class ANNInterface:
    """
    A generalized ANN Interface to abstract the usage of various ANN libraries like Annoy and NMSLIB.
    This interface provides a comprehensive set of methods to perform common ANN tasks.
    """

    def build_index(self, data_points, **kwargs):
        """
        Build the index from the provided data points with optional parameters.

        Args:
            data_points (ndarray): A list of data points to index.
            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments for index configuration.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def query(self, query_point, k=5, **kwargs):
        """
        Query the index for the k nearest neighbors of the provided point.

        Args:
            query_point (ndarray): The query point.
            k (int): The number of nearest neighbors to return.

        Returns:
            ndarray: The k nearest neighbors.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def save_index(self, filepath):
        """
        Save the built index to a file.

        Args:
            filepath (str): The path to the file where the index is to be saved.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def load_index(self, filepath):
        """
        Load the index from a file.

        Args:
            filepath (str): The path to the file from which the index is to be loaded.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def set_distance_metric(self, metric):
        """
        Set the distance metric for the index.

        Args:
            metric (str): The distance metric to use (e.g., 'euclidean', 'manhattan', etc.).

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def set_index_parameters(self, **params):
        """
        Set parameters for the index.

        Args:
            **params: Arbitrary keyword arguments specific to the index configuration.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def add_items(self, data_points, ids=None):
        """
        Add items to the index, optionally with specific ids.

        Args:
            data_points (ndarray): A numpy list of data points to add to the index.
            ids (list): Optional list of ids corresponding to each data point.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def delete_item(self, item_id):
        """
        Delete an item from the index by id.

        Args:
            item_id (int): The id of the item to be deleted.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def clear_index(self):
        """
        Clear all items from the index.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def get_item_vector(self, item_id):
        """
        Retrieve the vector of an item by id.

        Args:
            item_id (int): The id of the item.

        Returns:
            list: The vector of the item.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def optimize_index(self):
        """
        Optimize the index for better performance during queries.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def get_index_size(self):
        """
        Return the current size of the index in terms of the number of items.

        Returns:
            int: The number of items in the index.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def get_index_memory_usage(self):
        """
        Return the amount of memory used by the index.

        Returns:
            int: The memory usage of the index.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def batch_query(self, query_points, k=5, include_distances=False):
        """
        Perform a batch query for multiple points, returning their k nearest neighbors.

        Args:
            query_points (list): A list of query points.
            k (int): The number of nearest neighbors to return.
            include_distances (bool): Whether to include distances in the results.

        Returns:
            list: A list of results for each query point.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def parallel_query(self, query_points, k=5, num_threads=4):
        """
        Perform multiple queries in parallel, using a specified number of threads.

        Args:
            query_points (list): A list of query points.
            k (int): The number of nearest neighbors to return.
            num_threads (int): The number of threads to use.

        Returns:
            list: A list of results for each query point.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def benchmark_performance(self, queries, k=5, rounds=10):
        """
        Benchmark the query performance of the index with a set of queries repeated over several rounds.

        Args:
            queries (list): A list of query points.
            k (int): The number of nearest neighbors to return.
            rounds (int): The number of rounds to repeat the benchmark.

        Returns:
            str: The average query time.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def export_to_dot(self, filepath):
        """
        Export the structure of the index to a DOT file for visualization, if applicable.

        Args:
            filepath (str): The path to the file where the DOT representation is to be saved.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def enable_logging(self, level='INFO'):
        """
        Enable detailed logging of operations within the index.

        Args:
            level (str): The logging level (e.g., 'INFO', 'DEBUG').

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def rebuild_index(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Explicitly rebuilds the entire index according to the current configuration and data points. Useful for
        optimizing index performance periodically.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def refresh_index(self):
        """
        Refreshes the index by optimizing internal structures without full rebuilding. Less resource-intensive than
        rebuild_index.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def serialize_index(self, output_format='binary'):
        """
        Serialize the index into a specified format (e.g., binary, JSON) to enable easy transmission or storage.

        Args:
            output_format (str): The format for serialization (default is 'binary').

        Returns:
            bytes: The serialized index data.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def deserialize_index(self, data, input_format='binary'):
        """
        Deserialize the index from a given format, restoring it to an operational state.

        Args:
            data (bytes): The serialized index data.
            input_format (str): The format of the serialized data (default is 'binary').

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def query_radius(self, query_point, radius, sort_results=True):
        """
        Query all points within a specified distance (radius) from the query point.

        Args:
            query_point (list): The query point.
            radius (float): The radius within which to search.
            sort_results (bool): Whether to sort the results by distance (default is True).

        Returns:
            list: A list of points within the specified radius.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def nearest_centroid(self, centroids, k=1):
        """
        For each centroid provided, find the nearest k data points.

        Args:
            centroids (list): A list of centroids.
            k (int): The number of nearest neighbors to return.

        Returns:
            list: A list of results for each centroid.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def incremental_update(self, new_data_points, removal_ids=None):
        """
        Update the index incrementally with new data points and optionally remove some existing points by IDs.

        Args:
            new_data_points (ndarray): A list of new data points to add to the index.
            removal_ids (list): A list of IDs of points to remove from the index (default is None).

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def backup_index(self, backup_location):
        """
        Create a backup of the current index state to a specified location.

        Args:
            backup_location (str): The path to the backup location.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def restore_index_from_backup(self, backup_location):
        """
        Restore the index state from a backup located at the specified location.

        Args:
            backup_location (str): The path to the backup location.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def apply_filter(self, filter_function):
        """
        Apply a custom filter function to all data points in the index, possibly modifying or flagging
        them based on user-defined criteria.

        Args:
            filter_function (function): A function to apply to each data point.

        Returns:
            dict: A dictionary of filtered data points.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def get_statistics(self):
        """
        Gather and return statistical data about the index, such as point distribution, space utilization, etc.

        Returns:
            dict: A dictionary of statistical data.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def register_callback(self, event, callback_function):
        """
        Register a callback function to be called on specific events (e.g., after rebuilding the index,
        before saving, etc.).

        Args:
            event (str): The event to register the callback for.
            callback_function (function): The function to call when the event occurs.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def unregister_callback(self, event):
        """
        Unregister a previously registered callback for a specific event.

        Args:
            event (str): The event to unregister the callback for.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def list_registered_callbacks(self):
        """
        List all currently registered callbacks and the events they are associated with.

        Returns:
            list: A list of registered callbacks.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def perform_maintenance(self):
        """
        Perform routine maintenance on the index to ensure optimal performance and stability.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def export_statistics(self, format='csv'):
        """
        Export collected statistical data in a specified format for analysis and reporting purposes.

        Args:
            format (str): The format for exporting statistics (default is 'csv').

        Returns:
            str: The exported statistics.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def adjust_algorithm_parameters(self, **params):
        """
        Dynamically adjust the algorithmic parameters of the underlying ANN algorithm,
        facilitating on-the-fly optimization based on operational feedback.

        Args:
            **params: Arbitrary keyword arguments for adjusting algorithm parameters.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")

    def query_with_constraints(self, query_point, constraints, k=5):
        """
        Perform a query for nearest neighbors that meet certain user-defined constraints.

        Args:
            query_point (list): The query point.
            constraints (function): A function to apply constraints to the results.
            k (int): The number of nearest neighbors to return.

        Returns:
            list: The constrained nearest neighbors.

        Raises:
            NotImplementedError: If the method is not implemented by the subclass.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method should be overridden by subclasses.")
