.. _ref-topics-modeltranslation:

================
Modeltranslation
================

The modeltranslation application can be used to translate dynamic content of
existing models to an arbitrary number of languages without having to change
the original model classes. It uses a registration approach (comparable to
Django's admin app) to be able to add translations to existing or new projects
and is fully integrated into the Django admin backend.

The advantage of a registration approach is the ability to add translations to
models on a per-project basis. You can use the same app in different projects,
may they use translations or not, and you never have to touch the original
model class.

*Authors*

- Peter Eschler <peschler@googlemail.com> (http://www.nmy.de)
- Dirk Eschler <eschler@gmail.com> (http://www.nmy.de)

.. contents::


Features
========

- Unlimited number of target languages
- Add translations without changing existing models
- Django admin support
- Supports inherited models


Installation
============

To install the application please follow these steps. Each step is described
in detail in the following sections:

1. Add the ``modeltranslation`` app to the ``INSTALLED_APPS`` variable of your
   project's ``settings.py``.

2. Configure your languages in the ``settings.py``.

3. Create a ``translation.py`` in your project directory and register
   ``TranslationOptions`` for every model you want to translate.

4. Configure the ``MODELTRANSLATION_TRANSLATION_REGISTRY`` variable in your
   ``settings.py``.

5. Sync the database using ``manage.py syncdb`` (note that this only applies
   if the models registered in the ``translations.py`` did not have been
   synced to the database before. If they did - read further down what to do
   in that case.


Configure the project's ``settings.py``
---------------------------------------
The following variables have to be added to or edited in the project's
``settings.py``:

**settings.INSTALLED_APPS**

Make sure that the ``modeltranslation`` app is listed in your
``INSTALLED_APPS`` variable:

::

    INSTALLED_APPS = (
        ...
        'modeltranslation',
        ....
    )

Also make sure that the app can be found on a path contained in your
``PYTHONPATH`` environment variable.

**settings.LANGUAGES**

The LANGUAGES variable must contain all languages used for translation. The
first language is treated as the *default language*.

The modeltranslation application uses the list of languages to add localized
fields to the models registered for translation. To use the languages ``de``
and ``en`` in your project, set the settings.LANGUAGES variable like this
(where ``de`` is the default language):

::

    gettext = lambda s: s
    LANGUAGES = (
        ('de', gettext('German')),
        ('en', gettext('English')),
    )

Note that the ``gettext`` lambda function is not a feature of the
modeltranslation app, but rather required for Django to be able to
(statically) translate the verbose names of the languages using the standard
``i18n`` solution.

**settings.MODELTRANSLATION_DEFAULT_LANGUAGE**

*New in 0.3*

To override the default language as described in settings.LANGUAGES, define
``MODELTRANSLATION_DEFAULT_LANGUAGE``. Note that the value has to be in
settings.LANGUAGES, otherwise an exception will be raised.

**settings.MODELTRANSLATION_TRANSLATION_REGISTRY**

In order to be able to import the project's ``translation.py`` registration
file the ``MODELTRANSLATION_TRANSLATION_REGISTRY`` must be set to a value in
the form ``<PROJECT_MODULE>.translation``. E.g. if your project is located in a
folder named ``myproject`` the ``MODELTRANSLATION_TRANSLATION_REGISTRY`` must
be set like this:

::

    MODELTRANSLATION_TRANSLATION_REGISTRY = "myproject.translation"

**settings.MODELTRANSLATION_CUSTOM_FIELDS**

*New in 0.3*

``Modeltranslation`` officially supports ``CharField`` and ``TextField``.

In most cases subclasses of these fields will work fine, too. Other fields
aren't supported and will throw an ``ImproperlyConfigured`` exception.

