title = "Non-Destructive Testing of Welds"

content = """
Non-destructive testing (NDT) of welds detects internal and surface discontinuities without damaging the component. At Ridgecrest Metalworks, NDT is applied to welds on pressure vessels, structural critical joints, and components where customer specifications or codes mandate it. NDT personnel must be certified to ASNT SNT-TC-1A or CP-189 Level II or III for each method they perform.

Magnetic Particle Inspection (MT) detects surface and near-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials (carbon and low-alloy steels). The part is magnetized (using a yoke, prod electrodes, or coil), and iron-based magnetic particle suspension is applied to the surface. Discontinuities interrupt the magnetic field and cause particles to accumulate, revealing their location as visible indications. MT can detect surface cracks, laps, and seams very sensitively. It cannot be used on non-ferromagnetic materials (stainless steel, aluminum).

Liquid Penetrant Inspection (PT) detects surface-open discontinuities in any solid, non-porous material—applicable to stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium welds. Penetrant fluid is applied to the clean surface, allowed to dwell (soak into discontinuities), removed from the surface, and a developer applied that draws the penetrant out of discontinuities, creating visible indications. Fluorescent penetrants (viewed under UV light) are more sensitive than visible dye penetrants.

Ultrasonic Testing (UT) detects internal discontinuities (porosity, lack of fusion, cracks, slag inclusions) throughout the weld volume. A transducer sends ultrasonic sound pulses into the metal; reflections from discontinuities are detected and displayed on a screen. Pulse-echo UT allows measurement of discontinuity depth and size. Phased Array UT (PAUT) uses an array of ultrasonic elements that can electronically steer and focus beams, providing more complete coverage and better sensitivity. PAUT with Total Focusing Method (TFM) is increasingly used as an alternative to radiography.

Radiographic Testing (RT) uses X-ray or gamma-ray sources to expose radiographic film placed behind the weld. Internal discontinuities appear as density differences on the film image. RT provides a permanent image record and is well-suited for porosity, slag inclusions, and incomplete penetration. Radiation safety—controlled areas, dosimetry, and work permits—is strictly enforced. RT is increasingly being replaced by digital radiography (DR) and computed tomography (CT) for efficiency.
"""

version = "0.0.1"
