.. _topics-forms-index:

==================
Working with forms
==================

.. admonition:: About this document

    This document provides an introduction to Django's form handling features.
    For a more detailed look at the forms API, see :ref:`ref-forms-api`. For
    documentation of the available field types, see :ref:`ref-forms-fields`.

``django.forms`` is Django's form-handling library.

While it is possible to process form submissions just using Django's
:class:`~django.http.HttpRequest` class, using the form library takes care of a
number of common form-related tasks. Using it, you can:

    1. Display an HTML form with automatically generated form widgets.
    2. Checking submitted data against a set of validation rules.
    3. Redisplaying a form in the case of validation errors.
    4. Converting submitted form data to the relevant Python data types.

Overview
========

The library deals with these concepts:

.. glossary::

    Widget
        A class that corresponds to an HTML form widget, e.g.
        ``<input type="text">`` or ``<textarea>``. This handles rendering of the
        widget as HTML.

    Field
        A class that is responsible for doing validation, e.g.
        an ``EmailField`` that makes sure its data is a valid e-mail address.

    Form
        A collection of fields that knows how to validate itself and
        display itself as HTML.

    Form Media
        The CSS and JavaScript resources that are required to render a form.
            
The library is decoupled from the other Django components, such as the database
layer, views and templates. It relies only on Django settings, a couple of
``django.utils`` helper functions and Django's internationalization hooks (but
you're not required to be using internationalization features to use this
library).

Form objects
============

A Form object encapsulates a sequence of form fields and a collection of
validation rules that must be fulfilled in order for the form to be accepted.
Form classes are created as subclasses of ``django.forms.Form`` and are
make use of a declarative style that you'll be familiar with if you've used
Django's database models.

For example, consider a form used to implement "contact me" functionality on a
personal Web site::

    from django import forms

    class ContactForm(forms.Form):
        subject = forms.CharField(max_length=100)
        message = forms.CharField()
        sender = forms.EmailField()
        cc_myself = forms.BooleanField(required=False)

A form is composed of ``Field`` objects. In this case, our form has four
fields: ``subject``, ``message``, ``sender`` and ``cc_myself``. ``CharField``,
``EmailField`` and ``BooleanField`` are just three of the available field types;
a full list can be found in :ref:`ref-forms-fields`.

If your form is going to be used to directly add or edit a Django model, you can
use a :ref:`ModelForm <topics-forms-modelforms>` to avoid duplicating your model
description.

Using a form in a view
----------------------

The standard pattern for processing a form in a view looks like this::

   def contact(request):
       if request.method == 'POST': # If the form has been submitted...
           form = ContactForm(request.POST) # A form bound to the POST data
           if form.is_valid(): # All validation rules pass
               # Process the data in form.cleaned_data
               # ...
               return HttpResponseRedirect('/thanks/') # Redirect after POST
       else:
           form = ContactForm() # An unbound form
   
       return render_to_response('contact.html', {
           'form': form,
       })


There are three code paths here:

    1. If the form has not been submitted, an unbound instance of ContactForm is
       created and passed to the template.
    2. If the form has been submitted, a bound instance of the form is created
       using ``request.POST``. If the submitted data is valid, it is processed
       and the user is re-directed to a "thanks" page.
    3. If the form has been submitted but is invalid, the bound form instance is
       passed on to the template.

.. versionchanged:: 1.0
    The ``cleaned_data`` attribute was called ``clean_data`` in earlier releases.

The distinction between **bound** and **unbound** forms is important. An unbound
form does not have any data associated with it; when rendered to the user, it
will be empty or will contain default values. A bound form does have submitted
data, and hence can be used to tell if that data is valid. If an invalid bound
form is rendered it can include inline error messages telling the user where
they went wrong.

See :ref:`ref-forms-api-bound-unbound` for further information on the
differences between bound and unbound forms.

Processing the data from a form
-------------------------------

Once ``is_valid()`` returns ``True``, you can process the form submission safe
in the knowledge that it conforms to the validation rules defined by your form.
While you could access ``request.POST`` directly at this point, it is better to
access ``form.cleaned_data``. This data has not only been validated but will
also be converted in to the relevant Python types for you. In the above example,
``cc_myself`` will be a boolean value. Likewise, fields such as ``IntegerField``
and ``FloatField`` convert values to a Python int and float respectively.

