# MCP Python SDK

<div align="center">

<strong>Python implementation of the Model Context Protocol (MCP)</strong>

[![PyPI][pypi-badge]][pypi-url]
[![MIT licensed][mit-badge]][mit-url]
[![Python Version][python-badge]][python-url]
[![Documentation][docs-badge]][docs-url]
[![Specification][spec-badge]][spec-url]
[![GitHub Discussions][discussions-badge]][discussions-url]

</div>

<!-- omit in toc -->
## Table of Contents

- [MCP Python SDK](#mcp-python-sdk)
  - [Overview](#overview)
  - [Installation](#installation)
    - [Adding MCP to your python project](#adding-mcp-to-your-python-project)
    - [Running the standalone MCP development tools](#running-the-standalone-mcp-development-tools)
  - [Quickstart](#quickstart)
  - [What is MCP?](#what-is-mcp)
  - [Core Concepts](#core-concepts)
    - [Server](#server)
    - [Resources](#resources)
    - [Tools](#tools)
    - [Prompts](#prompts)
    - [Images](#images)
    - [Context](#context)
  - [Running Your Server](#running-your-server)
    - [Development Mode](#development-mode)
    - [Claude Desktop Integration](#claude-desktop-integration)
    - [Direct Execution](#direct-execution)
    - [Mounting to an Existing ASGI Server](#mounting-to-an-existing-asgi-server)
  - [Examples](#examples)
    - [Echo Server](#echo-server)
    - [SQLite Explorer](#sqlite-explorer)
  - [Advanced Usage](#advanced-usage)
    - [Low-Level Server](#low-level-server)
    - [Writing MCP Clients](#writing-mcp-clients)
    - [MCP Primitives](#mcp-primitives)
    - [Server Capabilities](#server-capabilities)
  - [Documentation](#documentation)
  - [Contributing](#contributing)
  - [License](#license)

[pypi-badge]: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/mcp.svg
[pypi-url]: https://pypi.org/project/mcp/
[mit-badge]: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/mcp.svg
[mit-url]: https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/main/LICENSE
[python-badge]: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/mcp.svg
[python-url]: https://www.python.org/downloads/
[docs-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-modelcontextprotocol.io-blue.svg
[docs-url]: https://modelcontextprotocol.io
[spec-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/spec-spec.modelcontextprotocol.io-blue.svg
[spec-url]: https://spec.modelcontextprotocol.io
[discussions-badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/discussions/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk
[discussions-url]: https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/discussions

## Overview

The Model Context Protocol allows applications to provide context for LLMs in a standardized way, separating the concerns of providing context from the actual LLM interaction. This Python SDK implements the full MCP specification, making it easy to:

- Build MCP clients that can connect to any MCP server
- Create MCP servers that expose resources, prompts and tools
- Use standard transports like stdio and SSE
- Handle all MCP protocol messages and lifecycle events

## Installation

### Adding MCP to your python project

We recommend using [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/) to manage your Python projects. 

If you haven't created a uv-managed project yet, create one:

   ```bash
   uv init mcp-server-demo
   cd mcp-server-demo
   ```

   Then add MCP to your project dependencies:

   ```bash
   uv add "mcp[cli]"
   ```

Alternatively, for projects using pip for dependencies:
```bash
pip install "mcp[cli]"
```

### Running the standalone MCP development tools

To run the mcp command with uv:

```bash
uv run mcp
```

## Quickstart

Let's create a simple MCP server that exposes a calculator tool and some data:

```python
# server.py
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

# Create an MCP server
mcp = FastMCP("Demo")


# Add an addition tool
@mcp.tool()
def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    """Add two numbers"""
    return a + b


# Add a dynamic greeting resource
@mcp.resource("greeting://{name}")
def get_greeting(name: str) -> str:
    """Get a personalized greeting"""
    return f"Hello, {name}!"
```

You can install this server in [Claude Desktop](https://claude.ai/download) and interact with it right away by running:
```bash
mcp install server.py
```

Alternatively, you can test it with the MCP Inspector:
```bash
mcp dev server.py
```

## What is MCP?

The [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io) lets you build servers that expose data and functionality to LLM applications in a secure, standardized way. Think of it like a web API, but specifically designed for LLM interactions. MCP servers can:

- Expose data through **Resources** (think of these sort of like GET endpoints; they are used to load information into the LLM's context)
- Provide functionality through **Tools** (sort of like POST endpoints; they are used to execute code or otherwise produce a side effect)
- Define interaction patterns through **Prompts** (reusable templates for LLM interactions)
- And more!