The list of supported fields can be extended. Just define a tuple of field
names in your settings.py like this:

::

    MODELTRANSLATION_CUSTOM_FIELDS = ('MyField', 'MyOtherField',)

.. note:: This just prevents ``modeltranslation`` from throwing an
          ``ImproperlyConfigured`` exception. Any non text-like field will most
          likely fail in one way or another. The feature is considered
          experimental and might be replaced by a more sophisticated mechanism
          in future versions.


Registering models and their fields for translation
---------------------------------------------------
The ``modeltranslation`` app can translate ``CharField`` and ``TextField``
based fields of any model class. For each model to translate a translation
option class containg the fields to translate is registered with the
``modeltranslation`` app.

Registering models and their fields for translation requires the following
steps:

1. Create a ``translation.py`` in your project directory.
2. Create a translation option class for every model to translate.
3. Register the model and the translation option class at the
   ``modeltranslation.translator.translator``

The ``modeltranslation`` application reads the ``translation.py`` file in your
project directory thereby triggering the registration of the translation
options found in the file.

A translation option is a class that declares which fields of a model to
translate. The class must derive from ``modeltranslation.ModelTranslation``
and it must provide a ``fields`` attribute storing the list of fieldnames. The
option class must be registered with the
``modeltranslation.translator.translator`` instance.

.. note:: In contrast to the Django admin application which looks for
          ``admin.py`` files in the project **and** application directories,
          the modeltranslation app looks only for one ``translation.py`` file in the project directory.

To illustrate this let's have a look at a simple example using a ``News``
model. The news in this example only contains a ``title`` and a ``text`` field.
Instead of a news, this could be any Django model class:

::

    class News(models.Model):
        title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
        text = models.TextField()

In order to tell the ``modeltranslation`` app to translate the ``title`` and
``text`` field, create a ``translation.py`` file in your project directory and
add the following:

::

    from modeltranslation.translator import translator, TranslationOptions
    from some.news.models import News

    class NewsTranslationOptions(TranslationOptions):
        fields = ('title', 'text',)

    translator.register(News, NewsTranslationOptions)

Note that this does not require to change the ``News`` model in any way, it's
only imported. The ``NewsTranslationOptions`` derives from
``TranslationOptions`` and provides the ``fields`` attribute. Finally the model
and it's translation options are registered at the ``translator`` object.

At this point you are mostly done and the model classes registered for
translation will have been added some auto-magical fields. The next section
explains how things are working under the hood.


Changes automatically applied to the model class
------------------------------------------------
After registering the ``News`` model for transaltion an SQL dump of the
News app will look like this:

::

    $ ./manage.py sqlall news
    BEGIN;
    CREATE TABLE `news_news` (
        `id` integer AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
        `title` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
        `title_de` varchar(255) NULL,
        `title_en` varchar(255) NULL,
        `text` longtext NULL,
        `text_de` longtext NULL,
        `text_en` longtext NULL,
    )
    ;
    ALTER TABLE `news_news` ADD CONSTRAINT page_id_refs_id_3edd1f0d FOREIGN KEY (`page_id`) REFERENCES `page_page` (`id`);
    CREATE INDEX `news_news_page_id` ON `news_news` (`page_id`);
    COMMIT;

Note the ``title_de``, ``title_en``, ``text_de`` and ``text_en`` fields which
are not declared in the original News model class but rather have been added by
the modeltranslation app. These are called *translation fields*. There will be
one for every language in your project's ``settings.py``.

The name of these additional fields is build using the original name of the
translated field and appending one of the language identifiers found in the
``settings.LANGUAGES``.

As these fields are added to the registered model class as fully valid Django
model fields, they will appear in the db schema for the model although it has
not been specified on the model explicitly.

.. _set_language: http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/i18n/#the-set-language-redirect-view

If you are starting a fresh project and have considered your translation needs
in the beginning then simply sync your database and you are ready to use
the translated models.

In case you are translating an existing project and your models have already
been synced to the database you will need to alter the tables in your database
and add these additional translation fields. Note that all added fields are
declared ``null=True`` not matter if the original field is required. In other
words - all translations are optional. To populate the default translation
fields added by the ``modeltranslation`` application you can use the
``update_translation_fields`` command below. See the `The
update_translation_fields command` section for more infos on this.


