import os
import time
import copy
from pathlib import Path
from math import ceil
from contextlib import contextmanager, nullcontext
from functools import partial, wraps
from collections.abc import Iterable

import torch
from torch import nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch.utils.data import random_split, DataLoader
from torch.optim import Adam
from torch.optim.lr_scheduler import CosineAnnealingLR, LambdaLR
from torch.cuda.amp import autocast, GradScaler

import pytorch_warmup as warmup

from imagen_pytorch.imagen_pytorch import Imagen
from imagen_pytorch.elucidated_imagen import ElucidatedImagen
from imagen_pytorch.data import cycle

from imagen_pytorch.version import __version__
from packaging import version

import numpy as np

from ema_pytorch import EMA

from accelerate import Accelerator, DistributedType, DistributedDataParallelKwargs

from fsspec.core import url_to_fs
from fsspec.implementations.local import LocalFileSystem

# helper functions

def exists(val):
    return val is not None

def default(val, d):
    if exists(val):
        return val
    return d() if callable(d) else d

def cast_tuple(val, length = 1):
    if isinstance(val, list):
        val = tuple(val)
    
    return val if isinstance(val, tuple) else ((val,) * length)

def find_first(fn, arr):
    for ind, el in enumerate(arr):
        if fn(el):
            return ind
    return -1

def pick_and_pop(keys, d):
    values = list(map(lambda key: d.pop(key), keys))
    return dict(zip(keys, values))

def group_dict_by_key(cond, d):
    return_val = [dict(),dict()]
    for key in d.keys():
        match = bool(cond(key))
        ind = int(not match)
        return_val[ind][key] = d[key]
    return (*return_val,)

def string_begins_with(prefix, str):
    return str.startswith(prefix)

def group_by_key_prefix(prefix, d):
    return group_dict_by_key(partial(string_begins_with, prefix), d)

def groupby_prefix_and_trim(prefix, d):
    kwargs_with_prefix, kwargs = group_dict_by_key(partial(string_begins_with, prefix), d)
    kwargs_without_prefix = dict(map(lambda x: (x[0][len(prefix):], x[1]), tuple(kwargs_with_prefix.items())))
    return kwargs_without_prefix, kwargs

def num_to_groups(num, divisor):
    groups = num // divisor
    remainder = num % divisor
    arr = [divisor] * groups
    if remainder > 0:
        arr.append(remainder)
    return arr

# url to fs, bucket, path - for checkpointing to cloud

def url_to_bucket(url):
    if '://' not in url:
        return url

    _, suffix = url.split('://')

    if prefix in {'gs', 's3'}:
        return suffix.split('/')[0]
    else:
        raise ValueError(f'storage type prefix "{prefix}" is not supported yet')

# decorators

def eval_decorator(fn):
    def inner(model, *args, **kwargs):
        was_training = model.training
        model.eval()
        out = fn(model, *args, **kwargs)
        model.train(was_training)
        return out
    return inner

def cast_torch_tensor(fn):
    @wraps(fn)
    def inner(model, *args, **kwargs):
        device = kwargs.pop('_device', model.device)
        cast_device = kwargs.pop('_cast_device', True)

        kwargs_keys = kwargs.keys()
        all_args = (*args, *kwargs.values())
        split_kwargs_index = len(all_args) - len(kwargs_keys)
        all_args = tuple(map(lambda t: torch.from_numpy(t) if exists(t) and isinstance(t, np.ndarray) else t, all_args))

        if cast_device:
            all_args = tuple(map(lambda t: t.to(device) if exists(t) and isinstance(t, torch.Tensor) else t, all_args))

        args, kwargs_values = all_args[:split_kwargs_index], all_args[split_kwargs_index:]
        kwargs = dict(tuple(zip(kwargs_keys, kwargs_values)))

        out = fn(model, *args, **kwargs)
        return out
    return inner

# gradient accumulation functions

def split_iterable(it, split_size):
    accum = []
    for ind in range(ceil(len(it) / split_size)):
        start_index = ind * split_size
        accum.append(it[start_index: (start_index + split_size)])
    return accum

def split(t, split_size = None):
    if not exists(split_size):
        return t

    if isinstance(t, torch.Tensor):
        return t.split(split_size, dim = 0)

    if isinstance(t, Iterable):
        return split_iterable(t, split_size)

