g. «o'clok» ‹o'clock› for «ov dhe clok» ‹of the
          clock›.
        * This also applies to Irish names starting with «O'», e.g. «O'Coner,
          O'Neel» ‹O'Connor, O'Neil›. The capitalized «O'» is spoken /oU/ (as in
          «boat»). Of course, proper names can be spelled as they please, so many
          names won't be regularized according to the Lytspel rules.
        * In the nonstandard expression ‹y'all›, short for «iu all» ‹you all›, the
          contraction marker is placed in front of the stressed vowel, marking the
          original word boundary.
        * In a few cases, words are contracted by eliminating a syllable or a sound
          for brevity or for literary effect. In these cases, Lytspel recommends
          placing a contraction marker before the final consonant in monosyllabic
          words («ai'r, nai'r, oa'r, ee'n, ma'm, bru'r» ‹e'er, ne'er, o'er, e'en,
          ma'am, br'er› from «ever, never, oaver, eeven, madem, brudher» ‹...,
          over, even, madam, brother›) and just using a regular stress marker
          otherwise («wair'air, wairso'air, nor'eester» ‹where'er, wheresoe'er,
          nor'easter› from «wair'ever, wairso'ever, north'eester» ‹wherever,
          wheresoever, northeaster›).
        
        Inner capitalization instead of stress marker:
        
        * Various Scottish and Irish names start with ‹Mc› or ‹Mac› /m@k/ followed
          by a capitalized and stressed second syllable. Lytspel recommends writing
          these names with «Mc» and omitting the stress marker, e.g. «McAdem,
          McDonel» ‹McAdam, McDonnell›. If the stressed syllable starts with a /k/
          sound, that letter is capitalized (and repeated after the initial «Mc»),
          e.g. «McCarti, McKee, McQueen» ‹McCarty...›. If any other syllable is
          stressed, Lytspel recommend writing the word regularly without inner
          capitalization, e.g. «Makintosh» ‹Macintosh *or* McIntosh›.
        
        
        ## English as an International Language
        
        As an international language, English is currently written and spoken quite
        differently in various parts of the world.
        
        On the one hand, by using a phonetic spelling, Lytspel eliminates most
        differences that traditionally exist between written British (BE) and
        American English (AE), e.g. «culer, senter, orgenys, anelys, lycenss,
        catalog, aijing, program, chek, gray» ‹colour/color, centre/center,
        organise/organize, analyse/analyze, licence/license, catalogue/catalog,
        ageing/aging, programme/program, cheque/check, grey/gray›.
        
        On the other hand, tailoring Lytspel to faithfully represent just one
        regional variety would cause many deviations from the alphabetic principle
        for everyone else. And creating different variants of Lytspel each fitting
        just one regional variety would introduce even larger differences between
        different regional varieties of written English than traditionally exist
        between BE and AE.
        
        Instead of going down either of theses routes, Lytspel had been designed as
        some kind of "global compromise." It aims to keep the phonetic principle
        reasonably intact for all varieties of spoken English, and particularly for
        RP (since the English language originates in England) and GA (since the
        United States are the country with the highest number of native English
        speakers).
        
        Various details of the Lytspel spellings have already been motivated above
        as representing sound distinctions that exist either in RP or in GA, and
        the «ue» and «uer» spellings are a compromise used in words spoken
        differently in RP and GA. But such compromises are not almost possible
        without making the written language extremely complex and unwieldy. In
        other cases, Lytspel therefore resolves differences between RP and GA by
        preferring the spelling that keeps the written language more similar to
        tradspell:
        
        * «a» is used if one variety speaks /a/ and the other /A/, e.g. «last»
        * «o» is used if one variety speaks /Q/ and the other /O:/, e.g. «cloth»
        * «o» is also used if one variety speaks /Q/ and the other /V/, e.g. «from»
        * «i» is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /I/ or /aI/,
          e.g. «di'rect, di'vurss» ‹direct, diverse›.
        * If a vowel is spoken as a schwa or omitted altogether in some regions, as
          /aI/ elsewhere, Lytspel generally uses «i» /I/ as a compromise, e.g.
          «ajil, vursetil», ‹agile, versatile›.
        * Otherwise, if a vowel is spoken with a full vowel sound in some regions,
          while reduced to a schwa or omitted altogether elsewhere, Lytspel tends
          to write the full version, e.g. «categoari, militerri, prymerri,
          roazmairi, testimoani» ‹category, military, primary, rosemary,
          testimony›.
        
