"""
# PPO Experiment with Atari Breakout

This experiment runs PPO  Atari Breakout game on OpenAI Gym.
It runs the [game environments on multiple processes](game.html) to sample efficiently.
"""

from typing import Dict, List

import numpy as np
import torch
from torch import nn
from torch import optim
from torch.distributions import Categorical

from labml import monit, tracker, logger, experiment
from labml_helpers.module import Module
from labml_nn.rl.ppo import ClippedPPOLoss, ClippedValueFunctionLoss
from labml_nn.rl.ppo.gae import GAE
from labml_nn.rl.game import Worker

if torch.cuda.is_available():
    device = torch.device("cuda:0")
else:
    device = torch.device("cpu")


class Model(Module):
    """
    ## Model
    """

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        # The first convolution layer takes a
        # 84x84 frame and produces a 20x20 frame
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=4, out_channels=32, kernel_size=8, stride=4)

        # The second convolution layer takes a
        # 20x20 frame and produces a 9x9 frame
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=32, out_channels=64, kernel_size=4, stride=2)

        # The third convolution layer takes a
        # 9x9 frame and produces a 7x7 frame
        self.conv3 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=64, out_channels=64, kernel_size=3, stride=1)

        # A fully connected layer takes the flattened
        # frame from third convolution layer, and outputs
        # 512 features
        self.lin = nn.Linear(in_features=7 * 7 * 64, out_features=512)

        # A fully connected layer to get logits for $\pi$
        self.pi_logits = nn.Linear(in_features=512, out_features=4)

        # A fully connected layer to get value function
        self.value = nn.Linear(in_features=512, out_features=1)

        #
        self.activation = nn.ReLU()

    def __call__(self, obs: torch.Tensor):
        h = self.activation(self.conv1(obs))
        h = self.activation(self.conv2(h))
        h = self.activation(self.conv3(h))
        h = h.reshape((-1, 7 * 7 * 64))

        h = self.activation(self.lin(h))

        pi = Categorical(logits=self.pi_logits(h))
        value = self.value(h).reshape(-1)

        return pi, value


def obs_to_torch(obs: np.ndarray) -> torch.Tensor:
    """Scale observations from `[0, 255]` to `[0, 1]`"""
    return torch.tensor(obs, dtype=torch.float32, device=device) / 255.


class Trainer:
    """
    ## Trainer
    """
    def __init__(self):
        # #### Configurations

        # number of updates
        self.updates = 10000
        # number of epochs to train the model with sampled data
        self.epochs = 4
        # number of worker processes
        self.n_workers = 8
        # number of steps to run on each process for a single update
        self.worker_steps = 128
        # number of mini batches
        self.n_mini_batch = 4
        # total number of samples for a single update
        self.batch_size = self.n_workers * self.worker_steps
        # size of a mini batch
        self.mini_batch_size = self.batch_size // self.n_mini_batch
        assert (self.batch_size % self.n_mini_batch == 0)

        # #### Initialize

        # create workers
        self.workers = [Worker(47 + i) for i in range(self.n_workers)]

        # initialize tensors for observations
        self.obs = np.zeros((self.n_workers, 4, 84, 84), dtype=np.uint8)
        for worker in self.workers:
            worker.child.send(("reset", None))
        for i, worker in enumerate(self.workers):
            self.obs[i] = worker.child.recv()

        # model
        self.model = Model().to(device)

        # optimizer
        self.optimizer = optim.Adam(self.model.parameters(), lr=2.5e-4)

        # GAE with $\gamma = 0.99$ and $\lambda = 0.95$
        self.gae = GAE(self.n_workers, self.worker_steps, 0.99, 0.95)

        # PPO Loss
        self.ppo_loss = ClippedPPOLoss()

        # Value Loss
        self.value_loss = ClippedValueFunctionLoss()

    def sample(self) -> Dict[str, torch.Tensor]:
        """
        ### Sample data with current policy
        """

        rewards = np.zeros((self.n_workers, self.worker_steps), dtype=np.float32)
        actions = np.zeros((self.n_workers, self.worker_steps), dtype=np.int32)
        done = np.zeros((self.n_workers, self.worker_steps), dtype=np.bool)
        obs = np.zeros((self.n_workers, self.worker_steps, 4, 84, 84), dtype=np.uint8)
        log_pis = np.zeros((self.n_workers, self.worker_steps), dtype=np.float32)
        values = np.zeros((self.n_workers, self.worker_steps + 1), dtype=np.float32)

        with torch.no_grad():
            # sample `worker_steps` from each worker
            for t in range(self.worker_steps):
                # `self.obs` keeps track of the last observation from each worker,
                #  which is the input for the model to sample the next action
                obs[:, t] = self.obs
                # sample actions from $\pi_{\theta_{OLD}}$ for each worker;
                #  this returns arrays of size `n_workers`
                pi, v = self.model(obs_to_torch(self.obs))
                values[:, t] = v.cpu().numpy()
                a = pi.sample()
                actions[:, t] = a.cpu().numpy()
                log_pis[:, t] = pi.log_prob(a).cpu().numpy()

                # run sampled actions on each worker
                for w, worker in enumerate(self.workers):
                    worker.child.send(("step", actions[w, t]))

                for w, worker in enumerate(self.workers):
                    # get results after executing the actions
                    self.obs[w], rewards[w, t], done[w, t], info = worker.child.recv()

                    # collect episode info, which is available if an episode finished;
                    #  this includes total reward and length of the episode -
                    #  look at `Game` to see how it works.
                    # We also add a game frame to it for monitoring.
                    if info:
                        tracker.add('reward', info['reward'])
                        tracker.add('length', info['length'])