## Core Concepts

### Server

The FastMCP server is your core interface to the MCP protocol. It handles connection management, protocol compliance, and message routing:

```python
# Add lifespan support for startup/shutdown with strong typing
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
from dataclasses import dataclass

from fake_database import Database  # Replace with your actual DB type

from mcp.server.fastmcp import Context, FastMCP

# Create a named server
mcp = FastMCP("My App")

# Specify dependencies for deployment and development
mcp = FastMCP("My App", dependencies=["pandas", "numpy"])


@dataclass
class AppContext:
    db: Database


@asynccontextmanager
async def app_lifespan(server: FastMCP) -> AsyncIterator[AppContext]:
    """Manage application lifecycle with type-safe context"""
    # Initialize on startup
    db = await Database.connect()
    try:
        yield AppContext(db=db)
    finally:
        # Cleanup on shutdown
        await db.disconnect()


# Pass lifespan to server
mcp = FastMCP("My App", lifespan=app_lifespan)


# Access type-safe lifespan context in tools
@mcp.tool()
def query_db(ctx: Context) -> str:
    """Tool that uses initialized resources"""
    db = ctx.request_context.lifespan_context.db
    return db.query()
```

### Resources

Resources are how you expose data to LLMs. They're similar to GET endpoints in a REST API - they provide data but shouldn't perform significant computation or have side effects:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("My App")


@mcp.resource("config://app")
def get_config() -> str:
    """Static configuration data"""
    return "App configuration here"


@mcp.resource("users://{user_id}/profile")
def get_user_profile(user_id: str) -> str:
    """Dynamic user data"""
    return f"Profile data for user {user_id}"
```

### Tools

Tools let LLMs take actions through your server. Unlike resources, tools are expected to perform computation and have side effects:

```python
import httpx
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("My App")


@mcp.tool()
def calculate_bmi(weight_kg: float, height_m: float) -> float:
    """Calculate BMI given weight in kg and height in meters"""
    return weight_kg / (height_m**2)


@mcp.tool()
async def fetch_weather(city: str) -> str:
    """Fetch current weather for a city"""
    async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
        response = await client.get(f"https://api.weather.com/{city}")
        return response.text
```

### Prompts

Prompts are reusable templates that help LLMs interact with your server effectively:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP
from mcp.server.fastmcp.prompts import base

mcp = FastMCP("My App")


@mcp.prompt()
def review_code(code: str) -> str:
    return f"Please review this code:\n\n{code}"


@mcp.prompt()
def debug_error(error: str) -> list[base.Message]:
    return [
        base.UserMessage("I'm seeing this error:"),
        base.UserMessage(error),
        base.AssistantMessage("I'll help debug that. What have you tried so far?"),
    ]
```

### Images

FastMCP provides an `Image` class that automatically handles image data:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP, Image
from PIL import Image as PILImage

mcp = FastMCP("My App")


@mcp.tool()
def create_thumbnail(image_path: str) -> Image:
    """Create a thumbnail from an image"""
    img = PILImage.open(image_path)
    img.thumbnail((100, 100))
    return Image(data=img.tobytes(), format="png")
```

### Context

The Context object gives your tools and resources access to MCP capabilities:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP, Context

mcp = FastMCP("My App")


@mcp.tool()
async def long_task(files: list[str], ctx: Context) -> str:
    """Process multiple files with progress tracking"""
    for i, file in enumerate(files):
        ctx.info(f"Processing {file}")
        await ctx.report_progress(i, len(files))
        data, mime_type = await ctx.read_resource(f"file://{file}")
    return "Processing complete"
```