        If speakers in different regions tend to stress different syllables,
        Lytspel usually places the stress early rather than late, e.g. «an adress,
        decaid, truncait, weekend» ‹an address, decade, truncate...›. But in case
        of originally foreign words where a late stress placement corresponds to
        the pronunciation in the original language, it is often preserved, e.g.
        «ca'feen, expoa'say» ‹caffeine, exposé›.
        
        TODO Describe additional compromise decisions, e.g.
        
          * The one that's more similar to the traditionel spelling is preferred.
          * A short vowel such as /@, E, I/ is preferred over a long one such as
            /aI, i:/.
          * If one variety speaks /Vr/ and the other /3:/, «urr» is used if the
            traditional spelling includes ‹rr› (e.g. «current»), otherwise «ur» is
            used (e.g. «curij» ‹courage›)?
          * «er» is used if RP has /@/ and GA has /y@`/, e.g. «figer» ‹figure›?
          * Document that stress marker--free variant is preferred in doubt, e.g.
            «adult» rather than «*a'dult», «to dictait» ‹to dictate› rather than
            «to *dic'tate», «sabetaazh» ‹sabotage› rather than «*sabo'taazh».
        
        Cf. [American and British English pronunciation
        differences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_pronunciation_differences)
        and [Different spellings for different
        pronunciations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#Different_spellings_for_different_pronunciations).
        
        
        
        ## Limitations of the Current Dictionary
        
        The Lytspel dictionary, as currently published, can distinguish between
        words traditionally written the same but pronounced differently
        (heteronyms) as long as their grammatical role in a sentence is different
        -- one is a noun, while the other is a verb, for example. This allows
        distinguishing the verb «cloas» ‹close› from the adjective «cloass», the
        noun «object» from the verb «ob'ject», etc. («Dhay wur tu cloass to dhe
        doar to cloas it.» ‹They were too close to the door to close it.› / «Y did
        not ob'ject to dhe object.» ‹I did not object to the object.›)
        
        However, heteronyms are currently only disambiguated by their grammatical
        role (commonly known as *part of speech,* or *POS*), hence if two
        heteronyms share the same grammatical role, the dictionary will list only
        one of them. The other one should, of course, nevertheless be used when
        appropriate. Words where this is the case include (the missing spelling is
        listed in parentheses):
        
        * ‹bass›: «baiss» (or «bass» for various fish species)
        * ‹drawer›: «dror» (or «drawer» for a person who draws)
        * ‹micrometer›: «my'cromiter» (a measuring device; or «mycromeeter» for the
          millionth part of a meter)
        * ‹prayer›: «prair» (or «prayer» for a person who prays)
        * ‹read›: «reed» (or «red» for the past tense)
        * ‹subsequence›: «subsiquenss» (for some subsequent occurrence; or
          «subseequenss» for a sequence derived from another sequence)
        * ‹taxis›: «taxies» (multiple taxis, or taxicabs; or «taxiss», a scientific
          term)
        * ‹tier›: «teer» (or «tyer» for a person who ties)
        
        
        ## Overview
        
        TODO This section is older and partially outdated.
        
        This phoneng program suite (short for: Phonetic English) shows how English
        is pronounced and offers an alternative spelling system that is more
        consistent and easier to learn and use than the traditional spelling.
        
        TODO These programs aren't implemented yet.
        The `pronounce` command shows how English texts are pronounced. The
        `lytspel` command converts them into a simplified spelling.
        
        The provided tools can also be used to implement your own spelling reform
        proposals or to adapt the chosen respellings as needed.
        
        
        ## Installation
        
        The phoneng program suite is written in
        [Haskell](https://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Haskell). To build it from
        source, you need the [Cabal](https://www.haskell.org/cabal/) build system.
        If you use a Debian-based system, install the `cabal-install` package to
        get it.
        