            # Get value of after the final step
            _, v = self.model(obs_to_torch(self.obs))
            values[:, self.worker_steps] = v.cpu().numpy()

        # calculate advantages
        advantages = self.gae(done, rewards, values)

        #
        samples = {
            'obs': obs,
            'actions': actions,
            'values': values[:, :-1],
            'log_pis': log_pis,
            'advantages': advantages
        }

        # samples are currently in `[workers, time_step]` table,
        # we should flatten it for training
        samples_flat = {}
        for k, v in samples.items():
            v = v.reshape(v.shape[0] * v.shape[1], *v.shape[2:])
            if k == 'obs':
                samples_flat[k] = obs_to_torch(v)
            else:
                samples_flat[k] = torch.tensor(v, device=device)

        return samples_flat

    def train(self, samples: Dict[str, torch.Tensor], learning_rate: float, clip_range: float):
        """
        ### Train the model based on samples
        """

        # It learns faster with a higher number of epochs,
        #  but becomes a little unstable; that is,
        #  the average episode reward does not monotonically increase
        #  over time.
        # May be reducing the clipping range might solve it.
        for _ in range(self.epochs):
            # shuffle for each epoch
            indexes = torch.randperm(self.batch_size)

            # for each mini batch
            for start in range(0, self.batch_size, self.mini_batch_size):
                # get mini batch
                end = start + self.mini_batch_size
                mini_batch_indexes = indexes[start: end]
                mini_batch = {}
                for k, v in samples.items():
                    mini_batch[k] = v[mini_batch_indexes]

                # train
                loss = self._calc_loss(clip_range=clip_range,
                                       samples=mini_batch)

                # compute gradients
                for pg in self.optimizer.param_groups:
                    pg['lr'] = learning_rate
                self.optimizer.zero_grad()
                loss.backward()
                torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(self.model.parameters(), max_norm=0.5)
                self.optimizer.step()

    @staticmethod
    def _normalize(adv: torch.Tensor):
        """#### Normalize advantage function"""
        return (adv - adv.mean()) / (adv.std() + 1e-8)

    def _calc_loss(self, samples: Dict[str, torch.Tensor], clip_range: float) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        ### Calculate total loss
        """

        # $R_t$ returns sampled from $\pi_{\theta_{OLD}}$
        sampled_return = samples['values'] + samples['advantages']

        # $\bar{A_t} = \frac{\hat{A_t} - \mu(\hat{A_t})}{\sigma(\hat{A_t})}$,
        # where $\hat{A_t}$ is advantages sampled from $\pi_{\theta_{OLD}}$.
        # Refer to sampling function in [Main class](#main) below
        #  for the calculation of $\hat{A}_t$.
        sampled_normalized_advantage = self._normalize(samples['advantages'])

        # Sampled observations are fed into the model to get $\pi_\theta(a_t|s_t)$ and $V^{\pi_\theta}(s_t)$;
        #  we are treating observations as state
        pi, value = self.model(samples['obs'])

        # $-\log \pi_\theta (a_t|s_t)$, $a_t$ are actions sampled from $\pi_{\theta_{OLD}}$
        log_pi = pi.log_prob(samples['actions'])

        # Calculate policy loss
        policy_loss = self.ppo_loss(log_pi, samples['log_pis'], sampled_normalized_advantage, clip_range)

        # Calculate Entropy Bonus
        #
        # $\mathcal{L}^{EB}(\theta) =
        #  \mathbb{E}\Bigl[ S\bigl[\pi_\theta\bigr] (s_t) \Bigr]$
        entropy_bonus = pi.entropy()
        entropy_bonus = entropy_bonus.mean()

        # Calculate value function loss
        value_loss = self.value_loss(value, samples['values'], sampled_return, clip_range)

        # $\mathcal{L}^{CLIP+VF+EB} (\theta) =
        #  \mathcal{L}^{CLIP} (\theta) +
        #  c_1 \mathcal{L}^{VF} (\theta) - c_2 \mathcal{L}^{EB}(\theta)$
        loss = policy_loss + 0.5 * value_loss - 0.01 * entropy_bonus

        # for monitoring
        approx_kl_divergence = .5 * ((samples['log_pis'] - log_pi) ** 2).mean()

        # Add to tracker
        tracker.add({'policy_reward': -policy_loss,
                     'value_loss': value_loss,
                     'entropy_bonus': entropy_bonus,
                     'kl_div': approx_kl_divergence,
                     'clip_fraction': self.ppo_loss.clip_fraction})

        return loss

    def run_training_loop(self):
        """
        ### Run training loop
        """

        # last 100 episode information
        tracker.set_queue('reward', 100, True)
        tracker.set_queue('length', 100, True)

        for update in monit.loop(self.updates):
            progress = update / self.updates

            # decreasing `learning_rate` and `clip_range` $\epsilon$
            learning_rate = 2.5e-4 * (1 - progress)
            clip_range = 0.1 * (1 - progress)

            # sample with current policy
            samples = self.sample()

            # train the model
            self.train(samples, learning_rate, clip_range)

            # write summary info to the writer, and log to the screen
            tracker.save()
            if (update + 1) % 1_000 == 0:
                logger.log()

    def destroy(self):
        """
        ### Destroy
        Stop the workers
        """
        for worker in self.workers:
            worker.child.send(("close", None))


# ## Run it
if __name__ == "__main__":
    experiment.create(name='ppo')
    m = Trainer()
    with experiment.start():
        m.run_training_loop()
    m.destroy()
