======================================
``django.conf.urls`` utility functions
======================================

.. module:: django.conf.urls

patterns()
----------

.. function:: patterns(prefix, pattern_description, ...)

.. deprecated:: 1.8

    ``urlpatterns`` should be a plain list of :func:`django.conf.urls.url`
    instances instead.

A function that takes a prefix, and an arbitrary number of URL patterns, and
returns a list of URL patterns in the format Django needs.

The first argument to ``patterns()`` is a string ``prefix``. Here's the example
URLconf from the :doc:`Django overview </intro/overview>`::

    from django.conf.urls import patterns, url

    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/$', 'news.views.year_archive'),
        url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', 'news.views.month_archive'),
        url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$', 'news.views.article_detail'),
    )

In this example, each view has a common prefix -- ``'news.views'``.
Instead of typing that out for each entry in ``urlpatterns``, you can use the
first argument to the ``patterns()`` function to specify a prefix to apply to
each view function.

With this in mind, the above example can be written more concisely as::

    from django.conf.urls import patterns, url

    urlpatterns = patterns('news.views',
        url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/$', 'year_archive'),
        url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', 'month_archive'),
        url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$', 'article_detail'),
    )

Note that you don't put a trailing dot (``"."``) in the prefix. Django puts
that in automatically.

The remaining arguments should be tuples in this format::

    (regular expression, Python callback function [, optional_dictionary [, optional_name]])

The ``optional_dictionary`` and ``optional_name`` parameters are described in
:ref:`Passing extra options to view functions <views-extra-options>`.

.. note::
    Because ``patterns()`` is a function call, it accepts a maximum of 255
    arguments (URL patterns, in this case). This is a limit for all Python
    function calls. This is rarely a problem in practice, because you'll
    typically structure your URL patterns modularly by using ``include()``
    sections. However, on the off-chance you do hit the 255-argument limit,
    realize that ``patterns()`` returns a Python list, so you can split up the
    construction of the list.

    ::

        urlpatterns = patterns('',
            ...
            )
        urlpatterns += patterns('',
            ...
            )

    Python lists have unlimited size, so there's no limit to how many URL
    patterns you can construct. The only limit is that you can only create 254
    at a time (the 255th argument is the initial prefix argument).

static()
--------

.. function:: static.static(prefix, view=django.views.static.serve, **kwargs)

Helper function to return a URL pattern for serving files in debug mode::

    from django.conf import settings
    from django.conf.urls.static import static

    urlpatterns = [
        # ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...
    ] + static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)

.. versionchanged:: 1.8

    The ``view`` argument changed from a string
    (``'django.views.static.serve'``) to the function.

url()
-----

.. function:: url(regex, view, kwargs=None, name=None, prefix='')

``urlpatterns`` should be a list of ``url()`` instances. For example::

    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'^index/$', index_view, name="main-view"),
        ...
    ]

This function takes five arguments, most of which are optional::

    url(regex, view, kwargs=None, name=None, prefix='')

The ``kwargs`` parameter allows you to pass additional arguments to the view
function or method. See :ref:`views-extra-options` for an example.

See :ref:`Naming URL patterns <naming-url-patterns>` for why the ``name``
parameter is useful.

.. deprecated:: 1.8

    Support for string ``view`` arguments is deprecated and will be removed in
    Django 1.10. Pass the callable  instead.

    The ``prefix`` parameter has the same meaning as the first argument to
    ``patterns()`` and is only relevant when you're passing a string as the
    ``view`` parameter.

include()
---------

.. function:: include(module, namespace=None, app_name=None)
              include(pattern_list)
              include((pattern_list, app_namespace), namespace=None)
              include((pattern_list, app_namespace, instance_namespace))

    A function that takes a full Python import path to another URLconf module
    that should be "included" in this place. Optionally, the :term:`application
    namespace` and :term:`instance namespace` where the entries will be included
    into can also be specified.

    Usually, the application namespace should be specified by the included
    module. If an application namespace is set, the ``namespace`` argument
    can be used to set a different instance namespace.

    ``include()`` also accepts as an argument either an iterable that returns
    URL patterns, a 2-tuple containing such iterable plus the names of the
    application namespaces, or a 3-tuple containing the iterable and the names
    of both the application and instance namespace.

    :arg module: URLconf module (or module name)
    :arg namespace: Instance namespace for the URL entries being included
    :type namespace: string
    :arg app_name: Application namespace for the URL entries being included
    :type app_name: string
    :arg pattern_list: Iterable of :func:`django.conf.urls.url` instances
    :arg app_namespace: Application namespace for the URL entries being included
    :type app_namespace: string
    :arg instance_namespace: Instance namespace for the URL entries being included
    :type instance_namespace: string

See :ref:`including-other-urlconfs` and :ref:`namespaces-and-include`.

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Support for the ``app_name`` argument is deprecated and will be removed in
    Django 2.0. Specify the ``app_name`` as explained in
    :ref:`namespaces-and-include` instead.

    Support for passing a 3-tuple is also deprecated and will be removed in
    Django 2.0. Pass a 2-tuple containing the pattern list and application
    namespace, and use the ``namespace`` argument instead.

    Lastly, support for an instance namespace without an application namespace
    has been deprecated and will be removed in Django 2.0. Specify the
    application namespace or remove the instance namespace.

handler400
----------

.. data:: handler400

A callable, or a string representing the full Python import path to the view
that should be called if the HTTP client has sent a request that caused an error
condition and a response with a status code of 400.

By default, this is ``'django.views.defaults.bad_request'``. That default
value should suffice.

See the documentation about :ref:`the 400 (bad request) view
<http_bad_request_view>` for more information.

handler403
----------

.. data:: handler403

A callable, or a string representing the full Python import path to the view
that should be called if the user doesn't have the permissions required to
access a resource.

By default, this is ``'django.views.defaults.permission_denied'``. That default
value should suffice.

See the documentation about :ref:`the 403 (HTTP Forbidden) view
<http_forbidden_view>` for more information.

handler404
----------

.. data:: handler404

A callable, or a string representing the full Python import path to the view
that should be called if none of the URL patterns match.

By default, this is ``'django.views.defaults.page_not_found'``. That default
value should suffice.

See the documentation about :ref:`the 404 (HTTP Not Found) view
<http_not_found_view>` for more information.

handler500
----------

.. data:: handler500

A callable, or a string representing the full Python import path to the view
that should be called in case of server errors. Server errors happen when you
have runtime errors in view code.

By default, this is ``'django.views.defaults.server_error'``. That default
value should suffice.

See the documentation about :ref:`the 500 (HTTP Internal Server Error) view
<http_internal_server_error_view>` for more information.