## Running Your Server

### Development Mode

The fastest way to test and debug your server is with the MCP Inspector:

```bash
mcp dev server.py

# Add dependencies
mcp dev server.py --with pandas --with numpy

# Mount local code
mcp dev server.py --with-editable .
```

### Claude Desktop Integration

Once your server is ready, install it in Claude Desktop:

```bash
mcp install server.py

# Custom name
mcp install server.py --name "My Analytics Server"

# Environment variables
mcp install server.py -v API_KEY=abc123 -v DB_URL=postgres://...
mcp install server.py -f .env
```

### Direct Execution

For advanced scenarios like custom deployments:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("My App")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    mcp.run()
```

Run it with:
```bash
python server.py
# or
mcp run server.py
```

### Mounting to an Existing ASGI Server

You can mount the SSE server to an existing ASGI server using the `sse_app` method. This allows you to integrate the SSE server with other ASGI applications.

```python
from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.routing import Mount, Host
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP


mcp = FastMCP("My App")

# Mount the SSE server to the existing ASGI server
app = Starlette(
    routes=[
        Mount('/', app=mcp.sse_app()),
    ]
)

# or dynamically mount as host
app.router.routes.append(Host('mcp.acme.corp', app=mcp.sse_app()))
```

For more information on mounting applications in Starlette, see the [Starlette documentation](https://www.starlette.io/routing/#submounting-routes).

## Examples

### Echo Server

A simple server demonstrating resources, tools, and prompts:

```python
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("Echo")


@mcp.resource("echo://{message}")
def echo_resource(message: str) -> str:
    """Echo a message as a resource"""
    return f"Resource echo: {message}"


@mcp.tool()
def echo_tool(message: str) -> str:
    """Echo a message as a tool"""
    return f"Tool echo: {message}"


@mcp.prompt()
def echo_prompt(message: str) -> str:
    """Create an echo prompt"""
    return f"Please process this message: {message}"
```

### SQLite Explorer

A more complex example showing database integration:

```python
import sqlite3

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("SQLite Explorer")


@mcp.resource("schema://main")
def get_schema() -> str:
    """Provide the database schema as a resource"""
    conn = sqlite3.connect("database.db")
    schema = conn.execute("SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table'").fetchall()
    return "\n".join(sql[0] for sql in schema if sql[0])


@mcp.tool()
def query_data(sql: str) -> str:
    """Execute SQL queries safely"""
    conn = sqlite3.connect("database.db")
    try:
        result = conn.execute(sql).fetchall()
        return "\n".join(str(row) for row in result)
    except Exception as e:
        return f"Error: {str(e)}"
```

## Advanced Usage

### Low-Level Server

For more control, you can use the low-level server implementation directly. This gives you full access to the protocol and allows you to customize every aspect of your server, including lifecycle management through the lifespan API:

```python
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
from collections.abc import AsyncIterator

from fake_database import Database  # Replace with your actual DB type

from mcp.server import Server


@asynccontextmanager
async def server_lifespan(server: Server) -> AsyncIterator[dict]:
    """Manage server startup and shutdown lifecycle."""
    # Initialize resources on startup
    db = await Database.connect()
    try:
        yield {"db": db}
    finally:
        # Clean up on shutdown
        await db.disconnect()


# Pass lifespan to server
server = Server("example-server", lifespan=server_lifespan)


# Access lifespan context in handlers
@server.call_tool()
async def query_db(name: str, arguments: dict) -> list:
    ctx = server.request_context
    db = ctx.lifespan_context["db"]
    return await db.query(arguments["query"])
```

The lifespan API provides:
- A way to initialize resources when the server starts and clean them up when it stops
- Access to initialized resources through the request context in handlers
- Type-safe context passing between lifespan and request handlers

```python
import mcp.server.stdio
import mcp.types as types
from mcp.server.lowlevel import NotificationOptions, Server
from mcp.server.models import InitializationOptions