Accessing translated and translation fields
===========================================
The ``modeltranslation`` app changes the behaviour of the translated fields. To
explain this consider the News example again. The original ``News`` model
looked like this:

::

    class News(models.Model):
        title = models.CharField(max_length=255)
        text = models.TextField()

Now that it is registered with the ``modeltranslation`` app the model looks
like this - note the additional fields automatically added by the app::

    class News(models.Model):
        title = models.CharField(max_length=255)  # original/translated field
        title_de = models.CharField(null=True, blank=True, max_length=255)  # default translation field
        title_en = models.CharField(null=True, blank=True, max_length=255)  # translation field
        text = models.TextField() # original/translated field
        text_de = models.TextField(null=True, blank=True) # default translation field
        text_en = models.TextField(null=True, blank=True) # translation field

The example above assumes that the default language is ``de``, therefore the
``title_de`` and ``text_de`` fields are marked as the *default translation
fields*. If the default language is ``en``, the ``title_en`` and ``text_en``
fields would be the *default translation fields*.


Rules for translated field access
---------------------------------
So now when it comes to setting and getting the value of the original and the
translation fields the following rules apply:

**Rule 1**

Reading the value from the original field returns the value translated to the
*current language*.

**Rule 2**

Assigning a value to the original field also updates the value in the
associated default translation field.

**Rule 3**

Assigning a value to the default translation field also updates the original
field - note that the value of the original field will not be updated until the
model instance is saved.

**Rule 4**

If both fields - the original and the default translation field - are updated
at the same time, the default translation field wins.


Examples for translated field access
------------------------------------
Because the whole point of using the ``modeltranslation`` app is translating
dynamic content, the fields marked for translation are somehow special when it
comes to accessing them. The value returned by a translated field is depending
on the current language setting. "Language setting" is referring to the Django
`set_language`_ view and the corresponding ``get_lang`` function.

Assuming the current language is ``de`` in the News example from above, the
translated ``title`` field will return the value from the ``title_de`` field:

::

    # Assuming the current language is "de"
    n = News.objects.all()[0]
    t = n.title # returns german translation

    # Assuming the current language is "en"
    t = n.title # returns english translation

This feature is implemented using Python descriptors making it happen without
the need to touch the original model classes in any way. The descriptor uses
the ``django.utils.i18n.get_language`` function to determine the current
language.


Django admin backend integration
================================
In order to be able to edit the translations via the admin backend you need to
register a special admin class for the translated models. The admin class must
derive from ``modeltranslation.admin.TranslationAdmin`` which does some funky
patching on all your models registered for translation:

::

    from django.contrib import admin
    from modeltranslation.admin import TranslationAdmin

    class NewsAdmin(TranslationAdmin):
        list_display = ('title',)

    admin.site.register(News, NewsAdmin)


Tweaks applied to the admin
---------------------------
The ``TranslationAdmin`` class does only implement one special method which is
``def formfield_for_dbfield(self, db_field, **kwargs)``. This method does the
following:

1. Removes the original field from every admin form by setting it
   ``editable=False``.
2. Copies the widget of the original field to each of it's translation fields.
3. Checks if the - now removed - original field was required and if so makes
   the default translation field required instead.


.. _translationadmin_in_combination_with_other_admin_classes:

!TranslationAdmin in combination with other admin classes
---------------------------------------------------------
If there already exists a custom admin class for a translated model and you
don't want or can't edit that class directly there is another solution.