    return TypeError

def find_first(cond, arr):
    for el in arr:
        if cond(el):
            return el
    return None

def split_args_and_kwargs(*args, split_size = None, **kwargs):
    all_args = (*args, *kwargs.values())
    len_all_args = len(all_args)
    first_tensor = find_first(lambda t: isinstance(t, torch.Tensor), all_args)
    assert exists(first_tensor)

    batch_size = len(first_tensor)
    split_size = default(split_size, batch_size)
    num_chunks = ceil(batch_size / split_size)

    dict_len = len(kwargs)
    dict_keys = kwargs.keys()
    split_kwargs_index = len_all_args - dict_len

    split_all_args = [split(arg, split_size = split_size) if exists(arg) and isinstance(arg, (torch.Tensor, Iterable)) else ((arg,) * num_chunks) for arg in all_args]
    chunk_sizes = tuple(map(len, split_all_args[0]))

    for (chunk_size, *chunked_all_args) in tuple(zip(chunk_sizes, *split_all_args)):
        chunked_args, chunked_kwargs_values = chunked_all_args[:split_kwargs_index], chunked_all_args[split_kwargs_index:]
        chunked_kwargs = dict(tuple(zip(dict_keys, chunked_kwargs_values)))
        chunk_size_frac = chunk_size / batch_size
        yield chunk_size_frac, (chunked_args, chunked_kwargs)

# imagen trainer

def imagen_sample_in_chunks(fn):
    @wraps(fn)
    def inner(self, *args, max_batch_size = None, **kwargs):
        if not exists(max_batch_size):
            return fn(self, *args, **kwargs)

        if self.imagen.unconditional:
            batch_size = kwargs.get('batch_size')
            batch_sizes = num_to_groups(batch_size, max_batch_size)
            outputs = [fn(self, *args, **{**kwargs, 'batch_size': sub_batch_size}) for sub_batch_size in batch_sizes]
        else:
            outputs = [fn(self, *chunked_args, **chunked_kwargs) for _, (chunked_args, chunked_kwargs) in split_args_and_kwargs(*args, split_size = max_batch_size, **kwargs)]

        if isinstance(outputs[0], torch.Tensor):
            return torch.cat(outputs, dim = 0)

        return list(map(lambda t: torch.cat(t, dim = 0), list(zip(*outputs))))

    return inner

class ImagenTrainer(nn.Module):
    locked = False

    def __init__(
        self,
        imagen = None,
        imagen_checkpoint_path = None,
        use_ema = True,
        lr = 1e-4,
        eps = 1e-8,
        beta1 = 0.9,
        beta2 = 0.99,
        max_grad_norm = None,
        group_wd_params = True,
        warmup_steps = None,
        cosine_decay_max_steps = None,
        only_train_unet_number = None,
        fp16 = False,
        precision = None,
        split_batches = True,
        dl_tuple_output_keywords_names = ('images', 'text_embeds', 'text_masks', 'cond_images'),
        verbose = True,
        split_valid_fraction = 0.025,
        split_valid_from_train = False,
        split_random_seed = 42,
        checkpoint_path = None,
        checkpoint_every = None,
        checkpoint_fs = None,
        fs_kwargs: dict = None,
        max_checkpoints_keep = 20,
        **kwargs
    ):
        super().__init__()
        assert not ImagenTrainer.locked, 'ImagenTrainer can only be initialized once per process - for the sake of distributed training, you will now have to create a separate script to train each unet (or a script that accepts unet number as an argument)'
        assert exists(imagen) ^ exists(imagen_checkpoint_path), 'either imagen instance is passed into the trainer, or a checkpoint path that contains the imagen config'

        # determine filesystem, using fsspec, for saving to local filesystem or cloud

        self.fs = checkpoint_fs

        if not exists(self.fs):
            fs_kwargs = default(fs_kwargs, {})
            self.fs, _ = url_to_fs(default(checkpoint_path, './'), **fs_kwargs)

        assert isinstance(imagen, (Imagen, ElucidatedImagen))
        ema_kwargs, kwargs = groupby_prefix_and_trim('ema_', kwargs)

        # elucidated or not

        self.is_elucidated = isinstance(imagen, ElucidatedImagen)