# Create a server instance
server = Server("example-server")


@server.list_prompts()
async def handle_list_prompts() -> list[types.Prompt]:
    return [
        types.Prompt(
            name="example-prompt",
            description="An example prompt template",
            arguments=[
                types.PromptArgument(
                    name="arg1", description="Example argument", required=True
                )
            ],
        )
    ]


@server.get_prompt()
async def handle_get_prompt(
    name: str, arguments: dict[str, str] | None
) -> types.GetPromptResult:
    if name != "example-prompt":
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown prompt: {name}")

    return types.GetPromptResult(
        description="Example prompt",
        messages=[
            types.PromptMessage(
                role="user",
                content=types.TextContent(type="text", text="Example prompt text"),
            )
        ],
    )


async def run():
    async with mcp.server.stdio.stdio_server() as (read_stream, write_stream):
        await server.run(
            read_stream,
            write_stream,
            InitializationOptions(
                server_name="example",
                server_version="0.1.0",
                capabilities=server.get_capabilities(
                    notification_options=NotificationOptions(),
                    experimental_capabilities={},
                ),
            ),
        )


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import asyncio

    asyncio.run(run())
```

### Writing MCP Clients

The SDK provides a high-level client interface for connecting to MCP servers:

```python
from mcp import ClientSession, StdioServerParameters, types
from mcp.client.stdio import stdio_client

# Create server parameters for stdio connection
server_params = StdioServerParameters(
    command="python",  # Executable
    args=["example_server.py"],  # Optional command line arguments
    env=None,  # Optional environment variables
)


# Optional: create a sampling callback
async def handle_sampling_message(
    message: types.CreateMessageRequestParams,
) -> types.CreateMessageResult:
    return types.CreateMessageResult(
        role="assistant",
        content=types.TextContent(
            type="text",
            text="Hello, world! from model",
        ),
        model="gpt-3.5-turbo",
        stopReason="endTurn",
    )


async def run():
    async with stdio_client(server_params) as (read, write):
        async with ClientSession(
            read, write, sampling_callback=handle_sampling_message
        ) as session:
            # Initialize the connection
            await session.initialize()

            # List available prompts
            prompts = await session.list_prompts()

            # Get a prompt
            prompt = await session.get_prompt(
                "example-prompt", arguments={"arg1": "value"}
            )

            # List available resources
            resources = await session.list_resources()

            # List available tools
            tools = await session.list_tools()

            # Read a resource
            content, mime_type = await session.read_resource("file://some/path")

            # Call a tool
            result = await session.call_tool("tool-name", arguments={"arg1": "value"})


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import asyncio

    asyncio.run(run())
```

### MCP Primitives

The MCP protocol defines three core primitives that servers can implement:

| Primitive | Control               | Description                                         | Example Use                  |
|-----------|-----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|------------------------------|
| Prompts   | User-controlled       | Interactive templates invoked by user choice        | Slash commands, menu options |
| Resources | Application-controlled| Contextual data managed by the client application   | File contents, API responses |
| Tools     | Model-controlled      | Functions exposed to the LLM to take actions        | API calls, data updates      |

### Server Capabilities

MCP servers declare capabilities during initialization:

| Capability  | Feature Flag                 | Description                        |
|-------------|------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| `prompts`   | `listChanged`                | Prompt template management         |
| `resources` | `subscribe`<br/>`listChanged`| Resource exposure and updates      |
| `tools`     | `listChanged`                | Tool discovery and execution       |
| `logging`   | -                            | Server logging configuration       |
| `completion`| -                            | Argument completion suggestions    |

## Documentation

- [Model Context Protocol documentation](https://modelcontextprotocol.io)
- [Model Context Protocol specification](https://spec.modelcontextprotocol.io)
- [Officially supported servers](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/servers)

## Contributing

We are passionate about supporting contributors of all levels of experience and would love to see you get involved in the project. See the [contributing guide](CONTRIBUTING.md) to get started.

## License

This project is licensed under the MIT License - see the LICENSE file for details.

# 知网搜索MCP服务器

该MCP服务器可以帮助您打开Chrome浏览器访问中国知网，并提供搜索功能。

## 功能

- 打开Chrome浏览器访问知网
- 提供搜索指定关键词的工具
- 包含常见关键词搜索的提示
- 允许用户保存笔记

## 安装

确保您已安装Python 3.13或更高版本，然后执行以下命令安装：