Taken the News example let's say there is a ``NewsAdmin`` class defined by the
News app itself. This app is not yours or you don't want to touch it at all.
In the most common case you simply make use of Python's support for multiple
inheritance like this:

::

    class MyTranslatedNewsAdmin(NewsAdmin, TranslationAdmin):
        pass

In a more complex setup the NewsAdmin might define its own class:

::

    class NewsAdmin(model.Admin):
        def formfield_for_dbfield(self, db_field, **kwargs):
            # does some funky stuff with the formfield here

Unfortunately the first example won't work anymore because Python can only
execute one of the ``formfield_for_dbfield`` methods. Since both admin class
implement this method Python must make a decision and it chooses the first
class ``NewsAdmin``. The functionality from ``TranslationAdmin`` will not be
executed and translation in the admin will not work for this class.

But don't panic, here's a solution:

::

    class MyTranslatedNewsAdmin(NewsAdmin, TranslationAdmin):
        def formfield_for_dbfield(self, db_field, **kwargs):
            field = super(MyTranslatedNewsAdmin, self).formfield_for_dbfield(db_field, **kwargs)
            self.patch_translation_field(db_field, field, **kwargs)
            return field

This implements the ``formfield_for_dbfield`` such that both functionalities
will be executed. The first line calls the superclass method which in this case
will be the one of ``NewsAdmin`` because it is the first class inherited from.
The ``TranslationAdmin`` capsulates all it's functionality in the
``patch_translation_field(db_field, field, **kwargs)`` method and the
``formfield_for_dbfield`` implementation of the ``TranslationAdmin`` class
simply calls it. You can copy this behaviour by calling it from a
custom admin class and that's done in the example above. After that the
``field`` is fully patched for translation and finally returned.


Inlines
-------
*New in 0.2*

Support for tabular and stacked inlines, common and generic ones.

A translated inline must derive from one of the following classes:

 * `modeltranslation.admin.TranslationTabularInline`
 * `modeltranslation.admin.TranslationStackedInline`
 * `modeltranslation.admin.TranslationGenericTabularInline`
 * `modeltranslation.admin.TranslationGenericStackedInline`

Just like `TranslationAdmin` these classes implement a special method
`def formfield_for_dbfield(self, db_field, **kwargs)` which does all the
patching.

For our example we assume that there is new model called Image. It's
definition is left out for simplicity. Our News model inlines the new model:

::

    from django.contrib import admin
    from modeltranslation.admin import TranslationTabularInline

    class ImageInline(TranslationTabularInline):
        model = Image

    class NewsAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title',)
        inlines = [ImageInline,]

    admin.site.register(News, NewsAdmin)

.. note:: In this example only the Image model is registered in translation.py.
          It's not a requirement that `NewsAdmin` derives from
          `TranslationAdmin` in order to inline a model which is registered for
          translation.

In this more complex example we assume that the News and Image models are
registered in translation.py. The News model has an own custom admin class and
the Image model an own generic stacked inline class. It uses the technique
described in `TranslationAdmin in combination with other admin classes`__.:

__ translationadmin_in_combination_with_other_admin_classes_

::

    from django.contrib import admin
    from modeltranslation.admin import TranslationAdmin, TranslationGenericStackedInline

    class TranslatedImageInline(ImageInline, TranslationGenericStackedInline):
        model = Image

    class TranslatedNewsAdmin(NewsAdmin, TranslationAdmin):
        def formfield_for_dbfield(self, db_field, **kwargs):
            field = super(TranslatedNewsAdmin, self).formfield_for_dbfield(db_field, **kwargs)
            self.patch_translation_field(db_field, field, **kwargs)
            return field

        inlines = [TranslatedImageInline,]

    admin.site.register(News, NewsAdmin)


Using tabbed translation fields
-------------------------------
*New in 0.3*

Modeltranslation supports separation of translation fields via jquery-ui tabs.
The proposed way to include it is through the inner `Media` class of a
`TranslationAdmin` class like this:

::

    class NewsAdmin(TranslationAdmin):
        class Media:
            js = (
                '/static/modeltranslation/js/force_jquery.js',
                'http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.8.2/jquery-ui.min.js',
                '/static/modeltranslation/js/tabbed_translation_fields.js',
            )
            css = {
                'screen': ('/static/modeltranslation/css/tabbed_translation_fields.css',),
            }

The `force_jquery.js` script is necessary when using Django's built-in
`django.jQuery` object. This and the static urls used are just an example and
might have to be adopted to your setup of serving static files. Standard
jquery-ui theming can be used to customize the look of tabs, the provided css
file is supposed to work well with a default Django admin.