        # create accelerator instance

        accelerate_kwargs, kwargs = groupby_prefix_and_trim('accelerate_', kwargs)

        assert not (fp16 and exists(precision)), 'either set fp16 = True or forward the precision ("fp16", "bf16") to Accelerator'
        accelerator_mixed_precision = default(precision, 'fp16' if fp16 else 'no')

        self.accelerator = Accelerator(**{
            'split_batches': split_batches,
            'mixed_precision': accelerator_mixed_precision,
            'kwargs_handlers': [DistributedDataParallelKwargs(find_unused_parameters = True)]
        , **accelerate_kwargs})

        ImagenTrainer.locked = self.is_distributed

        # grad scaler must be managed outside of accelerator

        grad_scaler_enabled = fp16

        # imagen, unets and ema unets

        self.imagen = imagen
        self.num_unets = len(self.imagen.unets)

        self.use_ema = use_ema and self.is_main
        self.ema_unets = nn.ModuleList([])

        # keep track of what unet is being trained on
        # only going to allow 1 unet training at a time

        self.ema_unet_being_trained_index = -1 # keeps track of which ema unet is being trained on

        # data related functions

        self.train_dl_iter = None
        self.train_dl = None

        self.valid_dl_iter = None
        self.valid_dl = None

        self.dl_tuple_output_keywords_names = dl_tuple_output_keywords_names

        # auto splitting validation from training, if dataset is passed in

        self.split_valid_from_train = split_valid_from_train

        assert 0 <= split_valid_fraction <= 1, 'split valid fraction must be between 0 and 1'
        self.split_valid_fraction = split_valid_fraction
        self.split_random_seed = split_random_seed

        # be able to finely customize learning rate, weight decay
        # per unet

        lr, eps, warmup_steps, cosine_decay_max_steps = map(partial(cast_tuple, length = self.num_unets), (lr, eps, warmup_steps, cosine_decay_max_steps))

        for ind, (unet, unet_lr, unet_eps, unet_warmup_steps, unet_cosine_decay_max_steps) in enumerate(zip(self.imagen.unets, lr, eps, warmup_steps, cosine_decay_max_steps)):
            optimizer = Adam(
                unet.parameters(),
                lr = unet_lr,
                eps = unet_eps,
                betas = (beta1, beta2),
                **kwargs
            )

            if self.use_ema:
                self.ema_unets.append(EMA(unet, **ema_kwargs))

            scaler = GradScaler(enabled = grad_scaler_enabled)

            scheduler = warmup_scheduler = None

            if exists(unet_cosine_decay_max_steps):
                scheduler = CosineAnnealingLR(optimizer, T_max = unet_cosine_decay_max_steps)

            if exists(unet_warmup_steps):
                warmup_scheduler = warmup.LinearWarmup(optimizer, warmup_period = unet_warmup_steps)

                if not exists(scheduler):
                    scheduler = LambdaLR(optimizer, lr_lambda = lambda step: 1.0)

            # set on object

            setattr(self, f'optim{ind}', optimizer) # cannot use pytorch ModuleList for some reason with optimizers
            setattr(self, f'scaler{ind}', scaler)
            setattr(self, f'scheduler{ind}', scheduler)
            setattr(self, f'warmup{ind}', warmup_scheduler)

        # gradient clipping if needed

        self.max_grad_norm = max_grad_norm

        # step tracker and misc

        self.register_buffer('steps', torch.tensor([0] * self.num_unets))

        self.verbose = verbose

        # automatic set devices based on what accelerator decided

        self.imagen.to(self.device)
        self.to(self.device)

        # checkpointing

        assert not (exists(checkpoint_path) ^ exists(checkpoint_every))
        self.checkpoint_path = checkpoint_path
        self.checkpoint_every = checkpoint_every
        self.max_checkpoints_keep = max_checkpoints_keep

        self.can_checkpoint = self.is_local_main if isinstance(checkpoint_fs, LocalFileSystem) else self.is_main

        if exists(checkpoint_path) and self.can_checkpoint:
            bucket = url_to_bucket(checkpoint_path)

            if not self.fs.exists(bucket):
                self.fs.mkdir(bucket)

            self.load_from_checkpoint_folder()

        # only allowing training for unet

        self.only_train_unet_number = only_train_unet_number
        self.validate_and_set_unet_being_trained(only_train_unet_number)