```bash
uv add "mcp[cli]"
```

## 安装Playwright（推荐）

为了实现自动填写搜索框和点击搜索按钮的功能，建议安装Playwright：

```bash
# 安装playwright库
uv add playwright

# 安装playwright浏览器
playwright install
```

如果不安装Playwright，搜索功能将仅打开知网页面而不会自动输入关键词。

## 开发模式运行

使用MCP Inspector测试和调试服务器：

```bash
mcp dev src/cnks/server.py
```

## 安装到Claude Desktop

准备好后，将其安装到Claude Desktop：

```bash
mcp install src/cnks/server.py --name "知网搜索助手"
```

## 在Cursor中连接

要在Cursor中成功连接到服务器，请按照以下步骤操作：

1. 确保使用Python 3.13或更高版本
2. 正确安装了所有依赖：`uv add "mcp[cli]"`
3. 在终端中直接启动服务器：
   ```bash
   python -m cnks
   ```
4. 在Cursor中使用MCP连接功能，选择"Connect to Server"

如果出现连接问题，可以尝试：
- 检查防火墙设置
- 确保没有其他程序占用相同端口
- 重启Cursor和服务器
- 确保使用最新版本的MCP

## 使用方法

### 资源

服务器提供以下资源：

- `webpage://current` - 当前打开的网页内容
- `webpage://cnki/search` - 中国知网搜索页面
- `note://internal/{name}` - 用户保存的笔记

### 工具

服务器提供以下工具：

- `open-cnki` - 打开中国知网搜索页面
- `search-keywords` - 在知网搜索关键词
- `add-note` - 添加笔记

### 提示

服务器提供以下提示模板：

- `search-literature` - 按主题搜索文献
- `advanced-search` - 高级文献搜索
- `summarize-notes` - 总结所有笔记

## 示例用法

### 打开知网

```
请打开中国知网搜索页面
```

### 搜索关键词

```
请在知网搜索"人工智能教育应用"相关论文
```

### 添加笔记

```
请添加一个笔记，名称为"AI教育论文"，内容为"人工智能在教育中的应用研究进展"
```

### 使用高级搜索

```
请使用高级搜索，查找标题包含"教育科技"、作者为"张三"的论文
```

## 故障排除

### Chrome未找到

系统会自动在常见位置查找Chrome浏览器。如果遇到"未找到Chrome可执行文件"错误，可以通过设置环境变量来指定Chrome位置：

#### Windows

```cmd
set CHROME_PATH="C:\你的Chrome路径\chrome.exe"
```

#### macOS/Linux

```bash
export CHROME_PATH="/path/to/chrome"
```

或者你也可以直接修改`server.py`文件中的Chrome检测代码，添加你的Chrome位置。

### Playwright相关问题

如果在使用Playwright时遇到问题：

```bash
# 确保playwright库已安装
uv add playwright

# 安装所需浏览器
playwright install

# 如果上述命令无效，可能需要管理员权限
```

### 连接问题

如果在Cursor中连接服务器时遇到问题：

1. 尝试重启服务器和Cursor
2. 确认使用正确的连接方式（stdio或SSE）
3. 检查服务器日志输出是否有错误信息
4. 确保MCP依赖已正确安装：`uv add "mcp[cli]" --upgrade`

### 其他常见问题

- **中文字符显示问题**：确保使用UTF-8编码
- **权限错误**：在Windows上可能需要以管理员身份运行
- **网络访问受限**：确保Chrome可以访问互联网

## 许可证

本项目使用MIT许可证 - 详情见LICENSE文件。