The ``update_translation_fields`` command
=========================================
In case the modeltranslation app was installed on an existing project and you
have specified to translate fields of models which are already synced to the
database, you have to update your database schema manually.

Unfortunately the newly added translation fields on the model will be empty
then, and your templates will show the translated value of the fields (see
Rule 1 below) which will be empty in this case. To correctly initialize the
default translation field you can use the ``update_translation_fields``
command:

::

    manage.py update_translation_fields

Taken the News example from above this command will copy the value from the
news object's ``title`` field to the default translation field ``title_de``.
It only does so if the default translation field is empty otherwise nothing
is copied.

.. note:: The command will examine your ``settings.LANGUAGES`` variable and the
          first language declared there will be used as the default language.

All translated models (as specified in the project's ``translation.py`` will be
populated with initial data.


Caveats
=======
Consider the following example (assuming the default lanuage is ``de``):

::

    >>> n = News.objects.create(title="foo")
    >>> n.title
    'foo'
    >>> n.title_de
    >>>

Because the original field ``title`` was specified in the constructor it is
directly passed into the instance's ``__dict__`` and the descriptor which
normally updates the associated default translation field (``title_de``) is not
called. Therefor the call to ``n.title_de`` returns an empty value.

Now assign the title, which triggers the descriptor and the default translation
field is updated:

::

    >>> n.title = 'foo'
    >>> n.title_de
    'foo'
    >>>


Accessing translated fields outside views
-----------------------------------------
Since the ``modeltranslation`` mechanism relies on the current language as it
is returned by the ``get_language`` function care must be taken when accessing
translated fields outside a view function.

Within a view function the language is set by Django based on a flexible model
described at `How Django discovers language preference`_ which is normally used
only by Django's static translation system.

.. _How Django discovers language preference: http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/i18n/#id2

When a translated field is accessed in a view function or in a template, it
uses the ``django.utils.translation.get_language`` function to determine the
current language and return the appropriate value.

Outside a view (or a template), i.e. in normal Python code, a call to the
``get_language`` function still returns a value, but it might not what you
expect. Since no request is involved, Django's machinery for discovering the
user's preferred language is not activated. *todo: explain more*

The unittests in ``tests.py`` use the ``django.utils.translation.trans_real``
functions to activate and deactive a specific language outside a view function.


Related projects
================

`django-multilingual`_
----------------------

    A library providing support for multilingual content in Django models.

It is not possible to reuse existing models without modifying them.


`django-multilingual-model`_
----------------------------
A much simpler version of the above `django-multilingual`.
It works very similiar to the `django-multilingual` approach.


`transdb`_
----------

    Django's field that stores labels in more than one language in database.

This approach uses a specialized ``Field`` class, which means one has to change
existing models.


`i18ndynamic`_
--------------
This approach is not developed any more.


`django-pluggable-model-i18n`_
------------------------------

    This app utilizes a new approach to multilingual models based on the same
    concept the new admin interface uses. A translation for an existing model
    can be added by registering a translation class for that model.

This is more or less what ``modeltranslation`` does, unfortunately it is far
from being finished.

.. _django-multilingual: http://code.google.com/p/django-multilingual/
.. _django-multilingual-model: http://code.google.com/p/django-multilingual-model/
.. _django-transdb: http://code.google.com/p/transdb/
.. _i18ndynamic: http://code.google.com/p/i18ndynamic/
.. _django-pluggable-model-i18n: http://code.google.com/p/django-pluggable-model-i18n/