    # computed values

    @property
    def device(self):
        return self.accelerator.device

    @property
    def is_distributed(self):
        return not (self.accelerator.distributed_type == DistributedType.NO and self.accelerator.num_processes == 1)

    @property
    def is_main(self):
        return self.accelerator.is_main_process

    @property
    def is_local_main(self):
        return self.accelerator.is_local_main_process

    @property
    def unwrapped_unet(self):
        return self.accelerator.unwrap_model(self.unet_being_trained)

    # optimizer helper functions

    def get_lr(self, unet_number):
        self.validate_unet_number(unet_number)
        unet_index = unet_number - 1

        optim = getattr(self, f'optim{unet_index}')

        return optim.param_groups[0]['lr']

    # function for allowing only one unet from being trained at a time

    def validate_and_set_unet_being_trained(self, unet_number = None):
        if exists(unet_number):
            self.validate_unet_number(unet_number)

        assert not exists(self.only_train_unet_number) or self.only_train_unet_number == unet_number, 'you cannot only train on one unet at a time. you will need to save the trainer into a checkpoint, and resume training on a new unet'

        self.only_train_unet_number = unet_number
        self.imagen.only_train_unet_number = unet_number

        if not exists(unet_number):
            return

        self.wrap_unet(unet_number)

    def wrap_unet(self, unet_number):
        if hasattr(self, 'one_unet_wrapped'):
            return

        unet = self.imagen.get_unet(unet_number)
        self.unet_being_trained = self.accelerator.prepare(unet)
        unet_index = unet_number - 1

        optimizer = getattr(self, f'optim{unet_index}')
        scheduler = getattr(self, f'scheduler{unet_index}')

        optimizer = self.accelerator.prepare(optimizer)

        if exists(scheduler):
            scheduler = self.accelerator.prepare(scheduler)

        setattr(self, f'optim{unet_index}', optimizer)
        setattr(self, f'scheduler{unet_index}', scheduler)

        self.one_unet_wrapped = True

    # hacking accelerator due to not having separate gradscaler per optimizer

    def set_accelerator_scaler(self, unet_number):
        unet_number = self.validate_unet_number(unet_number)
        scaler = getattr(self, f'scaler{unet_number - 1}')

        self.accelerator.scaler = scaler
        for optimizer in self.accelerator._optimizers:
            optimizer.scaler = scaler

    # helper print

    def print(self, msg):
        if not self.is_main:
            return

        if not self.verbose:
            return

        return self.accelerator.print(msg)

    # validating the unet number

    def validate_unet_number(self, unet_number = None):
        if self.num_unets == 1:
            unet_number = default(unet_number, 1)

        assert 0 < unet_number <= self.num_unets, f'unet number should be in between 1 and {self.num_unets}'
        return unet_number

    # number of training steps taken

    def num_steps_taken(self, unet_number = None):
        if self.num_unets == 1:
            unet_number = default(unet_number, 1)

        return self.steps[unet_number - 1].item()

    def print_untrained_unets(self):
        for ind, steps in enumerate(self.steps.tolist()):
            if steps > 0:
                continue
            self.print(f'unet {ind + 1} has not been trained')

        if torch.any(self.steps == 0):
            self.print('when sampling, you can pass stop_at_unet_number to stop early in the cascade, so it does not try to generate with untrained unets')

    # data related functions

    def add_train_dataloader(self, dl = None):
        if not exists(dl):
            return

        assert not exists(self.train_dl), 'training dataloader was already added'
        self.train_dl = self.accelerator.prepare(dl)

    def add_valid_dataloader(self, dl):
        if not exists(dl):
            return

        assert not exists(self.valid_dl), 'validation dataloader was already added'
        self.valid_dl = self.accelerator.prepare(dl)

    def add_train_dataset(self, ds = None, *, batch_size, **dl_kwargs):
        if not exists(ds):
            return

        assert not exists(self.train_dl), 'training dataloader was already added'

        valid_ds = None
        if self.split_valid_from_train:
            train_size = int((1 - self.split_valid_fraction) * len(ds))
            valid_size = len(ds) - train_size

            ds, valid_ds = random_split(ds, [train_size, valid_size], generator = torch.Generator().manual_seed(self.split_random_seed))
            self.print(f'training with dataset of {len(ds)} samples and validating with randomly splitted {len(valid_ds)} samples')

