P0528R1
The Curious Case of Padding Bits, Featuring Atomic Compare-and-Exchange

This issue has been discussed by the authors at every recent Standards meetings, yet a full solution has been elusive despite helpful proposals. We believe that this proposal can fix this oft-encountered problem once and for all.

[P0528r0] details extensive background on this problem (not repeated here), and proposed standardizing a trait, has_padding_bits, and using it on compare_and_exchange_*. This paper applies EWG guidance and simply adds a note.

1. Edit History

1.1. r0 → r1

In Albuquerque, EWG voted to make the padding bits of atomic and the incoming value of T have a consistent value for the purposes of read/modify/write atomic operations?

Purposefully not addressed in this paper:

• union with padding bits

• Types with trap representations

2. Proposed Wording

In Operations on atomic types [atomics.types.operations], insert a new paragraph after the note in ❡1:

[Note: Many operations are volatile-qualified. The "volatile as device register" semantics have not changed in the standard. This qualification means that volatility is preserved when applying these operations to volatile objects. It does not mean that operations on non-volatile objects become volatile. —end note]

Atomic operations, both through atomic<T> and free-functions, can be performed on types T which contain bits that never participate in the object’s representation. In such cases an implementation shall ensure that initialization, assignment, store, exchange, and read-modify-write operations replace bits which never participate in the object’s representation with an implementation-defined value. A compatible implementation-defined value shall be used for compare-and-exchange operations' copy of the expected value.

As a consequence, the following code is guaranteed to avoid spurious failure:

struct padded {
  char c = 0x42;
  // Padding here.
  unsigned i = 0xC0DEFEFE;
};
atomic<padded> pad = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT({});

bool success() {
  padded expected, desired { 0, 0 };
  return pad.compare_exchange_strong(expected, desired);
}

[Note:

Types which contain bits that sometimes participate in the object’s representation, such as a union containing a type with padding bits and a type without, may always fail compare-and-exchange when these bits are not participating in the object’s representation because they have an indeterminate value. Such a program is ill-formed, no diagnostic required.

—end note]

Edit ❡17 and onwards as follows:

Requires: The failure argument shall not be memory_order::release nor memory_order::acq_rel.

Effects: Retrieves the value in expected. Bits in the retrieved value which never participate in the object’s representation are set to a value compatible to that previously stored in the atomic object. It then atomically compares the contents of the memory pointed to by this for equality with that previously retrieved from expected, and if true, replaces the contents of the memory pointed to by this with that in desired. If and only if the comparison is true, memory is affected according to the value of success, and if the comparison is false, memory is affected according to the value of failure. When only one memory_order argument is supplied, the value of success is order, and the value of failure is order except that a value of memory_order::acq_rel shall be replaced by the value memory_order::acquire and a value of memory_order::release shall be replaced by the value memory_order::relaxed. If and only if the comparison is false then, after the atomic operation, the contents of the memory in expected are replaced by the value read from the memory pointed to by this during the atomic comparison. If the operation returns true, these operations are atomic read-modify-write operations on the memory pointed to by this. Otherwise, these operations are atomic load operations on that memory.

Returns: The result of the comparison.

[Note:

For example, the effect of compare_exchange_strong is

  
if (memcmp(this, &expected, sizeof(*this)) == 0)
  memcpy(this, &desired, sizeof(*this));
else
   memcpy(expected, this, sizeof(*this));

—end note]

[Example:

The expected use of the compare-and-exchange operations is as follows. The compare-and-exchange operations will update expected when another iteration of the loop is needed.

expected = current.load();
do {
  desired = function(expected);
} while (!current.compare_exchange_weak(expected, desired));

—end example]

[Example:

Because the expected value is updated only on failure, code releasing the memory containing the expected value on success will work. E.g. list head insertion will act atomically and would not introduce a data race in the following code:

do {
  p->next = head; // make new list node point to the current head
} while (!head.compare_exchange_weak(p->next, p)); // try to insert

—end example]

Implementations should ensure that weak compare-and-exchange operations do not consistently return false unless either the atomic object has value different from expected or there are concurrent modifications to the atomic object.

Remarks: A weak compare-and-exchange operation may fail spuriously. That is, even when the contents of memory referred to by expected and this are equal, it may return false and store back to expected the same memory contents that were originally there.

[Note:

This spurious failure enables implementation of compare-and-exchange on a broader class of machines, e.g., load-locked store-conditional machines. A consequence of spurious failure is that nearly all uses of weak compare-and-exchange will be in a loop. When a compare-and-exchange is in a loop, the weak version will yield better performance on some platforms. When a weak compare-and-exchange would require a loop and a strong one would not, the strong one is preferable.

—end note]

[Note:

The memcpy and memcmp semantics of the compare-and-exchange operations may result in failed comparisons for values that compare equal with operator== if the underlying type has padding bits which sometimes participate in the object’s representation , trap bits, or alternate representations of the same value other than those caused by padding bits which never participate in the object’s representation .

—end note]