Extending the above example, here's how the form data could be processed::

    if form.is_valid():
        subject = form.cleaned_data['subject']
        message = form.cleaned_data['message']
        sender = form.cleaned_data['sender']
        cc_myself = form.cleaned_data['cc_myself']
    
        recipients = ['info@example.com']
        if cc_myself:
            recipients.append(sender)
    
        from django.core.mail import send_mail
        send_mail(subject, message, sender, recipients)
        return HttpResponseRedirect('/thanks/') # Redirect after POST

For more on sending e-mail from Django, see :ref:`topics-email`.

Displaying a form using a template
----------------------------------

Forms are designed to work with the Django template language. In the above
example, we passed our ``ContactForm`` instance to the template using the
context variable ``form``. Here's a simple example template::

    <form action="/contact/" method="POST">
    {{ form.as_p }}
    <input type="submit" value="Submit">
    </form>

The form only outputs its own fields; it is up to you to provide the surrounding
``<form>`` tags and the submit button.

``form.as_p`` will output the form with each form field and accompanying label
wrapped in a paragraph. Here's the output for our example template::

   <form action="/contact/" method="POST">
   <p><label for="id_subject">Subject:</label>
       <input id="id_subject" type="text" name="subject" maxlength="100" /></p>
   <p><label for="id_message">Message:</label>
       <input type="text" name="message" id="id_message" /></p>
   <p><label for="id_sender">Sender:</label>
       <input type="text" name="sender" id="id_sender" /></p>
   <p><label for="id_cc_myself">Cc myself:</label>
       <input type="checkbox" name="cc_myself" id="id_cc_myself" /></p>
   <input type="submit" value="Submit">
   </form>
   
Note that each form field has an ID attribute set to ``id_<field-name>``, which
is referenced by the accompanying label tag. This is important for ensuring
forms are accessible to assistive technology such as screen reader software. You
can also :ref:`customize the way in which labels and ids are generated
<ref-forms-api-configuring-label>`.

You can also use ``form.as_table`` to output table rows (you'll need to provide
your own ``<table>`` tags) and ``form.as_ul`` to output list items.

Customizing the form template
-----------------------------

If the default generated HTML is not to your taste, you can completely customize
the way a form is presented using the Django template language. Extending the
above example::

    <form action="/contact/" method="POST">
        <div class="fieldWrapper">
            {{ form.subject.errors }}
            <label for="id_subject">E-mail subject:</label>
            {{ form.subject }}
        </div>
        <div class="fieldWrapper">
            {{ form.message.errors }}
            <label for="id_message">Your message:</label>
            {{ form.message }}
        </div>
        <div class="fieldWrapper">
            {{ form.sender.errors }}
            <label for="id_sender">Your email address:</label>
            {{ form.sender }}
        </div>
        <div class="fieldWrapper">
            {{ form.cc_myself.errors }}
            <label for="id_cc_myself">CC yourself?</label>
            {{ form.cc_myself }}
        </div>
        <p><input type="submit" value="Send message"></p>
    </form>

Each named form-field can be output to the template using
``{{ form.name_of_field }}``, which will produce the HTML needed to display the
form widget. Using ``{{ form.name_of_field.errors }}`` displays a list of form
errors, rendered as an unordered list. This might look like::

   <ul class="errorlist">
       <li>Sender is required.</li>
   </ul>

The list has a CSS class of ``errorlist`` to allow you to style its appearance.
If you wish to further customize the display of errors you can do so by looping
over them::

    {% if form.subject.errors %}
        <ol>
        {% for error in form.message.errors %}
            <li><strong>{{ error|escape }}</strong></li>
        {% endfor %}
        </ol>
    {% endif %}
    
Further topics
==============

This covers the basics, but forms can do a whole lot more:

.. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 1

   modelforms
   formsets
   media
   
.. seealso::

    The :ref:`form API reference <ref-forms-index>`.