        dl = DataLoader(ds, batch_size = batch_size, **dl_kwargs)
        self.train_dl = self.accelerator.prepare(dl)

        if not self.split_valid_from_train:
            return

        self.add_valid_dataset(valid_ds, batch_size = batch_size, **dl_kwargs)

    def add_valid_dataset(self, ds, *, batch_size, **dl_kwargs):
        if not exists(ds):
            return

        assert not exists(self.valid_dl), 'validation dataloader was already added'

        dl = DataLoader(ds, batch_size = batch_size, **dl_kwargs)
        self.valid_dl = self.accelerator.prepare(dl)

    def create_train_iter(self):
        assert exists(self.train_dl), 'training dataloader has not been registered with the trainer yet'

        if exists(self.train_dl_iter):
            return

        self.train_dl_iter = cycle(self.train_dl)

    def create_valid_iter(self):
        assert exists(self.valid_dl), 'validation dataloader has not been registered with the trainer yet'

        if exists(self.valid_dl_iter):
            return

        self.valid_dl_iter = cycle(self.valid_dl)

    def train_step(self, unet_number = None, **kwargs):
        self.create_train_iter()
        loss = self.step_with_dl_iter(self.train_dl_iter, unet_number = unet_number, **kwargs)
        self.update(unet_number = unet_number)
        return loss

    @torch.no_grad()
    @eval_decorator
    def valid_step(self, **kwargs):
        self.create_valid_iter()

        context = self.use_ema_unets if kwargs.pop('use_ema_unets', False) else nullcontext

        with context():
            loss = self.step_with_dl_iter(self.valid_dl_iter, **kwargs)
        return loss

    def step_with_dl_iter(self, dl_iter, **kwargs):
        dl_tuple_output = cast_tuple(next(dl_iter))
        model_input = dict(list(zip(self.dl_tuple_output_keywords_names, dl_tuple_output)))
        loss = self.forward(**{**kwargs, **model_input})
        return loss

    # checkpointing functions

    @property
    def all_checkpoints_sorted(self):
        glob_pattern = os.path.join(self.checkpoint_path, '*.pt')
        checkpoints = self.fs.glob(glob_pattern)
        sorted_checkpoints = sorted(checkpoints, key = lambda x: int(str(x).split('.')[-2]), reverse = True)
        return sorted_checkpoints

    def load_from_checkpoint_folder(self, last_total_steps = -1):
        if last_total_steps != -1:
            filepath = os.path.join(self.checkpoint_path, f'checkpoint.{last_total_steps}.pt')
            self.load(filepath)
            return

        sorted_checkpoints = self.all_checkpoints_sorted

        if len(sorted_checkpoints) == 0:
            self.print(f'no checkpoints found to load from at {self.checkpoint_path}')
            return

        last_checkpoint = sorted_checkpoints[0]
        self.load(last_checkpoint)

    def save_to_checkpoint_folder(self):
        self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()

        if not self.can_checkpoint:
            return

        total_steps = int(self.steps.sum().item())
        filepath = os.path.join(self.checkpoint_path, f'checkpoint.{total_steps}.pt')

        self.save(filepath)

        if self.max_checkpoints_keep <= 0:
            return

        sorted_checkpoints = self.all_checkpoints_sorted
        checkpoints_to_discard = sorted_checkpoints[self.max_checkpoints_keep:]

        for checkpoint in checkpoints_to_discard:
            self.fs.rm(checkpoint)

    # saving and loading functions

    def save(
        self,
        path,
        overwrite = True,
        without_optim_and_sched = False,
        **kwargs
    ):
        self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()

        if not self.can_checkpoint:
            return

        fs = self.fs

        assert not (fs.exists(path) and not overwrite)

        self.reset_ema_unets_all_one_device()

        save_obj = dict(
            model = self.imagen.state_dict(),
            version = __version__,
            steps = self.steps.cpu(),
            **kwargs
        )

        save_optim_and_sched_iter = range(0, self.num_unets) if not without_optim_and_sched else tuple()

        for ind in save_optim_and_sched_iter:
            scaler_key = f'scaler{ind}'
            optimizer_key = f'optim{ind}'
            scheduler_key = f'scheduler{ind}'
            warmup_scheduler_key = f'warmup{ind}'

            scaler = getattr(self, scaler_key)
            optimizer = getattr(self, optimizer_key)
            scheduler = getattr(self, scheduler_key)
            warmup_scheduler = getattr(self, warmup_scheduler_key)

            if exists(scheduler):
                save_obj = {**save_obj, scheduler_key: scheduler.state_dict()}

            if exists(warmup_scheduler):
                save_obj = {**save_obj, warmup_scheduler_key: warmup_scheduler.state_dict()}

            save_obj = {**save_obj, scaler_key: scaler.state_dict(), optimizer_key: optimizer.state_dict()}

        if self.use_ema:
            save_obj = {**save_obj, 'ema': self.ema_unets.state_dict()}