        Afterwards clone this repository from GitHub and run the following commands
        in the main directory:
        
            cabal configure && cabal build && cabal install
        
        The compiled programs should now be in your path and ready to run.
        
        
        ## Usage
        
        TODO document
        
        
        ## Files and File Formats
        
        All files are in UTF-8 format (some of them may use just the ASCII subset).
        
        *Line files* (extension: .txt) have one entry per line; line breaks in entries
        are therefore not allowed.
        
        *Key-value files* (extension: .txt) are line files where each line represents
        a key/value pair. Keys and values are separated by ':'; trailing comments
        introduced by '#' are stripped. No escape syntax is supported, hence keys
        cannot contain ':', values cannot contain '#', and neither can contain line
        breaks.
        
        
        ### Files in data Directory
        
        TODO Update this section.
        
          * `cmudict-phonemes.txt`: key-value file containing a mapping from the
            phonemes used in cmudict to the corresponding Phonetic English
            phonemes. Used by the `dictbuilder` program.
        
          * `custom.csv`: CSV file listing those words for which a specific
            pronunciation should be used. The case of the words listed in the
            first field is ignored. The second field may contain the following
            values:
        
              * B: use British (RP) pronunciation
              * A: use American (GA) pronunciation
              * P: use the PhonEng pronunciation
              * D: don't add the word to the output dictionary (used for rare
                foreign words or names)
              * O: leave the spelling of the word unchanged
              * Alternatively, a custom pronunciation may be given which is then
                used to generate the final spelling
        
            Manually created file; used by `lytspelify`.
        
          * `moby-phonemes.txt`: key-value file containing a mapping from the phonemes
            used in Moby to the corresponding Phonetic English phonemes. Used by the
            `dictbuilder` program.
        
          * `words-not-in-scowl.txt`: Line file containing words that aren't listed in
            SCOWL but should become part of the pronunciation dictionary. Used by the
            `dictbuilder` program.
        
          * `phonetic-dict.txt`: Line file containing a mapping from words to their
            pronunciations. If there is just a single pronunciations, the entry is
            written as `word: pron`. If the pronunciation of a word depends on which
            POS (part-of-speed) it is, it is written as `word/n: pron1; v: pron2`
            (where "n", "v" etc. are POS tags). Redirects are written as `word:>
            target`, e.g. `colour:> color`. Generated by the `dictbuilder` program.
        
        
        ## History: Steps used to Generate the Phonetic Dictionary
        
        Some of the following steps require manual intervention. They are described
        here to document the history of phoneng.
        
        Downloaded and installed knowledge sources:
        
          * Downloaded SCOWL and VarCon from [SCOWL And
            Friends](http://wordlist.aspell.net/) -- version 2014.08.11 was used to
            create the distributed dictionary. Unzipped both of them within the `data`
            directory and renamed the resulting subdirectories to `scowl` and `varcon`.
          * Downloaded the [CMU Pronouncing
            Dictionary](http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/cmudict) -- version 0.7a
            was used to create the distributed dictionary. It's enough to download the
            file `cmudict.0.7a` and store it in a new `data` subdirectory named
            `cmudict`.
          * Downloaded the [Moby Pronunciation List by Grady
            Ward](http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3205). Created a `data` subdirectory
            named `moby` and unzipped it there.
        
        Then run `make` from within the `data` directory, that should handle the
        rest. TODO Document PATH requirements.
        
        TODO Or execute the following commands manually (the rest of this section
        is outdated and should be deleted or possibly cleaned up):
        
        Invoked the `dictbuilder` program within the `data` directory. This writes
        a file called `phonetic-dict.txt`.
        
        Invoked the `csvdict` script. This writes a file called
        `phoneng-espeak-dict.csv`.
        
        Invoked the `mergeprons` script. This writes a file called `phonetic-dict.csv`.
        
        Invoked the `lytspelify` script. This writes a file called `lytspel-dict.csv`.
        
Keywords: english spelling reform lytspel
Platform: UNKNOWN
Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: ISC License (ISCL)
Classifier: Natural Language :: English
Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Classifier: Topic :: Communications
Classifier: Topic :: Text Processing :: Linguistic
Requires-Python: >=3.4
Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