        # determine if imagen config is available

        if hasattr(self.imagen, '_config'):
            self.print(f'this checkpoint is commandable from the CLI - "imagen --model {str(path)} \"<prompt>\""')

            save_obj = {
                **save_obj,
                'imagen_type': 'elucidated' if self.is_elucidated else 'original',
                'imagen_params': self.imagen._config
            }

        #save to path

        with fs.open(path, 'wb') as f:
            torch.save(save_obj, f)

        self.print(f'checkpoint saved to {path}')

    def load(self, path, only_model = False, strict = True, noop_if_not_exist = False):
        fs = self.fs

        if noop_if_not_exist and not fs.exists(path):
            self.print(f'trainer checkpoint not found at {str(path)}')
            return

        assert fs.exists(path), f'{path} does not exist'

        self.reset_ema_unets_all_one_device()

        # to avoid extra GPU memory usage in main process when using Accelerate

        with fs.open(path) as f:
            loaded_obj = torch.load(f, map_location='cpu')

        if version.parse(__version__) != version.parse(loaded_obj['version']):
            self.print(f'loading saved imagen at version {loaded_obj["version"]}, but current package version is {__version__}')

        self.imagen.load_state_dict(loaded_obj['model'], strict = strict)
        self.steps.copy_(loaded_obj['steps'])

        if only_model:
            return loaded_obj

        for ind in range(0, self.num_unets):
            scaler_key = f'scaler{ind}'
            optimizer_key = f'optim{ind}'
            scheduler_key = f'scheduler{ind}'
            warmup_scheduler_key = f'warmup{ind}'

            scaler = getattr(self, scaler_key)
            optimizer = getattr(self, optimizer_key)
            scheduler = getattr(self, scheduler_key)
            warmup_scheduler = getattr(self, warmup_scheduler_key)

            if exists(scheduler) and scheduler_key in loaded_obj:
                scheduler.load_state_dict(loaded_obj[scheduler_key])

            if exists(warmup_scheduler) and warmup_scheduler_key in loaded_obj:
                warmup_scheduler.load_state_dict(loaded_obj[warmup_scheduler_key])

            if exists(optimizer):
                try:
                    optimizer.load_state_dict(loaded_obj[optimizer_key])
                    scaler.load_state_dict(loaded_obj[scaler_key])
                except:
                    self.print('could not load optimizer and scaler, possibly because you have turned on mixed precision training since the last run. resuming with new optimizer and scalers')

        if self.use_ema:
            assert 'ema' in loaded_obj
            self.ema_unets.load_state_dict(loaded_obj['ema'], strict = strict)

        self.print(f'checkpoint loaded from {path}')
        return loaded_obj

    # managing ema unets and their devices

    @property
    def unets(self):
        return nn.ModuleList([ema.ema_model for ema in self.ema_unets])

    def get_ema_unet(self, unet_number = None):
        if not self.use_ema:
            return

        unet_number = self.validate_unet_number(unet_number)
        index = unet_number - 1

        if isinstance(self.unets, nn.ModuleList):
            unets_list = [unet for unet in self.ema_unets]
            delattr(self, 'ema_unets')
            self.ema_unets = unets_list

        if index != self.ema_unet_being_trained_index:
            for unet_index, unet in enumerate(self.ema_unets):
                unet.to(self.device if unet_index == index else 'cpu')

        self.ema_unet_being_trained_index = index
        return self.ema_unets[index]

    def reset_ema_unets_all_one_device(self, device = None):
        if not self.use_ema:
            return

        device = default(device, self.device)
        self.ema_unets = nn.ModuleList([*self.ema_unets])
        self.ema_unets.to(device)

        self.ema_unet_being_trained_index = -1

    @torch.no_grad()
    @contextmanager
    def use_ema_unets(self):
        if not self.use_ema:
            output = yield
            return output

        self.reset_ema_unets_all_one_device()
        self.imagen.reset_unets_all_one_device()

        self.unets.eval()

        trainable_unets = self.imagen.unets
        self.imagen.unets = self.unets                  # swap in exponential moving averaged unets for sampling

        output = yield

        self.imagen.unets = trainable_unets             # restore original training unets

        # cast the ema_model unets back to original device
        for ema in self.ema_unets:
            ema.restore_ema_model_device()

        return output

    def print_unet_devices(self):
        self.print('unet devices:')
        for i, unet in enumerate(self.imagen.unets):
            device = next(unet.parameters()).device
            self.print(f'\tunet {i}: {device}')

        if not self.use_ema:
            return

        self.print('\nema unet devices:')
        for i, ema_unet in enumerate(self.ema_unets):
            device = next(ema_unet.parameters()).device
            self.print(f'\tema unet {i}: {device}')

    # overriding state dict functions

    def state_dict(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.reset_ema_unets_all_one_device()
        return super().state_dict(*args, **kwargs)

    def load_state_dict(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.reset_ema_unets_all_one_device()
        return super().load_state_dict(*args, **kwargs)

    # encoding text functions

    def encode_text(self, text, **kwargs):
        return self.imagen.encode_text(text, **kwargs)

    # forwarding functions and gradient step updates

    def update(self, unet_number = None):
        unet_number = self.validate_unet_number(unet_number)
        self.validate_and_set_unet_being_trained(unet_number)
        self.set_accelerator_scaler(unet_number)

        index = unet_number - 1
        unet = self.unet_being_trained

        optimizer = getattr(self, f'optim{index}')
        scaler = getattr(self, f'scaler{index}')
        scheduler = getattr(self, f'scheduler{index}')
        warmup_scheduler = getattr(self, f'warmup{index}')

        # set the grad scaler on the accelerator, since we are managing one per u-net

        if exists(self.max_grad_norm):
            self.accelerator.clip_grad_norm_(unet.parameters(), self.max_grad_norm)

        optimizer.step()
        optimizer.zero_grad()

        if self.use_ema:
            ema_unet = self.get_ema_unet(unet_number)
            ema_unet.update()

        # scheduler, if needed

        maybe_warmup_context = nullcontext() if not exists(warmup_scheduler) else warmup_scheduler.dampening()

        with maybe_warmup_context:
            if exists(scheduler) and not self.accelerator.optimizer_step_was_skipped: # recommended in the docs
                scheduler.step()

        self.steps += F.one_hot(torch.tensor(unet_number - 1, device = self.steps.device), num_classes = len(self.steps))

        if not exists(self.checkpoint_path):
            return

        total_steps = int(self.steps.sum().item())

        if total_steps % self.checkpoint_every:
            return

        self.save_to_checkpoint_folder()

    @torch.no_grad()
    @cast_torch_tensor
    @imagen_sample_in_chunks
    def sample(self, *args, **kwargs):
        context = nullcontext if  kwargs.pop('use_non_ema', False) else self.use_ema_unets

        self.print_untrained_unets()        

        with context():
            output = self.imagen.sample(*args, device = self.device, use_tqdm = self.is_main, **kwargs)

        return output

    @cast_torch_tensor
    def forward(
        self,
        *args,
        unet_number = None,
        max_batch_size = None,
        **kwargs
    ):
        unet_number = self.validate_unet_number(unet_number)
        self.validate_and_set_unet_being_trained(unet_number)
        self.set_accelerator_scaler(unet_number)

        assert not exists(self.only_train_unet_number) or self.only_train_unet_number == unet_number, f'you can only train unet #{self.only_train_unet_number}'

        total_loss = 0.

        for chunk_size_frac, (chunked_args, chunked_kwargs) in split_args_and_kwargs(*args, split_size = max_batch_size, **kwargs):
            with self.accelerator.autocast():
                loss = self.imagen(*chunked_args, unet = self.unet_being_trained, unet_number = unet_number, **chunked_kwargs)
                loss = loss * chunk_size_frac

            total_loss += loss.item()

            if self.training:
                self.accelerator.backward(loss)

        return total_loss
